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  • Texture mapping on gluDisk

    - by Marnix
    I'm trying to map a brick texture on the edge of a fountain and I'm using gluDisk for that. How can I make the right coordinates for the disk? My code looks like this and I have only found a function that takes the texture along with the camera. I want the cubic texture to be alongside of the fountain, but gluDisk does a linear mapping. How do I get a circular mapping? void Fountain::Draw() { glPushMatrix(); // push 1 this->ApplyWorldMatrixGL(); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); // enable texturing glPushMatrix(); // push 2 glRotatef(90,-1,0,0); // rotate 90 for the quadric // also drawing more here... // stone texture glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texIDs[0]); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT); glPushMatrix(); // push 3 glTranslatef(0,0,height); // spherical texture generation // this piece of code doesn't work as I intended glTexGeni(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_SPHERE_MAP); glTexGeni(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_SPHERE_MAP); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T); GLUquadric *tub = gluNewQuadric(); gluQuadricTexture(tub, GL_TRUE); gluDisk(tub, radius, outerR, nrVertices, nrVertices); gluDeleteQuadric(tub); glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S); glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T); glPopMatrix(); // pop 3 // more drawing here... glPopMatrix(); // pop 2 // more drawing here... glPopMatrix(); // pop 1 } To refine my question a bit. This is an image of what it is at default (left) and of what I want (right). The texture should fit in the border of the disk, a lot of times. If this is possible with the texture matrix, than that's fine with me as well.

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  • What is the best practice to move sprites using mouse order in Tile games?

    - by Robin-Hood
    I am trying to make my first Tile-game using XNA. I have no problem drawing the map layers using TiledLib from codeplex, but, now I want to give sprite an (order) to move to a specific position on map, by selecting the sprite (left mouse click) and then right mouse click somewhere on the map to specify the target position. I don’t know what is the best practice to move sprite this way, considering that there may be collision objects in the direct path. what is the best practice to do this? Is there any demo covering this issue? thanks. BTW: I couldn’t upload snapshot because of my low score :(

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  • Alternative to Game State System?

    - by Ricket
    As far as I can tell, most games have some sort of "game state system" which switches between the different game states; these might be things like "Intro", "MainMenu", "CharacterSelect", "Loading", and "Game". On the one hand, it totally makes sense to separate these into a state system. After all, they are disparate and would otherwise need to be in a large switch statement, which is obviously messy; and they certainly are well represented by a state system. But at the same time, I look at the "Game" state and wonder if there's something wrong about this state system approach. Because it's like the elephant in the room; it's HUGE and obvious but nobody questions the game state system approach. It seems silly to me that "Game" is put on the same level as "Main Menu". Yet there isn't a way to break up the "Game" state. Is a game state system the best way to go? Is there some different, better technique to managing, well, the "game state"? Is it okay to have an intro state which draws a movie and listens for enter, and then a loading state which loops on the resource manager, and then the game state which does practically everything? Doesn't this seem sort of unbalanced to you, too? Am I missing something?

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  • Camera rotation flicker in OpenGL ES 2.0

    - by seahorse
    I implemented an orbit camera in my own OpenGL ES 2.0 application. I was getting extensive amount of flicker while rotating the camera using the mouse. When I added the line eglSwapInterval( ..., 0.1); after eglSwapBuffers() and then the flicker immediately stopped. I am not able to understand why eglSwapInterval solves the flicker problem? (The FPS of my app prior to eglSwapInterval was around 700FPS) (The flicker is NOT due to z-fighting because I have set near and far clip planes as 100 and 500)

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  • Selling Android apps from Latvia? or should I just put banners?

    - by Roger Travis
    I am in Latvia ( which is not supported to sell apps at android market ), so I am thinking about the best way of monetizing my app. So far I've come up with such options: somehow imitate that I am from a supported country, get a bank account there, etc. use PayPal for in-app purchases. The player get, say, first 10 levels for free, but then is asked to pay 0.99$ for the rest of the game. downsides: player might not feel comfortable entering his paypal details into an app. also android market might not really like that. making the app free and get money from advertising... let's do some calculation here, say, I get 1m free downloads, each user during his playtime would see 10 banners, therefor 10m / 1000 * 0.3 = gives roughly 33k$ ( if we use adMob with their 0.3$ per 1000 impressions ). On the other hand, if we use paypal in app purchase, we need a 3% or more conversion rate to beat this... hmm... What do you think about all this? Thanks! edit: from what I just read all over the net, it looks like advertisers will change their eCPM price a lot without you understanding why... while using in-app paypal purchase you can at least somehow monitor the cashflow.

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  • How to switch between views in android?

    - by aurezza
    I've tried several methods to switch between two views in my program. I've tried creating a new thread then have the view run for 5 seconds before creating intent to start my main activity. This is the code snippet from the said view class: mHelpThread = new Thread(){ @Override public void run(){ try { synchronized(this){ // Wait given period of time or exit on touch wait(5000); } } catch(InterruptedException ex){ } finish(); // Run next activity Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_MAIN, null); intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME); startActivity(intent); //stop(); } }; mHelpThread.start(); I can access the said view without error but it doesn't disappear after 5 seconds nor did it switched to main view when I even utilized an onTouchEvent() to detect touch on the screen of which it should have automatically closed. I've also tried adding a button on the said view to manually switch to main view: @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.help); final HelpView helpView = this; final Button btnback = (Button) findViewById(R.id.back); btnback.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener(){ public void onClick(View v) { Intent intent = new Intent(helpView, MainActivity.class); startActivity(intent); } }); } These codes worked, though, for creating a launcher for my program. So I thought that it would work the same if I added an option for help/rules(for the game) that would switch to another view. I've only since started using eclipse for android so pardon my lack of knowledge. Here is also the snippet from my manifest: <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="11" android:targetSdkVersion="15" /> <application android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher" android:label="@string/app_name" android:theme="@style/AppTheme" > <activity android:name="MainActivity" android:label="@string/title_activity_main"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/> </intent-filter> <intent-filter></intent-filter> </activity> <activity android:name="SplashScreen" android:theme="@style/Theme.Transparent"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/> <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/> </intent-filter> </activity> <activity android:name="HelpView" android:theme="@style/Theme.Transparent"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/> </intent-filter> <intent-filter></intent-filter> </activity> </application>

