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  • do I need to use partial?

    - by wiso
    I've a general function, for example (only a simplified example): def do_operation(operation, a, b, name): print name do_something_more(a,b,name, operation(a,b)) def operation_x(a,b): return a**2 + b def operation_y(a,b): return a**10 - b/2. and some data: data = {"first": {"name": "first summation", "a": 10, "b": 20, "operation": operation_x}, "second": {"name": "second summation", "a": 20, "b": 50, "operation": operation_y}, "third": {"name": "third summation", "a": 20, "b": 50, "operation": operation_x}, # <-- operation_x again } now I can do: what_to_do = ("first", "third") # this comes from command line for sum_id in what_to_do: do_operation(data["operation"], data["a"], data["b"], data["name"]) or maybe it's better if I use functools.partial? from functools import partial do_operation_one = do_operation(name=data["first"]["name"], operation=data["first"]["operation"], a=data["first"]["a"], b=data["first"]["b"]) do_operation_two = do_operation(name=data["second"]["name"], operation=data["second"]["operation"] a=data["second"]["a"], b=data["second"]["b"]) do_operation_three = do_operation(name=data["third"]["name"], operation=data["third"]["operation"] a=data["third"]["a"], b=data["third"]["b"]) do_dictionary = { "first": do_operation_one, "second": do_operation_two, "third": do_operation_three } for what in what_to_do: do_dictionary[what]()

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  • Grails pattern to reuse template on error

    - by bsreekanth
    Hello, I have a gsp template, where the data for create view is passed through the controller. def create = { def bookInstance = new Book() bookInstance .properties = params def map = getDefaultValues() render(template: "create", model: [bookInstance : bookInstance , title: map.title, somelist: somelist ....]) the gsp template <g:select optionKey="id" from="${somelist}" name="somelist.id" value="${bookInstance ?.somelist?.id}" noSelection="['null': '']"></g:select> now, in the save method, if there is an error, it returns currently populated and validated instance (default scaffold implementation) render(template: "create", model: [bookInstance : bookInstance ]) But the fields in the gsp (error page rendered from save action) is empty. I could see the reason as it looks the value in "${somelist}" , but it is not used in save method. Do i just need to check for null in the gsp and use whichever map is available, or any better method (passing all the map in the save method is not an option) .. thanks in advance..

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  • Referring to the type of an inner class in Scala

    - by saucisson
    The following code tries to mimic Polymorphic Embedding of DSLs: rather than giving the behavior in Inner, it is encoded in the useInner method of its enclosing class. I added the enclosing method so that user has only to keep a reference to Inner instances, but can always get their enclosing instance. By doing this, all Inner instances from a specific Outer instance are bound to only one behavior (but it is wanted here). abstract class Outer { sealed class Inner { def enclosing = Outer.this } def useInner(x:Inner) : Boolean } def toBoolean(x:Outer#Inner) : Boolean = x.enclosing.useInner(x) It does not compile and scala 2.8 complains about: type mismatch; found: sandbox.Outer#Inner required: _81.Inner where val _81:sandbox.Outer From Programming Scala: Nested classes and A Tour of Scala: Inner Classes, it seems to me that the problem is that useInnerexpects as argument an Inner instance from a specific Outer instance. What is the true explanation and how to solve this problem ?

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  • The cost of nested methods

    - by Palimondo
    In Scala one might define methods inside other methods. This limits their scope of use to inside of definition block. I use them to improve readability of code that uses several higher-order functions. In contrast to anonymous function literals, this allows me to give them meaningful names before passing them on. For example: class AggregatedPerson extends HashSet[PersonRecord] { def mostFrequentName: String = { type NameCount = (String, Int) def moreFirst(a: NameCount, b: NameCount) = a._2 > b._2 def countOccurrences(nameGroup: (String, List[PersonRecord])) = (nameGroup._1, nameGroup._2.size) iterator.toList.groupBy(_.fullName). map(countOccurrences).iterator.toList. sortWith(moreFirst).head._1 } } Is there any runtime cost because of the nested method definition I should be aware of? Does the answer differ for closures?

