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• How to interpret iozone values

  - by Henno

  I ran a test to measure my I/O IOPS on Linux: iozone -s 4g -r 2k -r 4k -r 8k -r 16k -r 32k -O -b /tmp/results.xls iozone claims that output is in operations per second yet the numbers are too big for that to be plausible. I'm observing some 320 CMDs/s maximum on vmware esx console (esxtop, then v). File size set to 4194304 KB Record Size 2 KB Record Size 4 KB Record Size 8 KB Record Size 16 KB Record Size 32 KB OPS Mode. Output is in operations per second. Command line used: iozone -s 4g -r 2k -r 4k -r 8k -r 16k -r 32k -O -b tmpresults.xls Time Resolution = 0.000001 seconds. Processor cache size set to 1024 Kbytes. Processor cache line size set to 32 bytes. File stride size set to 17 * record size. random random bkwd record stride KB reclen write rewrite read reread read write read rewrite read fwrite frewrite fread freread 4194304 2 19025 5580 27581 29848 284 198 415 1103217 1498 18541 4340 24245 25618 4194304 4 15650 21942 18962 21068 252 1198 193 976164 1677 22802 23093 21089 21232 4194304 8 11121 11638 10273 10165 247 1196 202 625020^C The test ran for 15 hours before I pressed ^C. Is that ordinary expectation for such command line (dedicated 4 drive RAID10 LUN, 10k RPM SAS drives in EMC CX300)?

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• SSH into remote server using Public-private keys

  - by maria

  Hi, I have recently setup ssh on two linux machines (lets call them server-a, client-b). I have generated two ssh auth files on client-b machine using ssh key gen and can see both public and private files in .ssh dir. I have named them 'example' and 'example.pub'. Then I have added example.pub to sever-a's auth file. When I try to ssh into server-a it still requests a password authentication where as I want a password less login (private key on client-b is setup without password). When I try to ssh with '-v' .. get the following output: debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/abc/.ssh/identity debug1: Offering public key: /Users/abc/.ssh/id_rsa debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: /Users/abc/.ssh/id_dsa debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive debug2: userauth_kbdint debug2: we sent a keyboard-interactive packet, wait for reply debug2: input_userauth_info_req debug2: input_userauth_info_req: num_prompts 1 Password: Please help.

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• Mysqld increases the load on the CPU and drops after flush-tables

  - by mirage

  Help please advice on the issue. Normal load on the cpu 20-30% us + sy. After restoring the database files from the slave server (same version) began a periodic problem. mysql starts to load the cpu at 100% (us + sy grows proportionally). The queue is growing, everything slows down. But with mysqladmin flush-tables are normalized for a few hours. Dedicated linux server running mysql 2 x E5506 24Gb RAM, database size 50Gb. [OK] Currently running supported MySQL version 5.0.51a-24 + lenny4-log [OK] Operating on 64-bit architecture -------- Storage Engine Statistics --------------------------------------- ---- [-] Status: + Archive-BDB-Federated + InnoDB-ISAM-NDBCluster [-] Data in MyISAM tables: 33G (Tables: 1474) [-] Data in InnoDB tables: 1G (Tables: 4) [-] Data in MEMORY tables: 120K (Tables: 3) [-] Reads / Writes: 91% / 9% [-] Total buffers: 12.8M per thread and 7.1G global [OK] Maximum possible memory usage: 15.8G (66% of installed RAM) 4000 - 5500 rps key_buffer = 1536M max_allowed_packet = 2M table_cache = 4096 sort_buffer_size = 409584 read_buffer_size = 128K read_rnd_buffer_size = 8M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M thread_cache_size = 500 query_cache_size = 100M thread_concurrency = 24 max_connections = 700 tmp_table_size = 4096M join_buffer_size = 4M max_heap_table_size = 4096M query_cache_limit = 1M low_priority_updates = 1 concurrent_insert = 2 wait_timeout = 30 server-id = 1 log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log expire_logs_days = 10 max_binlog_size = 100M innodb_buffer_pool_size = 1536M innodb_log_buffer_size = 4M innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 How to solve the problem?