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  • XNA 3D model collision is inaccurate

    - by Daniel Lopez
    I am creating a classic game in 3d that deals with asteriods and you have to shoot them and avoid being hit from them. I can generate the asteroids just fine and the ship can shoot bullets just fine. But the asteroids always hit the ship even it doesn't look they are even close. I know 2D collision very well but not 3D so can someone please shed some light to my problem. Thanks in advance. Code For ModelRenderer: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Media; namespace _3D_Asteroids { class ModelRenderer { private float aspectratio; private Model model; private Vector3 camerapos; private Vector3 modelpos; private Matrix rotationy; float radiansy = 0; private bool isalive; public ModelRenderer(Model m, float AspectRatio, Vector3 initial_pos, Vector3 initialcamerapos) { isalive = true; model = m; if (model.Meshes.Count == 0) { throw new Exception("Invalid model because it contains zero meshes!"); } modelpos = initial_pos; camerapos = initialcamerapos; aspectratio = AspectRatio; return; } public float RadiusOfSphere { get { return model.Meshes[0].BoundingSphere.Radius; } } public BoundingBox BoxBounds { get { return BoundingBox.CreateFromSphere(model.Meshes[0].BoundingSphere); } } public BoundingSphere SphereBounds { get { return model.Meshes[0].BoundingSphere; } } public Vector3 CameraPosition { set { camerapos = value; } get { return camerapos; } } public bool IsAlive { get { return isalive; } } public Vector3 ModelPosition { set { modelpos = value; } get { return modelpos; } } public void RotateY(float radians) { radiansy += radians; rotationy = Matrix.CreateRotationY(radiansy); } public Matrix RotationY { set { rotationy = value; } get { return rotationy; } } public float AspectRatio { set { aspectratio = value; } get { return aspectratio; } } public void Kill() { isalive = false; } public void Draw(float scale) { Matrix world; if (rotationy == new Matrix(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) { world = Matrix.CreateScale(scale) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(modelpos); } else { world = rotationy * Matrix.CreateScale(scale) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(modelpos); } Matrix view = Matrix.CreateLookAt(camerapos, Vector3.Zero, Vector3.Up); Matrix projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.ToRadians(45.0f), this.AspectRatio, 1f, 100000f); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in model.Meshes) { foreach (BasicEffect effect in mesh.Effects) { effect.World = world; effect.View = view; effect.Projection = projection; } mesh.Draw(); } } public void Draw() { Matrix world; if (rotationy == new Matrix(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) { world = Matrix.CreateTranslation(modelpos); } else { world = rotationy * Matrix.CreateTranslation(modelpos); } Matrix view = Matrix.CreateLookAt(camerapos, Vector3.Zero, Vector3.Up); Matrix projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.ToRadians(45.0f), this.AspectRatio, 1f, 100000f); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in model.Meshes) { foreach (BasicEffect effect in mesh.Effects) { effect.World = world; effect.View = view; effect.Projection = projection; } mesh.Draw(); } } } Code For Game1: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Media; namespace _3D_Asteroids { /// <summary> /// This is the main type for your game /// </summary> public class Game1 : Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Game { GraphicsDeviceManager graphics; int score = 0, lives = 5; SpriteBatch spriteBatch; GameState gstate = GameState.OnMenuScreen; Menu menu = new Menu(Color.Yellow, Color.White); SpriteFont font; Texture2D background; ModelRenderer ship; Model b, a; List<ModelRenderer> bullets = new List<ModelRenderer>(); List<ModelRenderer> asteriods = new List<ModelRenderer>(); float time = 0.0f; int framecount = 0; SoundEffect effect; public Game1() { graphics = new GraphicsDeviceManager(this); graphics.PreferredBackBufferWidth = 1280; graphics.PreferredBackBufferHeight = 796; graphics.ApplyChanges(); Content.RootDirectory = "Content"; } /// <summary> /// Allows the game to perform any initialization it needs to before starting to run. /// This is where it can query for any required services and load any non-graphic /// related content. Calling base.Initialize will enumerate through any components /// and initialize them as well. /// </summary> protected override void Initialize() { // TODO: Add your initialization logic here base.Initialize(); } /// <summary> /// LoadContent will be called once per game and is the place to load /// all of your content. /// </summary> protected override void LoadContent() { // Create a new SpriteBatch, which can be used to draw textures. spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(GraphicsDevice); font = Content.Load<SpriteFont>("Fonts\\Lucida Console"); background = Content.Load<Texture2D>("Textures\\B1_stars"); Model p1 = Content.Load<Model>("Models\\p1_wedge"); b = Content.Load<Model>("Models\\pea_proj"); a = Content.Load<Model>("Models\\asteroid1"); effect = Content.Load<SoundEffect>("Audio\\tx0_fire1"); ship = new ModelRenderer(p1, GraphicsDevice.Viewport.AspectRatio, new Vector3(0, 0, 0), new Vector3(0, 0, 9000)); } /// <summary> /// UnloadContent will be called once per game and is the place to unload /// all content. /// </summary> protected override void UnloadContent() { } /// <summary> /// Allows the game to run logic such as updating the world, /// checking for collisions, gathering input, and playing audio. /// </summary> /// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param> protected override void Update(GameTime gameTime) { KeyboardState state = Keyboard.GetState(PlayerIndex.One); switch (gstate) { case GameState.OnMenuScreen: { if (state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Enter)) { switch (menu.SelectedChoice) { case MenuChoices.Play: { gstate = GameState.GameStarted; break; } case MenuChoices.Exit: { this.Exit(); break; } } } if (state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Down)) { menu.MoveSelectedMenuChoiceDown(gameTime); } else if(state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up)) { menu.MoveSelectedMenuChoiceUp(gameTime); } else { menu.KeysReleased(); } break; } case GameState.GameStarted: { foreach (ModelRenderer bullet in bullets) { if (bullet.ModelPosition.X < (ship.ModelPosition.X + 4000) && bullet.ModelPosition.Z < (ship.ModelPosition.X + 4000) && bullet.ModelPosition.X > (ship.ModelPosition.Z - 4000) && bullet.ModelPosition.Z > (ship.ModelPosition.Z - 4000)) { bullet.ModelPosition += (bullet.RotationY.Forward * 120); } else if (collidedwithasteriod(bullet)) { bullet.Kill(); } else { bullet.Kill(); } } foreach (ModelRenderer asteroid in asteriods) { if (ship.SphereBounds.Intersects(asteroid.BoxBounds)) { lives -= 1; asteroid.Kill(); // This always hits no matter where the ship goes. } else { asteroid.ModelPosition -= (asteroid.RotationY.Forward * 50); } } for (int index = 0; index < asteriods.Count; index++) { if (asteriods[index].IsAlive == false) { asteriods.RemoveAt(index); } } for (int index = 0; index < bullets.Count; index++) { if (bullets[index].IsAlive == false) { bullets.RemoveAt(index); } } if (state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) { ship.RotateY(0.1f); if (state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Space)) { if (time < 17) { firebullet(); //effect.Play(); } } else { time = 0; } } else if (state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) { ship.RotateY(-0.1f); if (state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Space)) { if (time < 17) { firebullet(); //effect.Play(); } } else { time = 0; } } else if (state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up)) { ship.ModelPosition += (ship.RotationY.Forward * 50); if (state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Space)) { if (time < 17) { firebullet(); //effect.Play(); } } else { time = 0; } } else if (state.IsKeyDown(Keys.Space)) { time += gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.Milliseconds; if (time < 17) { firebullet(); //effect.Play(); } } else { time = 0.0f; } if ((framecount % 60) == 0) { createasteroid(); framecount = 0; } framecount++; break; } } base.Update(gameTime); } void firebullet() { if (bullets.Count < 3) { ModelRenderer bullet = new ModelRenderer(b, GraphicsDevice.Viewport.AspectRatio, ship.ModelPosition, new Vector3(0, 0, 9000)); bullet.RotationY = ship.RotationY; bullets.Add(bullet); } } void createasteroid() { if (asteriods.Count < 2) { Random random = new Random(); float z = random.Next(-13000, -11000); float x = random.Next(-9000, -8000); Random random2 = new Random(); int degrees = random.Next(0, 45); float radians = MathHelper.ToRadians(degrees); ModelRenderer asteroid = new ModelRenderer(a, GraphicsDevice.Viewport.AspectRatio, new Vector3(x, 0, z), new Vector3(0,0, 9000)); asteroid.RotateY(radians); asteriods.Add(asteroid); } } /// <summary> /// This is called when the game should draw itself. /// </summary> /// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param> protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); switch (gstate) { case GameState.OnMenuScreen: { spriteBatch.Begin(); spriteBatch.Draw(background, Vector2.Zero, Color.White); menu.DrawMenu(ref spriteBatch, font, new Vector2(GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Width / 2, GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Height / 2) - new Vector2(50f), 100f); spriteBatch.End(); break; } case GameState.GameStarted: { spriteBatch.Begin(); spriteBatch.Draw(background, Vector2.Zero, Color.White); spriteBatch.DrawString(font, "Score: " + score.ToString() + "\nLives: " + lives.ToString(), Vector2.Zero, Color.White); spriteBatch.End(); ship.Draw(); foreach (ModelRenderer bullet in bullets) { bullet.Draw(); } foreach (ModelRenderer asteroid in asteriods) { asteroid.Draw(0.1f); } break; } } base.Draw(gameTime); } bool collidedwithasteriod(ModelRenderer bullet) { foreach (ModelRenderer asteroid in asteriods) { if (bullet.SphereBounds.Intersects(asteroid.BoxBounds)) { score += 10; asteroid.Kill(); return true; } } return false; } } } }

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  • Implementing features in an Entity System

