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• SQL SERVER – BI Quiz Hint – Performance Tuning Cubes – Hints

  - by pinaldave

  I earlier wrote about SQL BI Quiz over here and here. The details of the quiz is here: Working with huge data is very common when it is about Data Warehousing. It is necessary to create Cubes on the data to make it meaningful and consumable. There are cases when retrieving the data from cube takes lots of the time. Let us assume that your cube is returning you data very quickly. Suddenly on one day it is returning the data very slowly. What are the three things will you to diagnose this. After diagnose what you will do to resolve performance issue. Participate in my question over here I required BI Expert Jason Thomas to help with few hints to blog readers. He is one of the leading SSAS expert and writes a complicated subject in simple words. If queries were executing properly before but now take a long time to return the data, it means that there has been a change in the environment in which it is running. Some possible changes are listed below:-  1) Data factors:- Compare the data size then and now. Increase in data can result in different execution times. Poorly written queries as well as poor design will not start showing issues till the data grows. How to find it out? (Ans : SQL Server profiler and Perfmon Counters can be used for identifying the issues and performance  tuning the MDX queries)  2) Internal Factors:- Is some slow MDX query / multiple mdx queries running at the same time, which was not running when you had tested it before? Is there any locking happening due to proactive caching or processing operations? Are the measure group caches being cleared by processing operations? (Ans : Again, profiler and perfmon counters will help in finding it out. Load testing can be done using AS Performance Workbench (http://asperfwb.codeplex.com/) by running multiple queries at once)  3) External factors:- Is some other application competing for the same resources?  HINT : Read “Identifying and Resolving MDX Query Performance Bottlenecks in SQL Server 2005 Analysis Services” (http://sqlcat.com/whitepapers/archive/2007/12/16/identifying-and-resolving-mdx-query-performance-bottlenecks-in-sql-server-2005-analysis-services.aspx) Well, these are great tips. Now win big prizes by participate in my question over here. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• SQL SERVER – Concurrancy Problems and their Relationship with Isolation Level

  - by pinaldave

  Concurrency is simply put capability of the machine to support two or more transactions working with the same data at the same time. This usually comes up with data is being modified, as during the retrieval of the data this is not the issue. Most of the concurrency problems can be avoided by SQL Locks. There are four types of concurrency problems visible in the normal programming. 1)      Lost Update – This problem occurs when there are two transactions involved and both are unaware of each other. The transaction which occurs later overwrites the transactions created by the earlier update. 2)      Dirty Reads – This problem occurs when a transactions selects data that isn’t committed by another transaction leading to read the data which may not exists when transactions are over. Example: Transaction 1 changes the row. Transaction 2 changes the row. Transaction 1 rolls back the changes. Transaction 2 has selected the row which does not exist. 3)      Nonrepeatable Reads – This problem occurs when two SELECT statements of the same data results in different values because another transactions has updated the data between the two SELECT statements. Example: Transaction 1 selects a row, which is later on updated by Transaction 2. When Transaction A later on selects the row it gets different value. 4)      Phantom Reads – This problem occurs when UPDATE/DELETE is happening on one set of data and INSERT/UPDATE is happening on the same set of data leading inconsistent data in earlier transaction when both the transactions are over. Example: Transaction 1 is deleting 10 rows which are marked as deleting rows, during the same time Transaction 2 inserts row marked as deleted. When Transaction 1 is done deleting rows, there will be still rows marked to be deleted. When two or more transactions are updating the data, concurrency is the biggest issue. I commonly see people toying around with isolation level or locking hints (e.g. NOLOCK) etc, which can very well compromise your data integrity leading to much larger issue in future. Here is the quick mapping of the isolation level with concurrency problems: Isolation Dirty Reads Lost Update Nonrepeatable Reads Phantom Reads Read Uncommitted Yes Yes Yes Yes Read Committed No Yes Yes Yes Repeatable Read No No No Yes Snapshot No No No No Serializable No No No No I hope this 400 word small article gives some quick understanding on concurrency issues and their relation to isolation level. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: Pinal Dave, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• SQL SERVER – Introduction to Function SIGN

