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  • barriers in SMP linux kernel

    - by osgx
    Hello Is there smth like pthread_barrier in SMP Linux kernel? When kernel works simultaneously on 2 and more CPUs with the same structure, the barrier (like pthread_barrier) can be useful. It will stop all CPUs entering to it until last CPU will run the barrier. From this moment all CPUs again works.

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  • where to start linux kernel programming?

    - by Adnan
    I have been programming in C for a couple of years in Linux. Now I want to work on linux kernel and contribute to kernel, if possible. I have been looking on the internet for the information about a starting point but I couldn't find one. So can any one please tell me where to begin?

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  • Read linux kernel version using C?

    - by ipkiss
    Hi, I am using Ubuntu and I want to read the version of its kernel. I found a file named version in /proc/ that records the version of the current kernel. If I dont want to read file, is there any other way, like built-in function in C, that I can read the version in C? Thanks

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  • in kernel and user space

    - by jtzero
    Now I know that developing an app that goes into kernel space should be avoided - its hard to debug, complex etc.... with that off the table what are some advanteages to moving an app from user space to the kernel?

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  • How to discern video details from Linux Live CD

    - by Chris Lieb
    I was having trouble getting X.Org to work with the video card in a recently aquired laptop, so I decided to try to probe around the configuration of a Linux Live CD to figure out how to set up my kernel. I chose the Sabayon 5.0 Live DVD because it was the only one that I could find that was the same or newer than the 2.6.32 kernel I have installed on the laptop right now. Of course, the DVD booted right into GNOME without issue, unlike the hangs and crashes that I had been getting. So, I want to figure out what kernel driver this Live DVD is currently using, but I don't know how to. hwinfo doesn't shed any light on the matter, and lspci -vnn doesn't list a driver for my video device, though both methods correctly identify that I have an Intel 855GM video processor. How can I find out this information?

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  • How to set shmall, shmmax, shmni, etc ... in general and for postgresql

    - by jpic
    I've used the documentation from PostgreSQL to set it for example this config: >>> cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 16345480 kB MemFree: 1770128 kB Buffers: 382184 kB Cached: 10432632 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 9228324 kB Inactive: 4621264 kB Active(anon): 7019996 kB Inactive(anon): 548528 kB Active(file): 2208328 kB Inactive(file): 4072736 kB Unevictable: 0 kB Mlocked: 0 kB SwapTotal: 0 kB SwapFree: 0 kB Dirty: 3432 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 3034588 kB Mapped: 4243720 kB Shmem: 4533752 kB Slab: 481728 kB SReclaimable: 440712 kB SUnreclaim: 41016 kB KernelStack: 1776 kB PageTables: 39208 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB WritebackTmp: 0 kB CommitLimit: 8172740 kB Committed_AS: 14935216 kB VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB VmallocUsed: 399340 kB VmallocChunk: 34359334908 kB HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB AnonHugePages: 456704 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB DirectMap4k: 12288 kB DirectMap2M: 16680960 kB >>> ipcs -l ------ Shared Memory Limits -------- max number of segments = 4096 max seg size (kbytes) = 4316816 max total shared memory (kbytes) = 4316816 min seg size (bytes) = 1 ------ Semaphore Limits -------- max number of arrays = 128 max semaphores per array = 250 max semaphores system wide = 32000 max ops per semop call = 32 semaphore max value = 32767 ------ Messages Limits -------- max queues system wide = 31918 max size of message (bytes) = 8192 default max size of queue (bytes) = 16384 sysctl.conf extract: kernel.shmall = 1079204 kernel.shmmax = 4420419584 postgresql.conf non defaults: max_connections = 60 # (change requires restart) shared_buffers = 4GB # min 128kB work_mem = 4MB # min 64kB wal_sync_method = open_sync # the default is the first option checkpoint_segments = 16 # in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9 # checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0 effective_cache_size = 6GB Is this appropriate ? If not (or not necessarily), in which case would it be appropriate ? We did note nice performance improvements with this config, how would you improve it ? How should kernel memory management parameters be set ? Can anybody explain how to really set them from the ground up ?

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  • Why doesn't Linux use the hardware context switch via the TSS?