    - by Bane
    After asking two questions on Entity Systems (1, 2), and reading some articles on them, I think that I understand them much better than before. But, I still have some uncertainties, and mainly they are about building a Particle Emitter, an Input system, and a Camera. I obviously still have some problems understanding Entity Systems, and they might apply to a whole other range of objects, but I chose these three because they are very different concepts and should cover a pretty big ground, and help me understand Entity Systems and how to handle problems like these myself, as they come along. I am building an engine in Javascript, and I've implemented most of the core features, which include: input handling, flexible animation system, particle emitter, math classes and functions, scene handling, a camera and a render, and a whole bunch of other things that engines usually support. Then, I read Byte56's answer that got me interested into making the engine into an Entity System one. It would still remain an HTML5 game engine with the basic Scene philosophy, but it should support dynamic creation of entities from components. These are some of the definitions from the previous questions, updated: An Entity is an identifier. It doesn't have any data, it's not an object, it's a simple id that represents an index in the Scene's list of all entities (which I actually plan to implement as a component matrix). A Component is a data holder, but with methods that can operate on that data. The best example is a Vector2D, or a "Position" component. It has data: x and y, but also some methods that make operating on the data a bit easier: add(), normalize(), and so on. A System is something that can operate on a set of entities that meet the certain requirements, usually they (the entities) need to have a specified (by the system itself) set of components to be operated upon. The system is the "logic" part, the "algorithm" part, all the functionality supplied by components is purely for easier data management. The problem that I have now is fitting my old engine concept into this new programming paradigm. Lets start with the simplest one, a Camera. The camera has a position property (Vector2D), a rotation property and some methods for centering it around a point. Each frame, it is fed to a renderer, along with a scene, and all the objects are translated according to it's position. Then the scene is rendered. How could I represent this kind of an object in an Entity System? Would the camera be an entity or simply a component? A combination (see my answer)? Another issues that is bothering me is implementing a Particle Emitter. For what exactly I mean by that, you can check out my video of it: http://youtu.be/BObargIMQsE. The problem I have with this is, again, what should be what. I'm pretty sure that particles themselves shouldn't be entities, as I want to support 10k+ of them, and creating that much entities would be a heavy blow on my performance, I believe. Or maybe not? Depends on the implementation, but anyone with experience: please, do answer. The last bit I wan't to talk about, which is also bugging me the most, is how input should be handled. In my current version of the engine, there is a class called Input. It's a handler that subscribes to browser's events, such as keypresses, and mouse position changes, and also it maintains an internal state. Then, the player class has a react() method, which accepts an input object as an argument. The advantage of this is that the input object could be serialized into JSON and then shared over the network, allowing for smooth multiplayer simulations. But how does this translate into an Entity System?

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  • rotating model around own Y-axis XNA

    - by ChocoMan
    I'm have trouble with my model rotating around it's own Y-axis. The model is a person. When I test my world, the model is loaded at a position of 0, 0, 0. When I rotate my model from there, the model rotates like normal. The problem comes AFTER I moved the model to a new position. If I move the the model forward, left, etc, then try to rotate it on it's own Y-Axis, the model will rotate, but still around the original position in a circular manner (think of yourself swing around on a rope, but always facing outward from the center). Does anyone know how to keep the center point of rotation updated?

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  • Implementation of Race Game Tree

    - by Mert Toka
    I build a racing game right in OpenGL using Glut, and I'm a bit lost in all the details. First of all, any suggestions as a road map would be more than great. So far what I thought is this: Tree implementation for transformations. Simulated dynamics.(*) Octree implementation for collusion detection. Actual collusion detection.(*) Modelling in Maya and export them as .OBJs. Polishing the game with GLSL or something like that for graphics quality. (*): I am not sure the order of these two. So I started with the simulated dynamics without tree, and it turned out to be a huge chaos for me. Is there any way you can think of such that could help me to build such tree to use in racing game? I thought something like this but I have no idea how to implement it. Reds are static, yellows are dynamic nodes

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  • jMonkey Quest Database

    - by theJollySin
    I am building a game in jMonkey (Java) and I have so far only used default quest text. But now I need to start populating a lot of quests with text. My design requires A LOT of quests texts. What is the best way to build a database of quest texts in jMonkey? I don't have a lot of real experience with databases. Is there a database that integrates well with jMonkey? Here are the ideal properties I want in my database, in order of priority: Reasonably light learning curve Easy portability (in Java) to Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX Good interface with Java Good interface with jMonkey The ability to add properties to the quests: ID, level, gender, quest chain ID, etc. Or am I wrong in thinking I need to use some giant monster like SQL? I haven't been able to find much information on this, so are people using some non-database methods for storing things like quest text in jMonkey?

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  • Monster's AI in an Action-RPG

    - by Andrea Tucci
    I'm developing an action rpg with some University colleagues. We've gotton to the monsters' AI design and we would like to implement a sort of "utility-based AI" so we have a "thinker" that assigns a numeric value on all the monster's decisions and we choose the highest (or the most appropriate, depending on monster's iq) and assign it in the monster's collection of decisions (like a goal-driven design pattern) . One solution we found is to write a mathematical formula for each decision, with all the important parameters for evaluation (so for a spell-decision we might have mp,distance from player, player's hp etc). This formula also has coefficients representing some of monster's behaviour (in this way we can alterate formulas by changing coefficients). I've also read how "fuzzy logic" works; I was fascinated by it and by the many ways of expansion it has. I was wondering how we could use this technique to give our AI more semplicity, as in create evaluations with fuzzy rules such as IF player_far AND mp_high AND hp_high THEN very_Desiderable (for a spell having an high casting-time and consume high mp) and then 'defuzz' it. In this way it's also simple to create a monster behaviour by creating ad-hoc rules for every monster's IQ category. But is it correct using fuzzy logic in a game with many parameters like an rpg? Is there a way of merging these two techniques? Are there better AI design techniques for evaluating monster's chooses?