  - by pinaldave

  Yesterday I received an email from a friend asking how do SIGN function works. Well SIGN Function is very fundamental function. It will return the value 1, -1 or 0. If your value is negative it will return you negative -1 and if it is positive it will return you positive +1. Let us start with a simple small example. DECLARE @IntVal1 INT, @IntVal2 INT,@IntVal3 INT DECLARE @NumVal1 DECIMAL(4,2), @NumVal2 DECIMAL(4,2),@NumVal3 DECIMAL(4,2) SET @IntVal1 = 9; SET @IntVal2 = -9; SET @IntVal3 = 0; SET @NumVal1 = 9.0; SET @NumVal2 = -9.0; SET @NumVal3 = 0.0; SELECT SIGN(@IntVal1) IntVal1,SIGN(@IntVal2) IntVal2,SIGN(@IntVal3) IntVal3 SELECT SIGN(@NumVal1) NumVal1,SIGN(@NumVal2) NumVal2,SIGN(@NumVal2) NumVal3   The above function will give us following result set. You will notice that when there is positive value the function gives positive values and if the values are negative it will return you negative values. Also you will notice that if the data type is  INT the return value is INT and when the value passed to the function is Numeric the result also matches it. Not every datatype is compatible with this function.  Here is the quick look up of the return types. bigint -> bigint int/smallint/tinyint -> int money/smallmoney -> money numeric/decimal -> numeric/decimal everybody else -> float What will be the best example of the usage of this function that you will not have to use the CASE Statement. Here is example of CASE Statement usage and the same replaced with SIGN function. USE tempdb GO CREATE TABLE TestTable (Date1 SMALLDATETIME, Date2 SMALLDATETIME) INSERT INTO TestTable (Date1, Date2) SELECT '2012-06-22 16:15', '2012-06-20 16:15' UNION ALL SELECT '2012-06-24 16:15', '2012-06-22 16:15' UNION ALL SELECT '2012-06-22 16:15', '2012-06-22 16:15' GO -- Using Case Statement SELECT CASE WHEN DATEDIFF(d,Date1,Date2) > 0 THEN 1 WHEN DATEDIFF(d,Date1,Date2) < 0 THEN -1 ELSE 0 END AS Col FROM TestTable GO -- Using SIGN Function SELECT SIGN(DATEDIFF(d,Date1,Date2)) AS Col FROM TestTable GO DROP TABLE TestTable GO This was interesting blog post for me to write. Let me know your opinion. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Function, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• Can one draw a cube using different method/drawing mode?

  - by den-javamaniac

  Hi. I've just started learning gamedev (in particular android EGL based) and have ran over a code from Pro Android Games 2 that looks as follows: /* * Copyright (C) 2007 Google Inc. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package opengl.scenes.cubes; import java.nio.ByteBuffer; import java.nio.ByteOrder; import java.nio.IntBuffer; import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10; public class Cube { public Cube(){ int one = 0x10000; int vertices[] = { -one, -one, -one, one, -one, -one, one, one, -one, -one, one, -one, -one, -one, one, one, -one, one, one, one, one, -one, one, one, }; int colors[] = { 0, 0, 0, one, one, 0, 0, one, one, one, 0, one, 0, one, 0, one, 0, 0, one, one, one, 0, one, one, one, one, one, one, 0, one, one, one, }; byte indices[] = { 0, 4, 5, 0, 5, 1, 1, 5, 6, 1, 6, 2, 2, 6, 7, 2, 7, 3, 3, 7, 4, 3, 4, 0, 4, 7, 6, 4, 6, 5, 3, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2 }; // Buffers to be passed to gl*Pointer() functions // must be direct, i.e., they must be placed on the // native heap where the garbage collector cannot vbb.asIntBuffer() // move them. // // Buffers with multi-byte datatypes (e.g., short, int, float) // must have their byte order set to native order ByteBuffer vbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length*4); vbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); mVertexBuffer = vbb.asIntBuffer(); mVertexBuffer.put(vertices); mVertexBuffer.position(0); ByteBuffer cbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(colors.length*4); cbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); mColorBuffer = cbb.asIntBuffer(); mColorBuffer.put(colors); mColorBuffer.position(0); mIndexBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(indices.length); mIndexBuffer.put(indices); mIndexBuffer.position(0); } public void draw(GL10 gl) { gl.glFrontFace(GL10.GL_CW); gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FIXED, 0, mVertexBuffer); gl.glColorPointer(4, GL10.GL_FIXED, 0, mColorBuffer); gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, mIndexBuffer); } private IntBuffer mVertexBuffer; private IntBuffer mColorBuffer; private ByteBuffer mIndexBuffer;} So it suggests to draw a cube using triangles. My question is: can I draw the same cube using GL_TPOLYGON? If so, isn't that an easier/more understandable way to do things?