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• How to create a software raid5 array without a spare

  - by Yannick M.

  I am trying to create a software raid5 array using mdadm: $ linux # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=4 --spare-devices=0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric mdadm: chunk size defaults to 64K mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. However when inspecting /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] md0 : active raid5 sdd1[4] sdc1[2] sdb1[1] sda1[0] 2930279808 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UUU_] [>....................] recovery = 0.3% (2970496/976759936) finish=186.1min speed=87172K/sec unused devices: <none> It seems one drive isn't active, so I check the details of the array: /dev/md0: Version : 00.90.03 Creation Time : Tue Jul 21 16:29:53 2009 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 2930279808 (2794.53 GiB 3000.61 GB) Used Dev Size : 976759936 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Tue Jul 21 16:29:53 2009 State : clean, degraded, recovering Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 64K Rebuild Status : 0% complete UUID : ce8b2f40:821d003c:0027688e:a70977ec Events : 0.1 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1 2 8 33 2 active sync /dev/sdc1 4 8 49 3 spare rebuilding /dev/sdd1 And it seems there are only 3 active devices, with one spare. Is it just me, or something wrong here?

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• SSH connection problem - allowed from LAN but not WAN

  - by Kerem Ulutas

  I tried to setup my Arch Linux installation to be an SSH host, but here is the thing: I can ssh localhost, it fails to login via public key and asks for username and password, but still able to login. When I try ssh my_wan_ip it gives ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host error. I've read all topics about this error and none helped me. By the way, just confirmed, it gives ssh: connect to host my_dyndns_hostname port 22: Connection refused from another machine (outside of my network, it has different wan ip). I have sshd: ALL in "hosts.allow", ALL:ALL in "hosts.deny". I am able to connect to my own pc via ssh, ping my own pc, but my ssh setup seems to be the problem, it gives that annoying error when I try to ssh from wan. /etc/ssh/ssh_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config And finally, here is the debug output for both sshd and ssh: (i ran ssh command and i took output to sshd debug after that): sshd debug ssh debug I can edit my question according to your needs. Just ask for any more information needed. BTW I have no iptables running. I have one cable dsl modem connected to a asus wl-330gE wireless access point, they both have their firewall disabled. I configured NAT so port 22 is directed to the pc I'm having this trouble. Any help appreciated, thanks..

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• Understanding the Mounting of a Filesystem

  - by Tom H.

  I'm new to linux and want to check my understanding of how mounting/filesystems work. I read related manpages, but just want to be sure. I have a partition say /dev/sda5 that is currently mounted to /home with various subdirs. It is my understanding that this means /dev/sda5 has its own portable filesystem that can be moved anywhere in the main filesystem. Questions: If I unmount /dev/sda5 from /home (# umount /home) and then mount it to /var/www/ (which is empty) (# mount -t ext3 /dev/sda5 /var/www) and replace the fstab entry, with /dev/sda5 /var/www ext3 defaults,noatime,nodev 1 2 and # mount -a, Q1) are all of the contents of /home now accessible under /var/www/ (i.e. /home/username -> /var/www/username)? Q2) Are all of the permissions from the /home filesystem kept intact in this new location? Anything else I should be concerned with? Just want to make sure I don't go wipe/corrupt anything. Coming from Windows the filesystem architecture takes getting used to (though I'm loving the flexibility!).

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• Most scalable way of serving a small set of static HTTP content

  - by Ekevoo

  The story: Hi guys. I'm among the people responsible for serving the results of the most anticipated (by number of people participating) annual entrance exam in my state. As such, when our results are published, the interest is overwhelming. In the past we delegated the responsibility of serving the results to the media, but that spoils a little the officialness of these results. This year we went with a little (long overdue) experiment of using lighttpd instead of Apache as well as other physical network optimizations I wasn't directly involved with. The results were very satisfactory. The server didn't choke even once, nor we saw any of the usual Twitter complaints on unavailability and/or slowness that were previously common. However, because we still delegated the first publication of the results to the media I'm still not 100% sure we can handle the load of actually publishing the results first. The question: Now because these files are like 14MB in total and a true lightweight Linux distribution isn't that big either, I'm thinking: what if next year we run full RAMdrive? Is there any? Is that useful? Is that worth it for a team that uses Debian almost exclusively? Are there other optimizations that I should be focusing on instead?