    - by smwikipedia
    Hi guys! I read the following statement: The x86 architecture includes a specific segment type called the Task State Segment (TSS), to store hardware contexts. Although Linux doesn't use hardware context switches, it is nonetheless forced to set up a TSS for each distinct CPU in the system. I am wondering: Why doesn't Linux use the hardware support for context switch? Isn't the hardware approach much faster than the software approach? Is there any OS which does take advantage of the hardware context switch? Does windows use it? At last and as usual, thanks for your patience and reply.

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  • Massive crash and kernel panic after updates yesterday, what now?

    - by Ghost
    Got 12.04 on an AMD+radeon machine, everything was running fine until last night when the update manager installed new packages, and now the moment I open a browser (firefox, chromium, anything) it crashes instantly. It says warning: at build/buildd/linux-3.5.0/arch/x86/kernel/smp.c:123 native_smp_send_reschedule+0x5b/0x60() Pid: 2432, comm: chrome_dbthread tainted: G D 3.5.0-2generic #2-ubuntu I already tried uninstalling the packages from the update log, didn't solve a thing. Depending of which browser I use I get a different reaction, like a complete freeze instead of a text console crash. Ideas? I really don't know what to do.

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  • Linux boot on a raid1 software raid ?

    - by azera
    Hello I am trying to convert my single disk boot to a raid1 boot So far here is what i have: I sucessfully create the raid 1 as degraded with the new drive alone, I copied all the data on it I can mount that raid 1, see its files etc I already have a raid5 that is working on the same box (although not booting on it) I have installed grub on both drive When grub boot, it loads the kernel alright, but during the kernel boot it fails to load the "root block device" The kernel tells me : 1 - detected that root device is an md device 2 - determining root devices 3 - mounting root 4 - mounting /dev/md125 on /newroot failed: input/output error. Please enter another root device: ... At this point, if I enter /dev/sda3 (my "old" root device that isn't converted to raid yet) everything boots fine without the root. The /dev/md125 device is indeed created but it seems to be created after the error happens, as in it creates it after loading the device, when mdadm is loaded. Somehow it looks like it can't/doesn't load the raid array before it needs to mount it, and I don't know how I can solve that. My config files (taken from the system once it boots with sda3 as root device): $ cat /etc/mdadm.conf ARRAY /dev/md/md0-r5 metadata=0.90 UUID=1a118934:c831bdb3:64188b84:66721085 ARRAY /dev/md125 metadata=0.90 UUID=48ec4190:a80d4dde:64188b84:66721085 $ cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid0] [raid10] md125 : active raid1 sdc3[1] 477853312 blocks [2/1] [_U] md127 : active raid5 sdd[0] sdf[3] sdb[2] sde[1] 4395415488 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU] unused devices: <none> $ cat /boot/grub/menu.lst default 0 timeout 8 splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz title Gentoo Linux 2.6.31-r10 root (hd0,0) #kernel /boot/kernel-genkernel-x86_64-2.6.31-gentoo-r10 root=/dev/ram0 real_root=/dev/sda3 kernel /boot/kernel-genkernel-x86_64-2.6.31-gentoo-r10 root=/dev/md125 md=125,/dev/sdc3,/dev/sda3 initrd /boot/initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-2.6.31-gentoo-r10 # blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="89fee223-b845-4e0a-8a0b-e6cf695d5bcf" TYPE="ext2" /dev/sda2: UUID="a72296a8-d7d4-447f-a34b-ee920fd1a767" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda3: UUID="97eb0a6a-c385-4a9d-bf74-c0bab1fa4dc1" TYPE="ext3" /dev/sdb: UUID="1a118934-c831-bdb3-6418-8b8466721085" TYPE="linux_raid_member" /dev/sdc1: UUID="d36537fd-19a0-b8a3-6418-8b8466721085" TYPE="linux_raid_member" /dev/sdd: UUID="1a118934-c831-bdb3-6418-8b8466721085" TYPE="linux_raid_member" /dev/sde: UUID="1a118934-c831-bdb3-6418-8b8466721085" TYPE="linux_raid_member" /dev/md127: UUID="13a41589-4cf1-4c04-91ca-37484182c783" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sdf: UUID="1a118934-c831-bdb3-6418-8b8466721085" TYPE="linux_raid_member" /dev/sdc2: UUID="a1916397-1b48-45d7-9f98-73aa521e882f" TYPE="swap" /dev/sdc3: UUID="48ec4190-a80d-4dde-6418-8b8466721085" TYPE="linux_raid_member" /dev/md125: UUID="c947ed64-1d4d-4d1d-b4d2-24669fff916e" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" # mdadm -E mdadm: No devices to examine # fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0xe975e9fc Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 5 40131 83 Linux /dev/sda2 6 1311 10490445 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 1312 60801 477853425 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdc: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0xe975e9fc Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 1 5 40131 83 Linux /dev/sdc2 6 1311 10490445 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sdc3 1312 60801 477853425 83 Linux Disk /dev/md125: 489.3 GB, 489321791488 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 119463328 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md125 doesn't contain a valid partition table