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• SQL SERVER – Script to Update a Specific Column in Entire Database

  - by Pinal Dave

  Last week, I have received a very interesting question and I find in email and I really liked the question as I had to play around with SQL Script for a while to come up with the answer he was looking for. Please read the question and I believe that all of us face this kind of situation. “Pinal, In our database we have recently introduced ModifiedDate column in all of the tables. Now onwards any update happens in the row, we are updating current date and time to that field. Now here is the issue, when we added that field we did not update it with a default value because we were not sure when we will go live with the system so we let it be NULL. Now modification to the application went live yesterday and we are now updating this field. Here is where I need your help. We need to update all the tables in our database where we have column created ModifiedDate and now want to update with current datetime. As our system is already live since yesterday there are several thousands of the rows which are already updated with real world value so we do not want to update those values. Essentially, in our entire database where ever there is a ModifiedDate column and if it is NULL we want to update that with current date time?  Do you have a script for it?” Honestly I did not have such a script. This is very specific required but I was able to come up with two different methods how he can use this method. Method 1 : Using INFORMATION_SCHEMA SELECT 'UPDATE ' + T.TABLE_SCHEMA + '.' + T.TABLE_NAME + ' SET ModifiedDate = GETDATE() WHERE ModifiedDate IS NULL;' FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES T INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS C ON T.TABLE_NAME = C.TABLE_NAME AND c.COLUMN_NAME ='ModifiedDate' WHERE T.TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE' ORDER BY T.TABLE_SCHEMA, T.TABLE_NAME; Method 2: Using DMV SELECT 'UPDATE ' + SCHEMA_NAME(t.schema_id) + '.' + t.name + ' SET ModifiedDate = GETDATE() WHERE ModifiedDate IS NULL;' FROM sys.tables AS t INNER JOIN sys.columns c ON t.OBJECT_ID = c.OBJECT_ID WHERE c.name ='ModifiedDate' ORDER BY SCHEMA_NAME(t.schema_id), t.name; Above scripts will create an UPDATE script which will do the task which is asked. We can pretty much the update script to any other SELECT statement and retrieve any other data as well. Click to Download Scripts Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com)  Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Joins, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• SQLAuthority News – 5th Anniversary Giveaways