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• memory tuning with rails/unicorn running on ubuntu

  - by user970193

  I am running unicorn on Ubuntu 11, Rails 3.0, and Ruby 1.8.7. It is an 8 core ec2 box, and I am running 15 workers. CPU never seems to get pinned, and I seem to be handling requests pretty nicely. My question concerns memory usage, and what concerns I should have with what I am seeing. (if any) Here is the scenario: Under constant load (about 15 reqs/sec coming in from nginx), over the course of an hour, each server in the 3 server cluster loses about 100MB / hour. This is a linear slope for about 6 hours, then it appears to level out, but still maybe appear to lose about 10MB/hour. If I drop my page caches using the linux command echo 1 /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches, the available free memory shoots back up to what it was when I started the unicorns, and the memory loss pattern begins again over the hours. Before: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 7130244 5005376 2124868 0 113628 422856 -/+ buffers/cache: 4468892 2661352 Swap: 33554428 0 33554428 After: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 7130244 4467144 2663100 0 228 11172 -/+ buffers/cache: 4455744 2674500 Swap: 33554428 0 33554428 My Ruby code does use memoizations and I'm assuming Ruby/Rails/Unicorn is keeping its own caches... what I'm wondering is should I be worried about this behaviour? FWIW, my Unicorn config: worker_processes 15 listen "#{CAPISTRANO_ROOT}/shared/pids/unicorn_socket", :backlog = 1024 listen 8080, :tcp_nopush = true timeout 180 pid "#{CAPISTRANO_ROOT}/shared/pids/unicorn.pid" GC.respond_to?(:copy_on_write_friendly=) and GC.copy_on_write_friendly = true before_fork do |server, worker| STDERR.puts "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX BEFORE FORK" print_gemfile_location defined?(ActiveRecord::Base) and ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disconnect! defined?(Resque) and Resque.redis.client.disconnect old_pid = "#{CAPISTRANO_ROOT}/shared/pids/unicorn.pid.oldbin" if File.exists?(old_pid) && server.pid != old_pid begin Process.kill("QUIT", File.read(old_pid).to_i) rescue Errno::ENOENT, Errno::ESRCH # already killed end end File.open("#{CAPISTRANO_ROOT}/shared/pids/unicorn.pid.ok", "w"){|f| f.print($$.to_s)} end after_fork do |server, worker| defined?(ActiveRecord::Base) and ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection defined?(Resque) and Resque.redis.client.connect end Is there a need to experiment enforcing more stringent garbage collection using OobGC (http://unicorn.bogomips.org/Unicorn/OobGC.html)? Or is this just normal behaviour, and when/as the system needs more memory, it will empty the caches by itself, without me manually running that cache command? Basically, is this normal, expected behaviour? tia

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• iptables captive portal remove user

  - by Burgos

  I followed this guide: http://aryo.info/labs/captive-portal-using-php-and-iptables.html I am implementing captive portal using iptables. I've setup web server and iptables on linux router, and everything is working as it should. I can allow user to access internet with sudo iptables -I internet -t mangle -m mac --mac-source USER_MAC_ADDRESS -j RETURN and I can remove access with sudo iptables -D internet -t mangle -m mac --mac-source USER_MAC_ADDRESS -j RETURN However, on removal, user can still open last viewed page as many times he wants (if he restart his Ethernet adapter, future connections will be closed). On blog page I found a script /usr/sbin/conntrack -L \ |grep $1 \ |grep ESTAB \ |grep 'dport=80' \ |awk \ "{ system(\"conntrack -D --orig-src $1 --orig-dst \" \ substr(\$6,5) \" -p tcp --orig-port-src \" substr(\$7,7) \" \ --orig-port-dst 80\"); }" Which should remove their "redirection" connection track, as it is written, but when I execute that script, nothing happens - user still have access to that page. When I execute /usr/sbin/conntrack -L | grep USER_IP after executing script I am having nothing returned, so my questions: Is there anything else that can help me clean these track? Obviously - I can't reset nor mine, nor users network adapter.