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  • Ruby module_function, invoking module's private method, invoked in class method style on module shows error

    - by Jignesh
    test_module.rb module MyModule def module_func_a puts "module_func_a invoked" private_b end module_function :module_func_a private def private_b puts "private_b invoked" end end class MyClass include MyModule def test_module module_func_a end end Invoking module function from class c = MyClass.new c.test_module Output 1: $ ruby test_module.rb module_func_a invoked private_b invoked Invoking module function on module in class method style ma = MyModule.module_func_a Output 2: module_func_a invoked test_module.rb:5:in `module_func_a': undefined local variable or method `private_b' for MyModule:Module (NameError) from test_module.rb:31 As can be seen from the Output 1 and Output 2 when including the module in a class, no issue occurs when a module's private method gets invoked from a module function while in case when directly invoking the module function on the module in class method style the module's private method, invoked from module function, is not found. Can anybody make me understand the reason behind above behavior and whether invoking module function (which in turn invokes module's private method) on module in class method style is possible or not? If possible, then what rectifications are required in my code to do the same? Thanks, Jignesh

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  • Game Key Events: Event or Method Overload?

    - by Ell
    If you were going to develop a game in say, Ruby, and you were provided with a game framework, would you rather act on key up/down events by overloading a method on the main window like so: class MyGameWindow < Framework::GameWindow def button_down(id) case id when UpArrow do_something when DownArrow do_something end end end Or have an event class with which you can make a method and assign a handle to it, like so: class MyGameWindow < Framework::GameWindow def initialize key_down.add_handler(method(:do_something)) end def do_something puts "blah blah" end end Please give your views, which do you think would be better in a game developement area, and thanks in advance, ell.

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  • My helper methods in controller

    - by FancyDancy
    My app should render html, to answer when a user clicks ajax-link. My controller: def create_user @user = User.new(params) if @user.save status = 'success' link = link_to_profile(@user) #it's my custom helper in Application_Helper.rb else status = 'error' link = nil end render :json => {:status => status, :link => link} end My helper: def link_to_profile(user) link = link_to(user.login, {:controller => "users", :action => "profile", :id => user.login}, :class => "profile-link") return(image_tag("/images/users/profile.png") + " " + link) end I have tried such methods: ApplicationController.helpers.link_to_profile(@user) # It raises: NoMethodError (undefined method `url_for' for nil:NilClass) and: class Helper include Singleton include ApplicationHelper include ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper include ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper include ApplicationHelper end def help Helper.instance end help.link_to_profile(@user) # It also raises: NoMethodError (undefined method `url_for' for nil:NilClass) In addition, yes, I KNOW about :helper_method, and it works, but i don't want to overload my ApplicationController with a plenty of that methods

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  • Retrieving text from password field [python][pyqt4]

    - by Dr. Johnson
    def welcomeStage (self): self.test = QtGui.QLineEdit (self) self.test.move (50, 150) QtCore.QObject.connect (self.test, QtCore.SIGNAL ('returnPressed()'), self.passwordStage) def passwordStage (self): self.email = self.test.text() self.test.clear() self.test.setEchoMode (QtGui.QLineEdit.Password) QtCore.QObject.connect (self.test, QtCore.SIGNAL ('returnPressed()'), self.loginStage) def loginStage (self): self.pwd = self.test.text() print self.pwd if len (self.pwd) < 0: welcomeStage () return Simply put, I am making a login form. The user enters their email, then the text field is cleared and echo mode is set to Password mode. The text() function returns the email fine, but when I call text() after I have changed the echo mode, it returns 0. I've been pouring over the documentation looking for anything regarding the text() function and how it operates when Password mode is on, however I have not found anything. Does anybody know how this is done?