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  • Tutorial: Linux Boot Camp: How Linux Boots (part 1)

    Booting. Sometimes it seems like it takes forever. What's the computer doing all that time? How do you find out? The Linux boot sequence is surprisingly simple, and the best part is that almost all of it is controlled by shell scripts you can read -- and even edit yourself.

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  • Files built with a makefile are disapearing (including the binary)

    - by Reid
    I am building a program on a TS-7800(SBC), and when I run make (show below), it appears to go through all of the steps normally, but in the end i do not get a binary file. Why is this, and how can I get my file. makefile CC= /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc # compiler options #CFLAGS= -O2 CFLAGS= -mcpu=arm9 #CFLAGS= -pg -Wall # linker LN= $(CC) # linker options LNFLAGS= #LNFLAGS= -pg # extra libraries used in linking (use -l command) LDLIBS= -lpthread # source files SOURCES= HMITelem.c Cpacket.c GPS.c ADC.c Wireless.c Receivers.c CSVReader.c RPM.c RS485.c # include files INCLUDES= Cpacket.h HMITelem.h CSVReader.h RS485.h # object files OBJECTS= HMITelem.o Cpacket.o GPS.o ADC.o Wireless.o Receivers.o CSVReader.o RPM.o RS485.o HMITelem: $(OBJECTS) $(LN) $(LNFLAGS) -o $@ $(OBJECTS) $(LDLIBS) .c.o: $*.c $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $*.c RUN : ./HMITelem #clean: # rm -f *.o # rm -f *~ Output root@ts7800:ReidTest# make /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -mcpu=arm9 -c HMITelem.c /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -mcpu=arm9 -c Cpacket.c /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -mcpu=arm9 -c GPS.c /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -mcpu=arm9 -c ADC.c /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -mcpu=arm9 -c Wireless.c /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -mcpu=arm9 -c Receivers.c /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -mcpu=arm9 -c CSVReader.c /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -mcpu=arm9 -c RPM.c /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -mcpu=arm9 -c RS485.c /home/eclipse/ReidTest/cc/cross-toolchains/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -o HMITelem HMITelem.o Cpacket.o GPS.o ADC.o Wireless.o Receivers.o CSVReader.o RPM.o RS485.o -lpthread Thank you.

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  • A good Linux alternative to Ubuntu for a working environment.

    - by Roozak
    Hi, Im running a decent laptop with 3GB ram and 2GHz Core Duo. I use it mainly for working which requires several SSH and SFTP connections to servers and running a VM most of the time. Nothing much more intensive than that. I like using Ubuntu 9.10 however I have the issue of Nautilus and the top/bottom menus freezing up on me constantly - dare I say it, alot more problems than when I was using Windows Vista. Im just looking for recommendations of other operating systems which would be suitable for the task. Thanks

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  • Kernel Logging disabled?