  - by pinaldave

  Please read my 5th Anniversary post and my quick note on history of the Database. I am sure that we all have friends and we value friendship more than anything. In fact, the complete model of Facebook is built on friends. If you have lots of friends, you must be a lucky person. Having a lot of friends is indeed a good thing. I consider all you blog readers as my friends so now I want do something for you. What is it? Well, send me details about how many of your friends like my page and you would have a chance to win lots of learning materials for yourself and your friends. Here are the exciting prizes awaiting the lucky winner: Combo set of 5 Joes 2 Pros Book – 1 for YOU and 1 for Friend This is USD 444 (each set USD 222) worth gift. It contains all the five Joes 2 Pros books (Vol1, Vol2, Vol3, Vol4, Vol5) + 1 Learning DVD. [Amazon] | [Flipkart] If in case you submitted an entry but didn’t win the Combo set of 5 Joes 2 Pros books, you could still will  my SQL Server Wait Stats book as a consolation prize! I will pick the next 5 participants who have the highest number of friends who “liked” the Facebook page, http://facebook.com/SQLAuth. Instead of sending one copy, I will send you 2 copies so you can share one copy with a friend of yours. Well, it is important to share our learning and love with friends, isn’t it? Note: Just take a screenshot of http://facebook.com/SQLAuth using Print Screen function and send it by Nov 7th to pinal ‘at’ sqlauthority.com.. There are no special freebies to early birds so take your time and see if you can increase your friends like count by Nov 7th. Guess – What is in it? It is quite possible you are not a Facebook or Twitter user. In that case you can still win a surprise from me. You have 2 days to guess what is in this box. If you guess it correct and you are one of the first 5 persons to have the correct answer – you will get what is in this box for free. Please note that you have only 48 hours to guess. Please give me your guess by commenting to this blog post. Reference:  Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: About Me, Pinal Dave, PostADay, Readers Contribution, Readers Question, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Milestone, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQLAuthority News, SQLServer, T SQL, Technology

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• SQL SERVER – Reseting Identity Values for All Tables

  - by pinaldave

  Sometime email requesting help generates more questions than the motivation to answer them. Let us go over one of the such examples. I have converted the complete email conversation to chat format for easy consumption. I almost got a headache after around 20 email exchange. I am sure if you can read it and feel my pain. DBA: “I deleted all of the data from my database and now it contains table structure only. However, when I tried to insert new data in my tables I noticed that my identity values starts from the same number where they actually were before I deleted the data.” Pinal: “How did you delete the data?” DBA: “Running Delete in Loop?” Pinal: “What was the need of such need?” DBA: “It was my development server and I needed to repopulate the database.” Pinal: “Oh so why did not you use TRUNCATE which would have reset the identity of your table to the original value when the data got deleted? This will work only if you want your database to reset to the original value. If you want to set any other value this may not work.” DBA: (silence for 2 days) DBA: “I did not realize it. Meanwhile I regenerated every table’s schema and dropped the table and re-created it.” Pinal: “Oh no, that would be extremely long and incorrect way. Very bad solution.” DBA: “I understand, should I just take backup of the database before I insert the data and when I need, I can use the original backup to restore the database. This way I will have identity beginning with 1.” Pinal: “This going totally downhill. It is wrong to do so on multiple levels. Did you even read my earlier email about TRUNCATE.” DBA: “Yeah. I found it in spam folder.” Pinal: (I decided to stay silent) DBA: (After 2 days) “Can you provide me script to reseed identity for all of my tables to value 1 without asking further question.” Pinal: USE DATABASE; EXEC sp_MSForEachTable ' IF OBJECTPROPERTY(object_id(''?''), ''TableHasIdentity'') = 1 DBCC CHECKIDENT (''?'', RESEED, 1)' GO Our conversation ended here. If you have directly jumped to this statement, I encourage you to read the conversation one time. There is difference between reseeding identity value to 1 and reseeding it to original value – I will write an another blog post on this subject in future. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• javac -cp : cannot find symbol problem [migrated]

  - by LivingThing

  I have 3 classes CustomerAddress, Customer and CustomerMain. Customer has a import statement : import org.abc.customers.CustomerAddress; While CustomerMain has an import statement : import org.abc.customers.CustomerAddress; import org.abc.customers.Customer; The package for all of these classes are package org.abc.customer Now, this program works fine on eclipse but when i try to compile and run on cmd prompt it would not compile javac CustomerAddress.java compiles fine then since Customer depends on CustomerAddress i give javac -cp . Customer.java but the compiler complains error cannot find symbol CustomerAddress Thanks

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• SQL SERVER – Use ROLL UP Clause instead of COMPUTE BY