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  • Suggestions for implementing a dynamic 2D level

    - by Wouter
    I am working on a game that needs a level that is completely generated. Currently my approach is to draw textures for the levels pixel by pixel during the game (in XNA with SpriteBatch). This is too intensive unfortunately. The game has frame drops even when I only draw 1 level texture each draw cycle. Here is an example of the current prototype. It is a simple sidescroller with the avatar swimming through a cave. The shape of this cave will alter throughout the level (textures and physics collision shapes). You can clearly see the boundaries of the level tiles in the screenshot below. These are generated just before they move into camera view. For inspiration I looked at PixelJunk Shooter 2. These levels are obviously not generated, but some of the levels have movement. How do you guys think they implemented it? My guess is that the level and other objects in the game are actually flat 3d models, but I am not sure..

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  • Get Unity to read in objects name without the need to hard code

    - by N0xus
    I'm trying to get away from having to hard code in the names of objects I want my code to use. For example, I'm use to do it this way: TextAsset test = new TextAsset(); test = (TextAsset)Resources.Load("test.txt", typeof(TextAsset)); What I want to know, is there a way to have so that when I drag my test.txt file onto my object in Unity, my code automatically gets the name of that object? I'm wanting to do this so once I write the code, I don't need to back in and change it should I wish re-use it.

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  • OpenGL - Cascaded shadow mapping - Texture lookup

    - by Silverlan
    I'm trying to implement cascaded shadow mapping in my engine, but I'm somewhat stuck at the last step. For testing purposes I've made sure all cascades encompass my entire scene. The result is currently this: The different intensity of the cascades is not on purpose, it's actually the problem. This is how I do the texture lookup for the shadow maps inside the fragment shader: layout(std140) uniform CSM { vec4 csmFard; // far distances for each cascade mat4 csmVP[4]; // View-Projection Matrix int numCascades; // Number of cascades to use. In this example it's 4. }; uniform sampler2DArrayShadow csmTextureArray; // The 4 shadow maps in vec4 csmPos[4]; // Vertex position in shadow MVP space float GetShadowCoefficient() { int index = numCascades -1; vec4 shadowCoord; for(int i=0;i<numCascades;i++) { if(gl_FragCoord.z < csmFard[i]) { shadowCoord = csmPos[i]; index = i; break; } } shadowCoord.w = shadowCoord.z; shadowCoord.z = float(index); shadowCoord.x = shadowCoord.x *0.5f +0.5f; shadowCoord.y = shadowCoord.y *0.5f +0.5f; return shadow2DArray(csmTextureArray,shadowCoord).x; } I then use the return value and simply multiply it with the diffuse color. That explains the different intensity of the cascades, since I'm grabbing the depth value directly from the texture. I've tried to do a depth comparison instead, but with limited success: [...] // Same code as above shadowCoord.w = shadowCoord.z; shadowCoord.z = float(index); shadowCoord.x = shadowCoord.x *0.5f +0.5f; shadowCoord.y = shadowCoord.y *0.5f +0.5f; float z = shadow2DArray(csmTextureArray,shadowCoord).x; if(z < shadowCoord.w) return 0.25f; return 1.f; } While this does give me the same shadow value everywhere, it only works for the first cascade, all others are blank: (I colored the cascades because otherwise the transitions wouldn't be visible in this case) What am I missing here?

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  • Which K-factor should be used in case players have different K-factor values

    - by DmitryN
    I am implementing a ranking system based on the Elo rating and cannot get a point about the K-factor. If two players with different skills and, therefore, different K-factors are playing, which exactly K-factor should be used when changing their ratings? For example, player A has rating 2500 and K-factor 16 (probability ~75%) while player B has rating 2300 and K-factor 24 (probability ~25%). If player A wins, do I need to use 16 as K-factor for both players or 16 for player A and 24 for player B?

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  • How to Best Optimize up Model Transforms, Import 3DS Animations Into XNA 4.0?

    - by Jason R. Mick
    Relative beginner to XNA, but trying to build a multi-purpose (3D) game frameworking in XNA 4. Been using the Reed (O'Reilly) and Cawood/McGee (McGraw Hill) guides. My question is multi-faceted and involves how to most efficiently handle models. I'm using 3DS Max 2010 with kw-Xport to ship out my models as .X files. Solved an early problem by using my depth stencil state. My models are now loading properly (yay!) and I have basic bounding working, I just want to optimize transforming models and get animations working as a next step. My questions on models are: 1. Do you have any suggestions for good resources on exporting 3DS animations to XNA? I've seen some resources on how to handle animations in XNA, but most skimp on basic topics of how to convert multi-animation 3DS files. For example how do I take one big long string of keyframed animations (say running, frame 5-20, climbing frames 25-45, etc.) and turned them into named XNA animations. To my understanding every XNA animation has to have a name, but I haven't seen any tutorials on creating a new named animation from a subset of frames. 2. Is it faster to load a model once and animate/transform that base model on the fly @ draw time, or to load multiple models? My game will have multiple enemies, and I've already seen some lagginess in XNA, so II want to make my code efficient... 3. I've heard people on app hub talking about making custom content processors for models-- what is the benefit of this? Does it speed up transforming or animating the models? If so, can you point me towards any good (model-centric) tutorials? (I've built a custom height map content processor to generate terrain, following Cawood's examples, I'm just a bit confused as to how a model content processor would be implemented.)

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  • Generating Normal map from a Image with a given Albedo map

    - by snape
    I am working on a research problem part of which involves generating normal map from a given image of a rusted object. I searched the internet for techniques to achieve the above and apparently crazybump is mentioned a lot. I tried it but it didn't produce the desirable effects. Also I am looking for a method which draws inspiration from an existing research paper not some closed source software. I turned my attention to the technique described in the this paper. Results from this technique are satisfactory for normal objects because of bias in the training data but it doesn't work very well in the case of rusted objects. After this I focussed my attention on generating Albedo map (the above problem would become more solvable if Albedo map is obtained). Fortunately I am able to generate pretty good albedo maps for images of rusted objects. I used this paper's approach to generate Albedo maps. Now I want to know a good technique to get Normal map given an image and it's corresponding Albedo map. To give you an idea of what kind of images I am working with I am attaching a sample. Links to research material would be really appreciated. Thanks!