    - by Tiffany Walker
    uname -a Linux host 2.6.32-279.9.1.el6.i686 #1 SMP Tue Sep 25 20:26:47 UTC 2012 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux And start ups: ls /etc/init.d/ abrt-ccpp certmonger dovecot irqbalance matahari-broker mdmonitor nfs proftpd rpcbind single ypbind abrtd cgconfig functions kdump matahari-host messagebus nfslock psacct rpcgssd smartd abrt-oops cgred haldaemon killall matahari-network mysqld ntpd qpidd rpcidmapd sshd acpid cpuspeed halt ktune matahari-rpc named ntpdate quota_nld rpcsvcgssd sssd atd crond httpd lfd ma tahari-service netconsole oddjobd rdisc rsyslog sysstat auditd csf ip6tables lvm2-lvmetad matahari-sysconfig netfs portreserve restorecond sandbox tuned autofs cups iptables lvm2-monitor matahari-sysconfig-console network postfix rngd saslauthd udev-post But when I installed CSF/LFD I am getting nothing. LFD does not create lfd.log and nor are any blocks being logged in /var/log/messages either from the firewall. This is not natural. I looked for klogd but maybe I am looking in the wrong place for it to see if it is enabled? ls /etc/init.d/syslog ls: cannot access /etc/init.d/syslog: No such file or directory Also noticed no syslog? Also noticed this: csf -d 84.113.21.201 Adding 84.113.21.201 to csf.deny and iptables DROP... iptables: No chain/target/match by that name. iptables: No chain/target/match by that name. I've never seen this before and this is a dedicated box. Also: ./csftest.pl Testing ip_tables/iptable_filter...OK Testing ipt_LOG...OK Testing ipt_multiport/xt_multiport...OK Testing ipt_REJECT...OK Testing ipt_state/xt_state...OK Testing ipt_limit/xt_limit...OK Testing ipt_recent...OK Testing xt_connlimit...OK Testing ipt_owner/xt_owner...OK Testing iptable_nat/ipt_REDIRECT...OK Testing iptable_nat/ipt_DNAT...OK RESULT: csf should function on this server iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination

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  • sharing a folder between linux and windows over the internet

    - by valya
    Hello Currently my job is to make websites with Django. I use many things like virtualenv, PIL, etc. The problem is, I can't stand Linux on my desktop. I like it on servers, It's greate to use it over the SSH. But for desktop? No way. But for the development Linux is quite essential. Of course almost everything is ported to Windows, but it's not as simple to use as in Linux. For example, Windows shell is awful in comparison with Linux. So I've tried Cygwin, but it's too damn slow. Every time django dev server reloads, it tooks almost 20-30 seconds. In comparison, then using "native" python on Windows or Linux, it reloads instantly. Even worse, Cygwin makes all my system very slow. I've been thinking about it and have thought up a way to go. I can share a folder with my application with some Linux box. The devserver and everything will run on that box, while I'll be happy editing files and running the browser on my Windows 7. SSH shell is much quickier and handy than Cygwin. Currently there are no Linux boxes in my home network (except for my android phone :) but I have several VDS boxes with Debian. So, how do I share a Windows folder with VDS box? I can't rely on my desktop IP but I can rely on the VDS's one. I need sharing to be as quick as possible (well, 2-3 seconds ping is OK) and "native" for both systems, so I could use a folder like a normal folder in both Windows and Linux.

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  • How do I restore system default settings on Linux Mint KDE?

    - by Robert Kelly
    I did something weird and now my text size is like 3pt on every system window, but when I go in and change my window fonts to larger to something that looks normal, it makes my clock, bash, and other fonts absolutely gigantic. Is there any way I can just roll back my system and it's settings? It wouldn't be much bother as I installed the OS yesterday. I'd hate to have to reinstall entirely though, but I guess it's an option.

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  • Arch Linux: How to handle patches which only you will use?

    - by user12932
    I'm using freerdp together with xmonad and it has been giving me a lot of trouble. The super key (or "windows key") is my mod key in xmonad and it has been interfering with my freerdp usage rather annoyingly. Whenever I switched workspaces (or did anything else in xmonad involving the super key), windows (controlled by the freerdp instance in focus) registered a keypress as well. This event combined with the loss of focus got the super key stuck in windows indefinitely: the press of the keys d and r would first show my desktop, then open the run dialog (as if I was pressing the windows key constantly). I've tried several versions of freerdp, but all exhibited this annoying behavior. So I resorted to patching freerdp myself to just ignore the left super key on my keyboard. I love free software for a lot of reasons (especially the ability to alter things like this myself), however I still find it annoying to patch and rebuild freerdp on all version (and dependency) changes. How do you deal with situations like this? Is there even a "right way" to resolve this issue?

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  • Linux-Vserver: How to do upgrade Debian 5.0 to 6.0 on vservers and main machine?