  - by pinaldave

  Note: This upgrade was test performed on development server with using bits of SQL Server 2012 RC0 (which was available at in public) when this test was performed. However, SQL Server RTM (GA on April 1) is expected to behave similarly. I recently observed an upgrade from SQL Server 2005 to SQL Server 2012 with compatibility keeping at SQL Server 2012 (110). After upgrading the system and testing the various modules of the application, we quickly observed that few of the reports were not working. They were throwing error. When looked at carefully I noticed that it was using COMPUTE BY clause, which is deprecated in SQL Server 2012. COMPUTE BY clause is replaced by ROLL UP clause in SQL Server 2012. However there is no direct replacement of the code, user have to re-write quite a few things when using ROLL UP instead of COMPUTE BY. The primary reason is that how each of them returns results. In original code COMPUTE BY was resulting lots of result set but ROLL UP. Here is the example of the similar code of ROLL UP and COMPUTE BY. I personally find the ROLL UP much easier than COMPUTE BY as it returns all the results in single resultset unlike the other one. Here is the quick code which I wrote to demonstrate the said behavior. CREATE TABLE tblPopulation ( Country VARCHAR(100), [State] VARCHAR(100), City VARCHAR(100), [Population (in Millions)] INT ) GO INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Delhi','East Delhi',9 ) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Delhi','South Delhi',8 ) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Delhi','North Delhi',5.5) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Delhi','West Delhi',7.5) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Karnataka','Bangalore',9.5) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Karnataka','Belur',2.5) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Karnataka','Manipal',1.5) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Maharastra','Mumbai',30) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Maharastra','Pune',20) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Maharastra','Nagpur',11 ) INSERT INTO tblPopulation VALUES('India', 'Maharastra','Nashik',6.5) GO SELECT Country,[State],City, SUM ([Population (in Millions)]) AS [Population (in Millions)] FROM tblPopulation GROUP BY Country,[State],City WITH ROLLUP GO SELECT Country,[State],City, [Population (in Millions)] FROM tblPopulation ORDER BY Country,[State],City COMPUTE SUM([Population (in Millions)]) BY Country,[State]--,City GO After writing this blog post I continuously feel that there should be some better way to do the same task. Is there any easier way to replace COMPUTE BY? Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• SQL SERVER – Storing 64-bit Unsigned Integer Value in Database

  - by Pinal Dave

  Here is a very interesting question I received in an email just another day. Some questions just are so good that it makes me wonder how come I have not faced it first hand. Anyway here is the question - “Pinal, I am migrating my database from MySQL to SQL Server and I have faced unique situation. I have been using Unsigned 64-bit integer in MySQL but when I try to migrate that column to SQL Server, I am facing an issue as there is no datatype which I find appropriate for my column. It is now too late to change the datatype and I need immediate solution. One chain of thought was to change the data type of the column from Unsigned 64-bit (BIGINT) to VARCHAR(n) but that will just change the data type for me such that I will face quite a lot of performance related issues in future. In SQL Server we also have the BIGINT data type but that is Signed 64-bit datatype. BIGINT datatype in SQL Server have range of -2^63 (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808) to 2^63-1 (9,223,372,036,854,775,807). However, my digit is much larger than this number. Is there anyway, I can store my big 64-bit Unsigned Integer without loosing much of the performance of by converting it to VARCHAR.” Very interesting question, for the sake of the argument, we can ask user that there should be no need of such a big number or if you are taking about identity column I really doubt that if your table will grow beyond this table. Here the real question which I found interesting was how to store 64-bit unsigned integer value in SQL Server without converting it to String data type. After thinking a bit, I found a fairly simple answer. I can use NUMERIC data type. I can use NUMERIC(20) datatype for 64-bit unsigned integer value, NUMERIC(10) datatype for 32-bit unsigned integer value and NUMERIC(5) datatype for 16-bit unsigned integer value. Numeric datatype supports 38 maximum of 38 precision. Now here is another thing to keep in mind. Using NUMERIC datatype will indeed accept the 64-bit unsigned integer but in future if you try to enter negative value, it will also allow the same. Hence, you will need to put any additional constraint over column to only accept positive integer there. Here is another big concern, SQL Server will store the number as numeric and will treat that as a positive integer for all the practical purpose. You will have to write in your application logic to interpret that as a 64-bit Unsigned Integer. On another side if you are using unsigned integers in your application, there are good chance that you already have logic taking care of the same. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology Tagged: SQL Datatype