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• Notebook Operating System with extreme support cycles/security updates

  - by leto

  Hello there, after reading the announcements about Mac OS X "Lion" and Apples political decision, I've had enough. I'm a longtime Apple User since 1992, have always felt at home there, but am trying to switch to alternative Operating System since a year. I've also been working with Unix machines since 2001, so I'm looking in one of the free Unices or a Linux. Since I last looked at the desktop in 2002 choke much has changed, it seems. So I'm lost once more in the war between desktop environments and software. To be honest: I don't care what it's name is, I want to get my job done. Here's what I set me as landmark for an operating system/software to be considered: Has to be atleast four years old Has to supply security updates for current release for atleast a year Production quality stability for the whole desktop environment (!) No f****g commercial stuff that tends to supply me with privacy invading App Store or Cloud space So far I'm running a MacBook from 2007, 4 Gig memory, 250 Gig disk and I need: IMAPs for Mail since 1995 Webbrowser sic Shell Keeping current with Updates/Upgrades with no more than 5 Minutes spent in entering commands (makes it hard for OpenBSD ;-) ) A desktop filemanger would be nice, but is a bonus. What can you suggest as operating system? The one with the longest support cycles and best chance to survive the next 10 years will win a new user, even sending patches when needed :-) Greets

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• Causes of sudden massive filesystem damage? ("root inode is not a directory")

  - by poolie

  I have a laptop running Maverick (very happily until yesterday), with a Patriot Torx SSD; LUKS encryption of the whole partition; one lvm physical volume on top of that; then home and root in ext4 logical volumes on top of that. When I tried to boot it yesterday, it complained that it couldn't mount the root filesystem. Running fsck, basically every inode seems to be wrong. Both home and root filesystems show similar problems. Checking a backup superblock doesn't help. e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) lithe_root was not cleanly unmounted, check forced. Resize inode not valid. Recreate? no Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Root inode is not a directory. Clear? no Root inode has dtime set (probably due to old mke2fs). Fix? no Inode 2 is in use, but has dtime set. Fix? no Inode 2 has a extra size (4730) which is invalid Fix? no Inode 2 has compression flag set on filesystem without compression support. Clear? no Inode 2 has INDEX_FL flag set but is not a directory. Clear HTree index? no HTREE directory inode 2 has an invalid root node. Clear HTree index? no Inode 2, i_size is 9581392125871137995, should be 0. Fix? no Inode 2, i_blocks is 40456527802719, should be 0. Fix? no Reserved inode 3 (<The ACL index inode>) has invalid mode. Clear? no Inode 3 has compression flag set on filesystem without compression support. Clear? no Inode 3 has INDEX_FL flag set but is not a directory. Clear HTree index? no .... Running strings across the filesystems, I can see there are what look like filenames and user data there. I do have sufficiently good backups (touch wood) that it's not worth grovelling around to pull back individual files, though I might save an image of the unencrypted disk before I rebuild, just in case. smartctl doesn't show any errors, neither does the kernel log. Running a write-mode badblocks across the swap lv doesn't find problems either. So the disk may be failing, but not in an obvious way. At this point I'm basically, as they say, fscked? Back to reinstalling, perhaps running badblocks over the disk, then restoring from backup? There doesn't even seem to be enough data to file a meaningful bug... I don't recall that this machine crashed last time I used it. At this point I suspect a bug or memory corruption caused it to write garbage across the disks when it was last running, or some kind of subtle failure mode for the SSD. What do you think would have caused this? Is there anything else you'd try?

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• Is Unix a PC Operating system?