    - by Bartosz Kowalczyk
    I have server with debian lenny. I installed vserver on this server a few years ago. Summary I have 5 guest of vservers and main system, now. Each guest is debian lenny. Now, I'm wanting upgrade from lenny to squeezy on this servers (each Vservers and main machine). Do you do it? I should upgrade as usually system ? First I should upgrade every vserver next main machines and I have to do reset all machines and vservers? Please, advise me how to do it ?

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  • Simple OpenCL Kernel

    - by Yuuta
    I'm trying to write a kernel which is a little long but the output is not correct. I took out a lot almost everything and finally narrowed down the an initialization problem and I found that the following works: __kernel void k_sIntegral(__global const float* eData,__global const unsigned long* elements,__global float* area){ const int i = get_global_id(0); if(i < elements[0]){ area[i] = i; } } But the following does not work: __kernel void k_sIntegral(__global const float* eData,__global const unsigned long* elements,__global float* area){ const int i = get_global_id(0); if(i < elements[0]){ __local float a,b,c,j,k,h,s; area[i] = i; } } Using the first kernel, I get: area[1] = 1 Using the second kernel, I get: area[1] = 0 (from calloc) Update: It seems like the code does work, but I need to change the function name otherwise it somehow calls the previous function even though it was not compiled (?). Any leads to why that happens? If anyone can let me know what might be the problem I'll be really grateful, thanks in advance!

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  • Complete Guide to Symbolic Links (symlinks) on Windows or Linux