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• SQL – Contest to Get The Date – Win USD 50 Amazon Gift Cards and Cool Gift

  - by Pinal Dave

  If you are a regular reader of this blog – you will find no issue at all in resolving this puzzle. This contest is based on my experience with NuoDB. If you are not familiar with NuoDB, here are few pointers for you. Step by Step Guide to Download and Install NuoDB – Getting Started with NuoDB Quick Start with Admin Sections of NuoDB – Manage NuoDB Database Quick Start with Explorer Sections of NuoDB – Query NuoDB Database In today’s contest you have to answer following questions: Q 1: Precision of NOW() What is the precision of the NuoDB’s NOW() function, which returns current date time? Hint: Run following script on NuoDB Console Explorer section: SELECT NOW() AS CurrentTime FROM dual; Here is the image. I have masked the area where the time precision is displayed. Q 2: Executing Date and Time Script When I execute following script - SELECT 'today' AS Today, 'tomorrow' AS Tomorrow, 'yesterday' AS Yesterday FROM dual; I will get the following result:   NOW – What will be the answer when we execute following script? and WHY? SELECT CAST('today' AS DATE) AS Today, CAST('tomorrow' AS DATE) AS Tomorrow, CAST('yesterday'AS DATE) AS Yesterday FROM dual; HINT: Install NuoDB (it takes 90 seconds). Prizes: 2 Amazon Gifts 2 Limited Edition Hoodies (US resident only)   Rules: Please leave an answer in the comments section below. You must answer both the questions together in a single comment. US resident who wants to qualify to win NuoDB apparel please mention your country in the comment. You can resubmit your answer multiple times, the latest entry will be considered valid. Last day to participate in the puzzle is June 24, 2013. All valid answer will be kept hidden till June 24, 2013. The winner will be announced on June 25, 2013. Two Winners will get USD 25 worth Amazon Gift Card. (Total Value = 25 x 2 = 50 USD) The winner will be selected using a random algorithm from all the valid answers. Anybody with a valid email address can take part in the contest. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: Big Data, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Puzzle, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology Tagged: NuoDB

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• SQLAuthority News – Featuring in Call Me Maybe The Developer Way – Pluralsight Video

  - by pinaldave

  Is SQL boring? Not at all. SQL is fun – one has to know how to maximize the fun while working with SQL Server. Earlier I was invited to participate in the video Pluralsight. I am sure all of you know that I have authored 3 SQL Server Learning courses with Pluralsight – 1) SQL Server Q and A 2) SQL Server Performance Tuning and 3) SQL Server Indexing. Before I say anything I suggest all of you watch the following video. Make sure that you pay special attention after 0 minute and 36 seconds. What I can say about this. I am just fortunate to be part of the history in the making. There are more than 53 super cool celebrities in this video. In this just over 3 minute video there are so many story lines. I must congratulate director Megan and creative assistant Mari for excellent work. There are so many fun moments in this small video. Let me list my top five moments. @John_Papa ‘s dance at second 14 @julielerman playing with cute doggy The RACE between @josepheames and @bruthafish – the end is hilarious The black belt moment by @boedie @stwool relaxing on something strange! Well, this is indeed a great short film. This video demonstrates how cool is the culture of Pluralsight and how fun loving they are. A good organization provides an environment to its employees and partners to have maximum fun while they all become part of the success story. Hats off to Aaron Skonnard for producing this fun loving video. Well, after listening to this song for multiple times, I decided to give a call to Pluralsight. If you want, you can call them at +1 (801) 784-9032 or send an email to james-cole at pluralsight.com . What are your top five favorite moments? List it in comments and you may win Pluralsight subscription. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: About Me, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• Hiring a swing developer - Need some tough assignments

  - by Jay

  I am trying to hire a java swing developer, who would most likely work on a java 1.4 based swing app. I have finalized 2-3 people and I would like to give them a one week assignment on Swing. It has to be a really tough one - something that they can't just copy from the internet and something that tests their in-depth knowledge on Swing. I can think of things like split screen windows, and custom UI controls that would involve custom paining. If you were to prepare such an assignment, what would you do? Please share your thoughts/experiences.