  - by Corelgott

  I have got kind of a stupid question. I am doing my bachelor at a university. In a wirtten assigment a prof posted the task: "Name 3 PC-Operating Systems:" Well, I went on an included a variety of OS (Linux, Windows, Osx) including Unix & Solaris. Today I recieved a mail from my prof saying: "Unix is not a PC-Operating System. Many Unix-Variants are not PC-Hardware-Compatible (like AIX & HP-UX. About Solaris: there was one PC-Compatible version...)" I am kind of suprised: Even if may Unix-Variants are Power-PC and different bit-order – Those don't stop beeing PCs right now? The question was given in a written assigment! It was not a question that came up during lecture! Due to the original postest task being in German, I'll include it just to make sure, that nobody suspects an error in the translation... "Nennen Sie 3 PC-Betriebssysteme:" Response / Antwort: "Unix ist kein PC-Betriebssystem, viele Unix-Varianten sind nicht auf PC-Hardware lauffähig (AIX, HP-UX). Von Solaris gab es mal eine PC-Variante." Anybody got something on that? Thx & Cheers Corelgott

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• Amazon EC2 instance missing Network Interface

  - by Sergiks

  I am running Linux on a t1.micro instance at Amazon EC2. Once I noticed bruteforce ssh login attemtps from a certain IP, after litle Googling I issued the two following commands (other ip): iptables -A INPUT -s 202.54.20.22 -j DROP iptables -A OUTPUT -d 202.54.20.22 -j DROP Either this, or maybe some other actions like yum upgrade perhaps, caused the follwing fiasco: after rebooting the server, it came up without the Network Interface! I only can connect to it through AWS Management Console JAVA ssh client - via local 10.x.x.x address. Console's Attach Network Interface as well as Detach.. are greyed out for this instance. Network Interfaces item at the left does not offer any Subnets to choose from, to create a new N.I. Please advice, how can I recreate a Network Interface for the instance? Upd. The instance is not accessible from outside: cannot be pinged, SSH'ed or connected by HTTP on port 80. Here's the ifconfig output: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 12:31:39:0A:5E:06 inet addr:10.211.93.240 Bcast:10.211.93.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::1031:39ff:fe0a:5e06/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1426 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1371 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:152085 (148.5 KiB) TX bytes:208852 (203.9 KiB) Interrupt:25 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) What is also unusual: a new micro instance I created from scratch, with no relation to the troubled one, was not pingable too.

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• Allignment of ext3 partition on LVM RAID volume group

  - by John P

  I'm trying to add a partition on a LVM that resides on a RAID6 volume group and fdisk is complaining about the partition not residing on a physical sector boundry. My question is, how do you calculate the correct starting sector for a partition on a LVM? This partition will be formated ext3. Would it be better to just format the LVM directly instead of creating a new partition? Disk /dev/dedvol/backup: 2199.0 GB, 2199023255552 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 267349 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 1048576 bytes / 8388608 bytes Disk identifier: 0x4e428f49 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/dedvol/backup1 63 267349 2146982827+ 83 Linux Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary. lvdisplay /dev/dedvol/backup --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/dedvol/backup VG Name dedvol LV UUID OV2n5j-7LHb-exJL-t8dI-dU8A-2vxf-uIicCt LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 2.00 TiB Current LE 524288 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 32768 Block device 253:1 vgdisplay dedvol --- Volume group --- VG Name dedvol System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 3 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 2 Open LV 1 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 14.55 TiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 3815448 Alloc PE / Size 3670016 / 14.00 TiB Free PE / Size 145432 / 568.09 GiB VG UUID 8fBcOk-aXGx-P3Qy-VVpJ-0zK1-fQgy-Cb691J

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• How do I set up an email server that automatically maintains a list of previous recipients?

  - by hsivonen

  I want to set up an email server with the following characteristics. What software (besides bogofilter and clamav that I'm naming) should I use and what HOWTOs should I read? The server should run some flavor of Linux that's as low-maintenance as possible and self-updates for security patches in a timely fashion. (Debian stable?) When email is sent, all the recipients are stored in the list of previous recipients maintained by the server. Scan incoming messages with clamav and treat as spam if it contains viruses. When email arrives (if it passed clamav), if the sender is on the list of previous recipients, bypass spam filter. If the List-Id header names a mailing list on a manually maintained list of known-clean mailing lists, bypass spam filter and deliver into a mailbox depending on the mailing list name. Email that wasn't from previous recipients, manually white listed domains or mailing lists gets filtered by bogofilter. Spam goes into a spam mailbox. Email considered to be ham should automatically be fed to bogofilter training as ham. Email considered to be spam (incl. messages with viruses) should be automatically fed to bogofilter training as spam. There should be mailboxes for false ham and false spam that an IMAP client can move email into so that the server retrains bogofilter appropriately. Email sending requires SMTP over SSL. Email reading requires IMAPS. Should I also want to use SpamAssassin in addition to bogofilter?