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  • Define Instance Variable Outside of Method Defenition (ruby)

    - by Ell
    Hi all, I am developing (well, trying to at least) a Game framework for the Ruby Gosu library. I have made a basic event system wherebye each Blocks::Event has a list of handlers and when the event is fired the methods are called. At the moment the way to implement an event is as follows: class TestClass attr_accessor :on_close def initialize @on_close = Blocks::Event.new end def close @on_close.fire(self, Blocks::OnCloseArgs.new) end end But this method of implementing events seems rather long, my question is, how can I make a way so that when one wants an event in a class, they can just do this class TestClass event :on_close def close @on_close.fire(self, Blocks::OnCloseArgs.new) end end Thanks in advance, ell.

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  • Advanced control of recursive parser in scala

    - by Jeriho
    val uninterestingthings = ".".r val parser = "(?ui)(regexvalue)".r | (uninterestingthings~>parser) This recursive parser will try to parse "(?ui)(regexvalue)".r until the end of input. Is in scala a way to prohibit parsing when some defined number of characters were consumed by "uninterestingthings" ? UPD: I have one poor solution: object NonRecursiveParser extends RegexParsers with PackratParsers{ var max = -1 val maxInput2Consume = 25 def uninteresting:Regex ={ if(max<maxInput2Consume){ max+=1 ("."+"{0,"+max.toString+"}").r }else{ throw new Exception("I am tired") } } lazy val value = "itt".r def parser:Parser[Any] = (uninteresting~>value)|parser def parseQuery(input:String) = { try{ parse(parser, input) }catch{ case e:Exception => } } } Disadvantages: - not all members are lazy vals so PackratParser will have some time penalty - constructing regexps on every "uninteresting" method call - time penalty - using exception to control program - code style and time penalty

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  • Identifying that a variable is a new-style class in Python?

    - by Dave Johansen
    I'm using Python 2.x and I'm wondering if there's a way to tell if a variable is a new-style class? I know that if it's an old-style class that I can do the following to find out. import types class oldclass: pass def test(): o = oldclass() if type(o) is types.InstanceType: print 'Is old-style' else: print 'Is NOT old-style' But I haven't been able to find anything that works for new-style classes. I found this question, but the proposed solutions don't seem to work as expected, because simple values as are identified as classes. import inspect def newclass(object): pass def test(): n = newclass() if inspect.isclass(n): print 'Is class' else: print 'Is NOT class' if inspect.isclass(type(n)): print 'Is class' else: print 'Is NOT class' if inspect.isclass(type(1)): print 'Is class' else: print 'Is NOT class' if isinstance(n, object): print 'Is class' else: print 'Is NOT class' if isinstance(1, object): print 'Is class' else: print 'Is NOT class' So is there anyway to do something like this? Or is everything in Python just a class and there's no way to get around that?

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  • How do I mock a custom field that is deleted so that south migrations run?

    - by muhuk
    I have removed an app that contained a couple of custom fields from my project. Now when I try to run my migrations I get ImportError, naturally. These fields were very basic customizations like below: from django.db.models.fields import IntegerField class SomeField(IntegerField): def get_internal_type(self): return "SomeField" def db_type(self, connectio=None): return 'integer' def clean(self, value): # some custom cleanup pass So, none of them contain any database level customizations. When I removed this code, I've created migrations so the subsequent migration all ran fine. But when I try to run them on a pre-deletion database I realized my mistake. I can re-create a bare-bones app and make these imports work, but Ideally I would like to know if South has a mechanism to resolve these issues? Or is there any best practises? It would be cool if I could solve these issues just by modifying my migrations and not touching the codebase. (Django 1.3, South 0.7.3)

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  • Python overriding class (not instance) special methods

    - by André
    How do I override a class special method? I want to be able to call the __str__() method of the class without creating an instance. Example: class Foo: def __str__(self): return 'Bar' class StaticFoo: @staticmethod def __str__(): return 'StaticBar' class ClassFoo: @classmethod def __str__(cls): return 'ClassBar' if __name__ == '__main__': print(Foo) print(Foo()) print(StaticFoo) print(StaticFoo()) print(ClassFoo) print(ClassFoo()) produces: <class '__main__.Foo'> Bar <class '__main__.StaticFoo'> StaticBar <class '__main__.ClassFoo'> ClassBar should be: Bar Bar StaticBar StaticBar ClassBar ClassBar Even if I use the @staticmethod or @classmethod the __str__ is still using the built in python definition for __str__. It's only working when it's Foo().__str__() instead of Foo.__str__().