    - by Matthew Guay
    Want to easily access folders and files from different folders without maintaining duplicate copies?  Here’s how you can use Symbolic Links to link anything in Windows 7, Vista, XP, and Ubuntu. So What Are Symbolic Links Anyway? Symbolic links, otherwise known as symlinks, are basically advanced shortcuts. You can create symbolic links to individual files or folders, and then these will appear like they are stored in the folder with the symbolic link even though the symbolic link only points to their real location. There are two types of symbolic links: hard and soft. Soft symbolic links work essentially the same as a standard shortcut.  When you open a soft link, you will be redirected to the folder where the files are stored.  However, a hard link makes it appear as though the file or folder actually exists at the location of the symbolic link, and your applications won’t know any different. Thus, hard links are of the most interest in this article. Why should I use Symbolic Links? There are many things we use symbolic links for, so here’s some of the top uses we can think of: Sync any folder with Dropbox – say, sync your Pidgin Profile Across Computers Move the settings folder for any program from its original location Store your Music/Pictures/Videos on a second hard drive, but make them show up in your standard Music/Pictures/Videos folders so they’ll be detected my your media programs (Windows 7 Libraries can also be good for this) Keep important files accessible from multiple locations And more! If you want to move files to a different drive or folder and then symbolically link them, follow these steps: Close any programs that may be accessing that file or folder Move the file or folder to the new desired location Follow the correct instructions below for your operating system to create the symbolic link. Caution: Make sure to never create a symbolic link inside of a symbolic link. For instance, don’t create a symbolic link to a file that’s contained in a symbolic linked folder. This can create a loop, which can cause millions of problems you don’t want to deal with. Seriously. Create Symlinks in Any Edition of Windows in Explorer Creating symlinks is usually difficult, but thanks to the free Link Shell Extension, you can create symbolic links in all modern version of Windows pain-free.  You need to download both Visual Studio 2005 redistributable, which contains the necessary prerequisites, and Link Shell Extension itself (links below).  Download the correct version (32 bit or 64 bit) for your computer. Run and install the Visual Studio 2005 Redistributable installer first. Then install the Link Shell Extension on your computer. Your taskbar will temporally disappear during the install, but will quickly come back. Now you’re ready to start creating symbolic links.  Browse to the folder or file you want to create a symbolic link from.  Right-click the folder or file and select Pick Link Source. To create your symlink, right-click in the folder you wish to save the symbolic link, select “Drop as…”, and then choose the type of link you want.  You can choose from several different options here; we chose the Hardlink Clone.  This will create a hard link to the file or folder we selected.  The Symbolic link option creates a soft link, while the smart copy will fully copy a folder containing symbolic links without breaking them.  These options can be useful as well.   Here’s our hard-linked folder on our desktop.  Notice that the folder looks like its contents are stored in Desktop\Downloads, when they are actually stored in C:\Users\Matthew\Desktop\Downloads.  Also, when links are created with the Link Shell Extension, they have a red arrow on them so you can still differentiate them. And, this works the same way in XP as well. Symlinks via Command Prompt Or, for geeks who prefer working via command line, here’s how you can create symlinks in Command Prompt in Windows 7/Vista and XP. In Windows 7/Vista In Windows Vista and 7, we’ll use the mklink command to create symbolic links.  To use it, we have to open an administrator Command Prompt.  Enter “command” in your start menu search, right-click on Command Prompt, and select “Run as administrator”. To create a symbolic link, we need to enter the following in command prompt: mklink /prefix link_path file/folder_path First, choose the correct prefix.  Mklink can create several types of links, including the following: /D – creates a soft symbolic link, which is similar to a standard folder or file shortcut in Windows.  This is the default option, and mklink will use it if you do not enter a prefix. /H – creates a hard link to a file /J – creates a hard link to a directory or folder So, once you’ve chosen the correct prefix, you need to enter the path you want for the symbolic link, and the path to the original file or folder.  For example, if I wanted a folder in my Dropbox folder to appear like it was also stored in my desktop, I would enter the following: mklink /J C:\Users\Matthew\Desktop\Dropbox C:\Users\Matthew\Documents\Dropbox Note that the first path was to the symbolic folder I wanted to create, while the second path was to the real folder. Here, in this command prompt screenshot, you can see that I created a symbolic link of my Music folder to my desktop.   And here’s how it looks in Explorer.  Note that all of my music is “really” stored in C:\Users\Matthew\Music, but here it looks like it is stored in C:\Users\Matthew\Desktop\Music. If your path has any spaces in it, you need to place quotes around it.  Note also that the link can have a different name than the file it links to.  For example, here I’m going to create a symbolic link to a document on my desktop: mklink /H “C:\Users\Matthew\Desktop\ebook.pdf”  “C:\Users\Matthew\Downloads\Before You Call Tech Support.pdf” Don’t forget the syntax: mklink /prefix link_path Target_file/folder_path In Windows XP Windows XP doesn’t include built-in command prompt support for symbolic links, but we can use the free Junction tool instead.  Download Junction (link below), and unzip the folder.  Now open Command Prompt (click Start, select All Programs, then Accessories, and select Command Prompt), and enter cd followed by the path of the folder where you saved Junction. Junction only creates hard symbolic links, since you can use shortcuts for soft ones.  To create a hard symlink, we need to enter the following in command prompt: junction –s link_path file/folder_path As with mklink in Windows 7 or Vista, if your file/folder path has spaces in it make sure to put quotes around your paths.  Also, as usual, your symlink can have a different name that the file/folder it points to. Here, we’re going to create a symbolic link to our My Music folder on the desktop.  We entered: junction -s “C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Music” “C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\My Documents\My Music” And here’s the contents of our symlink.  Note that the path looks like these files are stored in a Music folder directly on the Desktop, when they are actually stored in My Documents\My Music.  Once again, this works with both folders and individual files. Please Note: Junction would work the same in Windows 7 or Vista, but since they include a built-in symbolic link tool we found it better to use it on those versions of Windows. Symlinks in Ubuntu Unix-based operating systems have supported symbolic links since their inception, so it is straightforward to create symbolic links in Linux distros such as Ubuntu.  There’s no graphical way to create them like the Link Shell Extension for Windows, so we’ll just do it in Terminal. Open terminal (open the Applications menu, select Accessories, and then click Terminal), and enter the following: ln –s file/folder_path link_path Note that this is opposite of the Windows commands; you put the source for the link first, and then the path second. For example, let’s create a symbolic link of our Pictures folder in our Desktop.  To do this, we entered: ln -s /home/maguay/Pictures /home/maguay/Desktop   Once again, here is the contents of our symlink folder.  The pictures look as if they’re stored directly in a Pictures folder on the Desktop, but they are actually stored in maguay\Pictures. Delete Symlinks Removing symbolic links is very simple – just delete the link!  Most of the command line utilities offer a way to delete a symbolic link via command prompt, but you don’t need to go to the trouble.   Conclusion Symbolic links can be very handy, and we use them constantly to help us stay organized and keep our hard drives from overflowing.  Let us know how you use symbolic links on your computers! 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