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• How to interrupt software raid resync?

  - by Adam5

  I want to interrupt a running resync operation on a debian squeeze software raid. (This is the regular scheduled compare resync. The raid array is still clean in such a case. Do not confuse this with a rebuild after a disk failed and was replaced.) How to stop this scheduled resync operation while it is running? Another raid array is "resync pending", because they all get checked on the same day (sunday night) one after another. I want a complete stop of this sunday night resyncing. [Edit: sudo kill -9 1010 doesn't stop it, 1010 is the PID of the md2_resync process] I would also like to know how I can control the intervals between resyncs and the remainig time till the next one. [Edit2: What I did now was to make the resync go very slow, so it does not disturb anymore: sudo sysctl -w dev.raid.speed_limit_max=1000 taken from http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-raid-increase-resync-rebuild-speed.html During the night I will set it back to a high value, so the resync can terminate. This workaround is fine for most situations, nonetheless it would be interesting to know if what I asked is possible. For example it does not seem to be possible to grow an array, while it is resyncing or resyncing "pending"]

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• Problems with 5.1 digital out on Ubuntu 12.04

  - by user895319

  I've recently bought a new PC, installed Ubuntu and am now unable to get 5.1 digital sound working. Simple analogue stereo works fine on both the front and rear connectors. On my old box I connected the coax connection from my soundcard to my surround sound amplifier, set Settings-Sound to "Digital Stereo Duplex" and it worked. My old soundcard doesn't fit in my new machine so I'm using the built-in sound hardware. I'm connecting the combination output socket on the back of the PC via the same cable to my surround amp as before. The MB is an MSI Global H61M-P31 with an RealTek ALC887 sound chip. When I go to Settings-Sound I only see "Headphone Built-in Audio" and "Analogue Output Built-in Audio" - no digitial options. The output from aplay -l is: default Playback/recording through the PulseAudio sound server sysdefault:CARD=PCH HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Default Audio Device front:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Front speakers surround40:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 4.0 Surround output to Front and Rear speakers surround41:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 4.1 Surround output to Front, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround50:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 5.0 Surround output to Front, Center and Rear speakers surround51:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 5.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround71:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 7.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Side, Rear and Woofer speakers dmix:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Direct sample mixing device dsnoop:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Direct sample snooping device hw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Direct hardware device without any conversions plughw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Hardware device with all software conversions While googling for ALC887 I've seen some references to "ALC887 -VD Analog" and some to "ALC887 -VD Digital". Does anyone know if I need to force it to chance mode somehow? It's worth mentioning that when I set the output to 5.1 digital surround in Windows 7 on the same machine I still don't get any sound so it's not a unique Linux problem. Thanks for any help.

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• How to set up mysql storage for certain rsyslog input matches?

  - by ylluminate

  I'm draining various logs from Heroku to an rsyslog linux (ubuntu) server and am starting to have a little more to bite off than I can chew in terms of working with my log histories. I am needing to be able drill back in time based on more flexible details and more flexible access than what the standard syslog file(s) provide. I'm thinking that logging to mysql may be the correct approach, but how do I set this up such that it pulls only certain log entries into a table based on an identified? For example, I see a long hex string identifying each log entry from a certain Heroku app instance. I assume that I can just pipe those into the mysql socket vs ALL rsyslog input into mysql... Could someone please direct me to a resource that can walk me through the process of setting something like this up or simply provide some details that can help? I have 15+ years of Unix experience so I just need some nudging in the right direction as I've not really done a tremendous amount of work with syslog daemons previously in terms of pooling various servers into one. Additionally, I'd be interested in any log review tools that could make drilling through log arrangements like this more handy for developers.