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  • LaTeX: Automatic two-column wrapping of content

    - by plash
    Say I have a list of words that need to retain their order, and need to be sorted into two columns. I can do this rather well with a tabular: \begin{tabular}{l l} abc & def \\ ghi & jkl \\ \end{tabular} But doing so makes it rather difficult and time consuming to reorder the list. Is it possible to have an automatically wrapped two-column list? Ideally, I would like to simply enter an ordered list: \begin{magic} abc \\ def \\ ghi \\ jkl \\ \end{magic} And have it wrapped to two columns (as the tabular enables): abc def ghi jkl

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  • How to get progress bar to time Class exectution

    - by chrissygormley
    Hello, I am trying to use progress bar to show the progress of a script. I want it increase progress after every function in a class is executed. The code I have tried is below: import progressbar from time import sleep class hello(): def no(self): print 'hello!' def yes(self): print 'No!!!!!!' def pro(): bar = progressbar.ProgressBar(widgets=[progressbar.Bar('=', '[', ']'), ' ', progressbar.Percentage()]) for i in Yep(): bar.update(Yep.i()) sleep(0.1) bar.finish() if __name__ == "__main__": Yep = hello() pro() Does anyone know how to get this working. Thanks

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  • Issue in exec method

    - by mukul sharma
    Hi all, I am a having two python files file1.py and file2.py. I am using exec() to get the method/Variables defined in the file2.py. file1.py have a class as given below class one: def init(self): self.HOOK = None exec(file2.py) self.HOOK = Generate ### call the hook method #### self.HOOK() file2.py looks like as (There is no class define in file2.py) def Generate() do 1 do 2 Hello() def hello() print "hello" Now the problem is as When i run script it is giving a error global name Hello not found. If i remove Hello() from Generate method in file2.py then its work fine. I cant use import file2.py in file1.py,because in file2.py the only one method name (Generate) is fix (its taken as requirement). So apart from Genarate method user can define any method and can call this in generate method, because this approach is not working so i have to write whole code into generate method only and code is also repetitive. Any help is really appreciable...

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  • How do I use timezones with a datetime object in python?

    - by jidar
    How do I properly represent a different timezone in my timezone? The below example only works because I know that EDT is one hour ahead of me, so I can uncomment the subtraction of myTimeZone() import datetime, re from datetime import tzinfo class myTimeZone(tzinfo): """docstring for myTimeZone""" def utfoffset(self, dt): return timedelta(hours=1) def myDateHandler(aDateString): """u'Sat, 6 Sep 2008 21:16:33 EDT'""" _my_date_pattern = re.compile(r'\w+\,\s+(\d+)\s+(\w+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\:(\d+)\:(\d+)') day, month, year, hour, minute, second = _my_date_pattern.search(aDateString).groups() month = [ 'JAN', 'FEB', 'MAR', 'APR', 'MAY', 'JUN', 'JUL', 'AUG', 'SEP', 'OCT', 'NOV', 'DEC' ].index(month.upper()) + 1 dt = datetime.datetime( int(year), int(month), int(day), int(hour), int(minute), int(second) ) # dt = dt - datetime.timedelta(hours=1) # dt = dt - dt.tzinfo.utfoffset(myTimeZone()) return (dt.year, dt.month, dt.day, dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second, 0, 0, 0) def main(): print myDateHandler("Sat, 6 Sep 2008 21:16:33 EDT") if __name__ == '__main__': main()

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  • How to replace a Widget with another using Qt ?