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  • How do I stop XNA/Visual Studio from rebuilding my content project every time I build?

    - by Phil Quinn
    My group and I are working on a game in XNA 4.0 with Visual Studio 2010/2012. The main solution has 6 projects: 2 XNA game projects (1 executable/ 1 class library), 1 WPF executable for the level editor, 2 standard class libraries, and a content project. Originally, the editor and engine XNA game projects had a content reference to separate content projects. Recently, I consolidated the content projects into one to simplify asset additions. Since pushing these changes to our git repo, certain members of my group have been experiencing weird build issues. Every time they run the project, they have to re-build all of the assets. This happens regardless of whether any changes were made, even if they just run the project directly after building. I've taken a few steps to figure out why this is happening. Below is the MSBuild output set on Normal verbosity. The seemingly important part is at 4, with the line 4> Rebuilding all content because build settings have changed 1>------ Build started: Project: Engine.Core, Configuration: Debug x86 ------ 1>Build started 11/29/2012 3:24:24 AM. 1>ResolveAssemblyReferences: 1> A TargetFramework profile exclusion list will be generated. 1>EmbedXnaFrameworkRuntimeProfile: 1>Skipping target "EmbedXnaFrameworkRuntimeProfile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 1>GenerateTargetFrameworkMonikerAttribute: 1>Skipping target "GenerateTargetFrameworkMonikerAttribute" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 1>CoreCompile: 1>Skipping target "CoreCompile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 1>XnaWriteCacheFile: 1>Skipping target "XnaWriteCacheFile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 1>_CopyOutOfDateSourceItemsToOutputDirectoryAlways: 1> Copying file from "<solution-dir>\src\Engine.Core\DialoguePrototypeTestDB.s3db" to "bin\x86\Debug\DialoguePrototypeTestDB.s3db". 1>_CopyAppConfigFile: 1>Skipping target "_CopyAppConfigFile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 1>CopyFilesToOutputDirectory: 1> Engine.Core -> <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Core\bin\x86\Debug\TimeSink.Engine.Core.dll 1> 1>Build succeeded. 1> 1>Time Elapsed 00:00:00.13 2>------ Build started: Project: TimeSink.Entities, Configuration: Debug x86 ------ 2>Build started 11/29/2012 3:24:25 AM. 2>ResolveAssemblyReferences: 2> A TargetFramework profile exclusion list will be generated. 2>EmbedXnaFrameworkRuntimeProfile: 2>Skipping target "EmbedXnaFrameworkRuntimeProfile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 2>GenerateTargetFrameworkMonikerAttribute: 2>Skipping target "GenerateTargetFrameworkMonikerAttribute" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 2>CoreCompile: 2>Skipping target "CoreCompile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 2>XnaWriteCacheFile: 2>Skipping target "XnaWriteCacheFile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 2>_CopyOutOfDateSourceItemsToOutputDirectoryAlways: 2> Copying file from "<solution-dir>\src\Engine.Core\DialoguePrototypeTestDB.s3db" to "bin\x86\Debug\DialoguePrototypeTestDB.s3db". 2>CopyFilesToOutputDirectory: 2> TimeSink.Entities -> <solution-dir>\src\TimeSink.Entities\bin\x86\Debug\TimeSink.Entities.dll 2> 2>Build succeeded. 2> 2>Time Elapsed 00:00:00.11 3>------ Build started: Project: Editor (Editor\Editor), Configuration: Debug x86 ------ 4>------ Build started: Project: Engine.Game, Configuration: Debug x86 ------ 3>Build started 11/29/2012 3:24:25 AM. 3>CoreCompile: 3> All content is already up to date 3>ResolveAssemblyReferences: 3> A TargetFramework profile exclusion list will be generated. 3>EmbedXnaFrameworkRuntimeProfile: 3>Skipping target "EmbedXnaFrameworkRuntimeProfile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 3>GenerateTargetFrameworkMonikerAttribute: 3>Skipping target "GenerateTargetFrameworkMonikerAttribute" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 3>CoreCompile: 3>Skipping target "CoreCompile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 3>XnaWriteCacheFile: 3>Skipping target "XnaWriteCacheFile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 3>_CopyOutOfDateSourceItemsToOutputDirectoryAlways: 3> Copying file from "<solution-dir>\src\Engine.Core\DialoguePrototypeTestDB.s3db" to "bin\x86\Debug\DialoguePrototypeTestDB.s3db". 3>_CopyOutOfDateNestedContentItemsToOutputDirectory: 3>Skipping target "_CopyOutOfDateNestedContentItemsToOutputDirectory" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 3>CopyFilesToOutputDirectory: 3> Editor -> <solution-dir>\src\Editor\Editor\bin\x86\Debug\Editor.dll 3> 3>Build succeeded. 3> 3>Time Elapsed 00:00:00.39 4>Build started 11/29/2012 3:24:25 AM. 4>CoreCompile: 4> Rebuilding all content because build settings have changed 4> Building Textures\circle.png -> <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Content\Textures\circle.xnb 4> Importing Textures\circle.png with Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline.TextureImporter 4> Processing Textures\circle.png with Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline.Processors.TextureProcessor 4> Compiling <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Content\Textures\circle.xnb 4> Building Textures\giroux.png -> <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Content\Textures\giroux.xnb 4> Importing Textures\giroux.png with Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline.TextureImporter 4> Processing Textures\giroux.png with Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline.Processors.TextureProcessor 4> Compiling <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Content\Textures\giroux.xnb 4> Building Textures\Body_Neutral.png -> <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Content\Textures\Body_Neutral.xnb 4> Importing Textures\Body_Neutral.png with Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline.TextureImporter 4> Processing Textures\Body_Neutral.png with Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline.Processors.TextureProcessor 4> Compiling <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Content\Textures\Body_Neutral.xnb 4> Building font.spritefont -> <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Content\font.xnb 4> Importing font.spritefont with Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline.FontDescriptionImporter 4> Processing font.spritefont with Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline.Processors.FontDescriptionProcessor 4> Compiling <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Content\font.xnb 4>ResolveAssemblyReferences: 4> A TargetFramework profile exclusion list will be generated. 4>EmbedXnaFrameworkRuntimeProfile: 4>Skipping target "EmbedXnaFrameworkRuntimeProfile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 4>GenerateTargetFrameworkMonikerAttribute: 4>Skipping target "GenerateTargetFrameworkMonikerAttribute" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 4>CoreCompile: 4>Skipping target "CoreCompile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 4>_CopyOutOfDateSourceItemsToOutputDirectoryAlways: 4> Copying file from "<solution-dir>\src\Engine.Core\DialoguePrototypeTestDB.s3db" to "bin\x86\Debug\DialoguePrototypeTestDB.s3db". 4>_CopyOutOfDateNestedContentItemsToOutputDirectory: 4>Skipping target "_CopyOutOfDateNestedContentItemsToOutputDirectory" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 4>_CopyAppConfigFile: 4>Skipping target "_CopyAppConfigFile" because all output files are up-to-date with respect to the input files. 4>CopyFilesToOutputDirectory: 4> Engine.Game -> <solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Engine.Game.exe 4>IncrementalClean: 4> Deleting file "<solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\circle.xnb". 4> Deleting file "<solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\giroux.xnb". 4> Deleting file "<solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\Body_Neutral.xnb". 4> Deleting file "<solution-dir>\src\Engine.Game\Engine.Game\bin\x86\Debug\font.xnb". 4> 4>Build succeeded. 4> 4>Time Elapsed 00:00:01.72 ========== Build: 4 succeeded, 0 failed, 1 up-to-date, 0 skipped ========== I can't think of how build settings could change between consecutive executions. Like I said, this only happens for half our group. One member is on a 32-bit Windows 7 Prof bootcamp partition on a Mac. Everyone else, including those who don't have the issue, are running straight 64-bit Windows 7 Prof. Both have tried using VS 2010 and VS 2012. Any insight would be greatly appreciated. Also, I can post more details upon request if this isn't thorough enough.