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• using a second computer as a mere screen/monitor in X (VNC?)

  - by lara michaels

  Hello My goal is to use three monitors with my Linux system. It is a laptop, so adding another video card is not the easiest solution. (I have investigated a number of such options: getting a docking station with a PCI slot, USB/Cardbus vga adapters, etc, and for the time being don't want to go that way.) I am wondering if using an older desktop+screen I have lying around as the third "monitor" might be the easiest solution, if only there is a way to get it to work as a seamless, integrated desktop. I was wondering if I can use VNC or perhaps X itself (?) to achieve the following: computer A is my main computer; it has all my files, etc. computer B is used just to display on an additional screen keyboard+mouse are connected to computer A use VNC or X to connect the two so that computer B shows a X screen that is just as if it was a third physical screen connected to computer A. I don't know if the last point is clear, but what I mean is that I would like to be able to: be able to have my window manager assign/move around virtual desktops on all three screens move windows back and forth between the screens attached to computer A and the screen of computer B be able to copy something in an app being shown on a screen of computer A and paste it into an app being shown on the screen attached to computer B access the filesystem on my main computer (A) when using applications that are being shown on the screen attached to computer B Basically, I would like X to treat computer B just like it was nothing but a third physical screen... Is this doable? : ) ~lara

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• Multiple *NIX Accounts with Identical UID

  - by Tim

  I am curious whether there is a standard expected behavior and whether it is considered bad practice when creating more than one account on Linux/Unix that have the same UID. I've done some testing on RHEL5 with this and it behaved as I expected, but I don't know if I'm tempting fate using this trick. As an example, let's say I have two accounts with the same IDs: a1:$1$4zIl1:5000:5000::/home/a1:/bin/bash a2:$1$bmh92:5000:5000::/home/a2:/bin/bash What this means is: I can log in to each account using its own password. Files I create will have the same UID. Tools such as "ls -l" will list the UID as the first entry in the file (a1 in this case). I avoid any permissions or ownership problems between the two accounts because they are really the same user. I get login auditing for each account, so I have better granularity into tracking what is happening on the system. So my questions are: Is this ability designed or is it just the way it happens to work? Is this going to be consistent across *nix variants? Is this accepted practice? Are there unintended consequences to this practice? Note, the idea here is to use this for system accounts and not normal user accounts.

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• Creating Routes using the second NIC in the box

  - by Aditya Sehgal

  OS: Linux I need some advice on how to set up the routing table. I have a box with two physical NIC cards eth0 & eth1 with two associated IPs IP1 & IP2 (both of the same subnet). I need to setup a route which will force all messages from IP1 towards IP3 (of the same subnet) to go via IP2. I have a raw socket capture program listening on IP2 (This is not for malicious use). I have set up the routing table as Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface IP3 IP2 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth1 If I try to specify eth0 while adding the above rule, I get an error "SIOCADDRT: Network is unreachable". I understand from the manpage of route that if the GW specified is a local interface, then that would be use as the outgoing interface. After setting up this rule, if i do a traceroute (-i eth0), the packet goes first to the default gateway and then to IP3. How do I force the packet originating from eth0 towards IP3 to first come to IP2. I cannot make changes to the routing table of the gateway. Please suggest.

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• How to back up a database with thousands of files

  - by Neal

  I am working with a Fedora server that runs a customized software package. The server software is quite old, and its database consists of 1,723 files. The database files are constantly changing - they continually grow and changes are not necessarily appended to the end. So right now, we currently back up every 24 hours at midnight when all users are off of the system and the database is in an internally consistent state. The problem is that we have the potential to lose an entire day's worth of work, which would be unrecoverable. So I'd like to know if there is a way to take some sort of an instantaneous snapshot of these database files that we could back up every 30 minutes or so. I've read about Linux LVM snapshots, and am thinking that I might be able to do accomplish the goal by taking a snapshot, rsync'ing the files to a backup server, then dropping the snapshot. But I've never done this before,so I don't know if this is the "right" fix. Any ideas on this? Any better solutions? Thanks!