    - by Natim
    Hi, I have an QHBoxLayout with a QTreeWidget on the left, a separator on the middle and a widget on the right. When I click on the QTreeWidget, I want to change the widget on the right to modify the QTreeWidgetItem I tried to do this with this code : def new_rendez_vous(self): self.ui.horizontalLayout_4.removeWidget(self.ui.editionFormWidget) del self.ui.editionFormWidget self.ui.editionFormWidget = RendezVousManagerDialog(self.parent) self.ui.editionFormWidget.show() self.ui.horizontalLayout_4.addWidget(self.ui.editionFormWidget) self.connect(self.ui.editionFormWidget, QtCore.SIGNAL('saved'), self.scheduleTreeWidget.updateData) def edit(self, category, rendez_vous): self.ui.horizontalLayout_4.removeWidget(self.ui.editionFormWidget) del self.ui.editionFormWidget self.ui.editionFormWidget = RendezVousManagerDialog(self.parent, category, rendez_vous) self.ui.editionFormWidget.show() self.ui.horizontalLayout_4.addWidget(self.ui.editionFormWidget) self.connect(self.ui.editionFormWidget, QtCore.SIGNAL('saved'), self.scheduleTreeWidget.updateData) def edit_category(self, category): self.ui.horizontalLayout_4.removeWidget(self.ui.editionFormWidget) del self.ui.editionFormWidget self.ui.editionFormWidget = CategoryManagerDialog(self.parent, category) self.ui.editionFormWidget.show() self.ui.horizontalLayout_4.addWidget(self.ui.editionFormWidget) self.connect(self.ui.editionFormWidget, QtCore.SIGNAL('saved'), self.scheduleTreeWidget.updateData) But it doesn't work and all the widgets are stacked up on each other : . Do you know how I can remove the old widget and next display the new one ?

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  • TypeError: Python thinks that I passed a function 2 arguments but I only passed it 1

    - by slhck
    I work on something in Seattle Repy which is a restricted subset of Python. Anyway, I wanted to implement my own Queue that derives from a list: class Queue(list): job_count = 0 def __init__(self): list.__init__(self) def appendleft(item): item.creation_time = getruntime() item.current_count = self.job_count self.insert(0, item) def pop(): item = self.pop() item.pop_time = getruntime() return item Now I call this in my main server, where I use my own Job class to pass Jobs to the Queue: mycontext['queue'] = Queue() # ... job = Job(str(ip), message) mycontext['queue'].appendleft(job) The last line raises the following exception: Exception (with type 'exceptions.TypeError'): appendleft() takes exactly 1 argument (2 given) I'm relatively new to Python, so could anyone explain to me why it would think that I gave appendleft() two arguments when there obviously was only one?

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  • Grails / GORM, Disable First-level Cache

    - by Stephen Swensen
    Suppose I have the following Domain class mapping to a legacy table, utilizing read-only second-level cache, and having a transient field: class DomainObject { static def transients = ['userId'] Long id Long userId static mapping = { cache usage: 'read-only' table 'SOME_TABLE' } } I have a problem, references to DomainObject are being shared due to first-level caching, and thus transient fields are writing over each other. For example, def r1 = DomainObject.get(1) r1.userId = 22 def r2 = DomainObject.get(1) r2.userId = 34 assert r1.userId == 34 That is, r1 and r2 are references to the same instance. This is undesirable, I would like to cache the table data without sharing references. Any ideas? [Edit] Understanding the situation better now, I believe my question boils down to the following: Is there anyway to disable first level cache for a specific domain class while still using second level cache?

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  • How do I find out if the variable is declared in Python?

    - by golergka
    I want to use a module as a singleton referenced in other modules. It looks something like this (that's not actually a code I'm working on, but I simplified it to throw away all unrelated stuff): main.py import singleton import printer def main(): singleton.Init(1,2) printer.Print() if __name__ == '__main__': pass singleton.py variable1 = '' variable2 = '' def Init(var1, var2) variable1 = var1 variable2 = var2 printer.py import singleton def Print() print singleton.variable1 print singleton.variable2 I expect to get output 1/2, but instead get empty space. I understand that after I imported singleton to the print.py module the variables got initialized again. So I think that I must check if they were intialized before in singleton.py: if not (variable1): variable1 = '' if not (variable2) variable2 = '' But I don't know how to do that. Or there is a better way to use singleton modules in python that I'm not aware of :)

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  • SQLAlchemy - how to map against a read-only (or calculated) property