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  • Ogre3D Fog with overlays

    - by Yourdoom
    I'm building a game with Ogre3d, I've got fog working properly with: scenemanager->setFog(Ogre::FOG_LINEAR, Ogre::ColourValue( 0.23f, 0.725f, 1.0f ), 0, 18, 20 ); However I'm currently implementing a GUI system (libRocket) which is rendered on top of everything else, and this removes the fog, does anyone know how to fix this? (I'm using the default libRocket rendering system for ogre as included in the samples, but this problem also appears when using a semi-transparent overlay).

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  • Fastest pathfinding for static node matrix

    - by Sean Martin
    I'm programming a route finding routine in VB.NET for an online game I play, and I'm searching for the fastest route finding algorithm for my map type. The game takes place in space, with thousands of solar systems connected by jump gates. The game devs have provided a DB dump containing a list of every system and the systems it can jump to. The map isn't quite a node tree, since some branches can jump to other branches - more of a matrix. What I need is a fast pathfinding algorithm. I have already implemented an A* routine and a Dijkstra's, both find the best path but are too slow for my purposes - a search that considers about 5000 nodes takes over 20 seconds to compute. A similar program on a website can do the same search in less than a second. This website claims to use D*, which I have looked into. That algorithm seems more appropriate for dynamic maps rather than one that does not change - unless I misunderstand it's premise. So is there something faster I can use for a map that is not your typical tile/polygon base? GBFS? Perhaps a DFS? Or have I likely got some problem with my A* - maybe poorly chosen heuristics or movement cost? Currently my movement cost is the length of the jump (the DB dump has solar system coordinates as well), and the heuristic is a quick euclidean calculation from the node to the goal. In case anyone has some optimizations for my A*, here is the routine that consumes about 60% of my processing time, according to my profiler. The coordinateData table contains a list of every system's coordinates, and neighborNode.distance is the distance of the jump. Private Function findDistance(ByVal startSystem As Integer, ByVal endSystem As Integer) As Integer 'hCount += 1 'If hCount Mod 0 = 0 Then 'Return hCache 'End If 'Initialize variables to be filled Dim x1, x2, y1, y2, z1, z2 As Integer 'LINQ queries for solar system data Dim systemFromData = From result In jumpDataDB.coordinateDatas Where result.systemId = startSystem Select result.x, result.y, result.z Dim systemToData = From result In jumpDataDB.coordinateDatas Where result.systemId = endSystem Select result.x, result.y, result.z 'LINQ execute 'Fill variables with solar system data for from and to system For Each solarSystem In systemFromData x1 = (solarSystem.x) y1 = (solarSystem.y) z1 = (solarSystem.z) Next For Each solarSystem In systemToData x2 = (solarSystem.x) y2 = (solarSystem.y) z2 = (solarSystem.z) Next Dim x3 = Math.Abs(x1 - x2) Dim y3 = Math.Abs(y1 - y2) Dim z3 = Math.Abs(z1 - z2) 'Calculate distance and round 'Dim distance = Math.Round(Math.Sqrt(Math.Abs((x1 - x2) ^ 2) + Math.Abs((y1 - y2) ^ 2) + Math.Abs((z1 - z2) ^ 2))) Dim distance = firstConstant * Math.Min(secondConstant * (x3 + y3 + z3), Math.Max(x3, Math.Max(y3, z3))) 'Dim distance = Math.Abs(x1 - x2) + Math.Abs(z1 - z2) + Math.Abs(y1 - y2) 'hCache = distance Return distance End Function And the main loop, the other 30% 'Begin search While openList.Count() != 0 'Set current system and move node to closed currentNode = lowestF() move(currentNode.id) For Each neighborNode In neighborNodes If Not onList(neighborNode.toSystem, 0) Then If Not onList(neighborNode.toSystem, 1) Then Dim newNode As New nodeData() newNode.id = neighborNode.toSystem newNode.parent = currentNode.id newNode.g = currentNode.g + neighborNode.distance newNode.h = findDistance(newNode.id, endSystem) newNode.f = newNode.g + newNode.h newNode.security = neighborNode.security openList.Add(newNode) shortOpenList(OLindex) = newNode.id OLindex += 1 Else Dim proposedG As Integer = currentNode.g + neighborNode.distance If proposedG < gValue(neighborNode.toSystem) Then changeParent(neighborNode.toSystem, currentNode.id, proposedG) End If End If End If Next 'Check to see if done If currentNode.id = endSystem Then Exit While End If End While If clarification is needed on my spaghetti code, I'll try to explain.