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• Google bots are severely affecting site performance

  - by Lynn

  I have an aggregate site on a linux server that pulls in feeds from a universe of about 2,000 blogs. It's in Wordpress 3.4.2 and I have a cron job that is staggered to run five times an hour on another server to pull in the stories and then publish them to the front page of this site. This is so I didn't put too much pressure all on one server. However, the Google bots, which visit a few times every hour bring the server to its knees in the morning and evenings when there is an increase in traffic on the site. The bots have something like 30,000 links to follow at this point. How do I throttle the bots to simply grab the new stories off the front page and stop there? EDIT- Details of my server configuration: The way we have this set up is the server that handles all the publishing is an unmanaged instance via AWS. It mounts the NFS server and connects to the RDS to update content, etc. You get to this publishing instance via a plugin that detects the wp-admin link and then redirects you into there. The front end app server also mounts the NFS and requests data from the RDS. It is the only one that has the WP Super Cache on it.... The OS is Ubuntu on the App server and the NFS runs CentOs. The front end is Nginx and the publishing server is Apache.

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• Prevent Amazon EC2 Time zone from reverting back on yum update

  - by D.Tate

  I use an Amazon EC2 server instance that runs a distro called Amazon Linux AMI. (I've read that it is based on CentOS/Red Hat). My specific version is the 2012.09 release. Anyway, I was able to change the time zone about a week ago from the default UTC to America/New_York (which is EST/EDT). The command I used to change it was: ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York /etc/localtime ...thanks to this other Server Fault question. At that point, I was able to run date from the the command line, and it correctly displayed the EDT time. And even after EDT "fell back" to EST this past Sunday, I was pleased to find that running date still produced the correct local time. So that was great. However, after running a yum update yesterday, it seems that my time zone got reverted back to plain 'ol UTC. I even checked the last modified time of /etc/localtime file, and indeed it confirmed that it had been modified around the same time I had updated. Is there any way to prevent this from happening again, or will I be stuck resetting the time zone every time I do a yum update?

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• SQLSTATE[HY000]: General error: 2006 MySQL server has gone away

  - by Barkat Ullah

  Server details: RAM: 16GB HDD: 1000GB OS: Linux 2.6.32-220.7.1.el6.x86_64 Processor: 6 Core Please see the link below for my # top preview: I can often see the error mentioned in title in my plesk panel and my /etc/my.cnf configuration are as below: bind-address=127.0.0.1 local-infile=0 datadir=/var/lib/mysql socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock user=mysql max_connections=20000 max_user_connections=20000 key_buffer_size=512M join_buffer_size=4M read_buffer_size=4M read_rnd_buffer_size=512M sort_buffer_size=8M wait_timeout=300 interactive_timeout=300 connect_timeout=300 tmp_table_size=8M thread_concurrency=12 concurrent_insert=2 query_cache_limit=64M query_cache_size=128M query_cache_type=2 transaction_alloc_block_size=8192 max_allowed_packet=512M [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet=512M [myisamchk] key_buffer_size=128M sort_buffer_size=128M read_buffer_size=32M write_buffer_size=32M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout [mysqld_safe] log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid open_files_limit=8192 As my server httpd conf is set to /etc/httpd/conf.d/swtune.conf and the configuration is as below: at prefork.c: <IfModule prefork.c> StartServers 8 MinSpareServers 10 MaxSpareServers 20 ServerLimit 1536 MaxClients 1536 MaxRequestsPerChild 4000 </IfModule> If I run grep -i maxclient /var/log/httpd/error_log then I can see everyday this error: [root@u16170254 ~]# grep -i maxclient /var/log/httpd/error_log [Sun Apr 15 07:26:03 2012] [error] server reached MaxClients setting, consider raising the MaxClients setting [Mon Apr 16 06:09:22 2012] [error] server reached MaxClients setting, consider raising the MaxClients setting I tried to explain everything that I changed to keep my server okay, but maximum time my server is down. Please help me which parameter can I change to keep my server okay and my sites can load fast. It is taking too much time to load my sites.

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