    - by Jeff Peck
    I'm trying to figure out how to map against a simple read-only property and have that property fire when I save to the database. A contrived example should make this more clear. First, a simple table: meta = MetaData() foo_table = Table('foo', meta, Column('id', String(3), primary_key=True), Column('description', String(64), nullable=False), Column('calculated_value', Integer, nullable=False), ) What I want to do is set up a class with a read-only property that will insert into the calculated_value column for me when I call session.commit()... import datetime def Foo(object): def __init__(self, id, description): self.id = id self.description = description @property def calculated_value(self): self._calculated_value = datetime.datetime.now().second + 10 return self._calculated_value According to the sqlalchemy docs, I think I am supposed to map this like so: mapper(Foo, foo_table, properties = { 'calculated_value' : synonym('_calculated_value', map_column=True) }) The problem with this is that _calculated_value is None until you access the calculated_value property. It appears that SQLAlchemy is not calling the property on insertion into the database, so I'm getting a None value instead. What is the correct way to map this so that the result of the "calculated_value" property is inserted into the foo table's "calculated_value" column?

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  • django left join with null

    - by SledgehammerPL
    The model: class Product(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length = 128) def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Receipt(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=128) components = models.ManyToManyField(Product, through='ReceiptComponent') class Admin: pass def __unicode__(self): return self.name class ReceiptComponent(models.Model): product = models.ForeignKey(Product) receipt = models.ForeignKey(Receipt) quantity = models.FloatField(max_length=9) unit = models.ForeignKey(Unit) def __unicode__(self): return unicode(self.quantity!=0 and self.quantity or '') + ' ' + unicode(self.unit) + ' ' + self.product.genitive The idea: there are a components on stock. I'd like to find out which recipes I can made with components which I have. It's not easy - but possible - I made a SQL view, which gets the solution. But I'm learning python and Django so I'd like to make it Django-style ;D The concept of solution: get the set of recipes which has at last one component: list_of_available_components = ReceiptComponent.objects.filter(product__in=list_of_available_products).distinct() list_of_related_receipts = Receipt.objects.filter(receiptcomponent__in = list_of_available_components).distinct() get recipes (from list_of_related_receipts) which has not at last one component list_of_incomplete_recipes = (SELECT * FROM drinkbook_receiptcomponent LEFT JOIN drinkstore_stock_products USING(product_id) WHERE drinkstore_stock_products.stock_id IS NULL AND receipt_id IN (SELECT receipt_id FROM drinkbook_receiptcomponent JOIN drinkstore_stock_products USING(product_id))) get recipes (from list_of_related_receipts) which are not in "list_of_incomplete_recipes"

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  • Carrierwave upload to a tmp dir before saving to database

    - by user827570
    I'm trying to build a visual editor where users can click an image they are presented with an image upload form once the upload is done I use ajax to return the image and insert it back into the page. But the above method inserts the image straight into the database but I want users to be able to visualize the image before the image is inserted into the database. So I was wondering if the image using carrierwave could be uploaded to a temp location, sent back to the user and then when the user saves the page the image is moved into the permanent location. Here's what I have so far. def edit_image @page = Page.find(1) @page.update_attributes(params[:page]) @page.save return :text => @page.file end But this is what I want to achieve def temp_image #uploads received image to a temp location #returns image to the user end And once the user clicks save def save #moves the file in the temp folder to the permanent location end Cheers

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  • Ruby Metaprogramming

    - by VP
    I'm trying to write a DSL that allows me to do Policy.name do author "Foo" reviewed_by "Bar" end The following code can almost process it: class Policy include Singleton def self.method_missing(name,&block) puts name puts "#{yield}" end def self.author(name) puts name end def self.reviewed_by(name) puts name end end Defining my method as class methods (self.method_name) i can access it using the following syntax: Policy.name do Policy.author "Foo" Policy.reviewed_by "Bar" end If i remove the "self" from the method names, and try to use my desired syntax, then i receive an error "Method not Found" in the Main so it could not find my function until the module Kernel. Its ok, i understand the error. But how can i fix it? How can i fix my class to make it work with my desired syntax that?

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