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  • Importing an object from Blender into a scene, rotation on X axis?

    - by Arne
    This is my situation: I save the scene with blender no export with any processing steps. Blender has x right y up -z into the scene for the view coordinates (OpenGL) I have x right y up -z into the scene for the view coordinates (OpenGl) Bleneder has x/y plane and z up as world coordinates I have x/y plane and z up as world coordinates I load the mesh with assimp directly from the blend file with absolutely no post processing. The object is rotated abount p/2 on the x-axis. Why?

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  • How do I animate a spritesheet in cocos2d Android

    - by user729053
    I'm trying to animate a sprite in a spritesheet, the goal is to make the character walk from left to right. I subclassed CCSprite: CharacterSprite. this is my code: CCSpriteFrameCache.sharedSpriteFrameCache().addSpriteFrames("WalkAnimation.plist"); CCSpriteSheet spriteSheet = CCSpriteSheet.spriteSheet("WalkAnimation.png"); w.addChild(spriteSheet); ArrayList<CCSpriteFrame> walkSprites = new ArrayList<CCSpriteFrame>(); for(int i = 1; i<=8;++i) { walkSprites.add(CCSpriteFrameCache.sharedSpriteFrameCache().spriteFrameByName("walk"+ i +".png")); } //float randomFactor = (float)Math.random()*10; CCAnimation walkAnimation = CCAnimation.animation("walk", 0.1f, walkSprites); Log.v("addEnemy", "Show"); this.character = CCSprite.sprite(walkSprites.get(0)); Log.v("addEnemy", "Don't Show"); this.walkAction = CCRepeatForever.action(CCAnimate.action(walkAnimation, false)); character.runAction(walkAction); for(int k =0; k<amount; k++) { float randomFactor = (float)Math.random()*10; character.setPosition(CGPoint.ccp(-randomFactor * character.getContentSize().width/2, winSize.height / 6.0f)); spriteSheet.addChild(character); } This code is in my 2nd scene. And whenever I press on Start Game, nothing happens. But the code is executed till: character = CharacterSprite.sprite("walk1.png"); Can someone provide me of a snippet of animation using a spritesheet?

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  • Game Maker Studio Gravity Problems

    - by Dusty
    I've started messing around with Game Maker Studio. The problem I'm having is trying to get a gravity code for orbiting. Here's how i did it in XNA foreach (GravItem Item in StarSystem.ActiveItems.OfType<GravItem>()) { if (this != Item) { Velocity += (10 * Vector2.Normalize(Item.Position - this.Position * (this.Mass * Item.Mass) / (Vector2.DistanceSquared(this.Position, Item.Position)) / (this.Mass)); } } Simple and works well, things or bit and everything is nice. but in Game maker i don't have the luxury of Vector2's or a For-each loop to loop threw all the objects that have a mass. I've tried a few different things but nothing seems to work distance = distance_to_object(obj_moon); //--Gravity hspeed += (0.5 * (distance) * (Mass * obj_moon.Mass) / (sqr(distance)) / Mass) vspeed += (0.5 * (distance) * (Mass * obj_moon.Mass) / (sqr(distance)) / Mass) thanks for the help

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  • This code is of chess game. What is represented by 'DISTANCE' in code? [closed]

    - by rajeshverma423
    package chess; public class Evaluate { public static final int PIECE_KING = 0; public static final int PIECE_QUEEN = 1; public static final int PIECE_ROOK = 2; public static final int PIECE_BISHOP = 3; public static final int PIECE_KNIGHT = 4; public static final int PIECE_PAWN = 5; public static final int FULL_BIT_RANK = 4080; public static final int LAZY_MARGIN = 100; public static final int ISOLATED_PENALTY = 10; public static final int DOUBLE_PENALTY = 4; public static final int[] PIECE_VALUE = { 0, 9, 5, 3, 3, 1 }; public static final int[] PASS_PAWN = { 0, 35, 30, 20, 10, 5 }; public static final byte[] DISTANCE = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7 };

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