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• SQL SERVER – A Brief Note on SET TEXTSIZE

  - by pinaldave

  Here is a small conversation I received. I thought though an old topic, indeed a thought provoking for the moment. Question: Is there any difference between LEFT function and SET TEXTSIZE? I really like this small but interesting question. The question does not specify the difference between usage or performance. Anyway we will quickly take a look at how TEXTSIZE works. You can run the following script to see how LEFT and SET TEXTSIZE works. USE TempDB GO -- Create TestTable CREATE TABLE MyTable (ID INT, MyText VARCHAR(MAX)) GO INSERT MyTable (ID, MyText) VALUES(1, REPLICATE('1234567890', 100)) GO -- Select Data SELECT ID, MyText FROM MyTable GO -- Using Left SELECT ID, LEFT(MyText, 10) MyText FROM MyTable GO -- Set TextSize SET TEXTSIZE 10; SELECT ID, MyText FROM MyTable; SET TEXTSIZE 2147483647 GO -- Clean up DROP TABLE MyTable GO Now let us see the usage result which we receive from both of the example. If you are going to ask what you should do – I really do not know. I can tell you where I will use either of the same. LEFT seems to be easy to use but again if you like to do extra work related to SET TEXTSIZE go for it. Here is how I will use SET TEXTSIZE. If I am selecting data from in my SSMS for testing or any other non production related work from a large table which has lots of columns with varchar data, I will consider using this statement to reduce the amount of the data which is retrieved in the result set. In simple word, for testing purpose I will use it. On the production server, there should be a specific reason to use the same. Here is my candid opinion – I do not think they can be directly comparable even though both of them give the exact same result. LEFT is applicable only on the column of a single SELECT statement. where it is used but it SET TEXTSIZE applies to all the columns in the SELECT and follow up SELECT statements till the SET TEXTSIZE is not modified again in the session. Uncomparable! I hope this sample example gives you idea how to use SET TEXTSIZE in your daily use. I would like to know your opinion about how and when do you use this feature. Please leave a comment. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• SQLAuthority News – Why I am Going to Attend #SQLPASS Summit 2012 – Seattle

  - by pinaldave

  I am going to Seattle I once again attend SQLPASS this year. This will be my fourth SQLPASS. Lots of people ask me why I am going to SQLPASS every year. Well there are so many different reasons for that. I go to SQLPASS because – I love it!  Here are few of the reasons I go to SQLPASS. Meet friends whom I have never met before Meet community at large – it is fun to hang around with like minded people Meet Rick Morelan – my book co-author and friend Attend various SQL Parties – there are so many parties around – see the list below Explore various new tools from various third party vendors Meet fellow Chapter Leaders and Regional Mentors And of course attend SQL Server Learning Sessions from industry known experts. The three-day event will be marked by a lot of learning, sharing, and networking, which will help me increase both my knowledge and contacts. PASS Summit provides me a golden opportunity to build my network as well as to identify and meet potential customers or employees. If I am a consultant or vendor who is looking for better career opportunities, PASS Summit is the perfect platform to meet and show my skills to my new potential customers and employers. Further, breakfasts, lunches, and evening receptions, which are included with registration, are meant to provide more and more networking opportunities. At PASS Summit, I gain not only new ideas but also inspire myself from top professionals and experts. Learning new things about SQL Server, interacting with different kinds of professionals, and sharing issues and solutions will definitely improve my understanding and turn me into a better SQL Server professional who can leverage and optimize SQL Server to improve business. I am going – are you joining? Note: This is re-blogged with modification from my 2 years old blog posts on a similar subject. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: About Me, Pinal Dave, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQLAuthority News, SQLServer, T SQL, Technology

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• SQL SERVER – Template Browser – A Very Important and Useful Feature of SSMS

  - by pinaldave

  Let me start today’s blog post with a direction question. How many of you have ever used Template Browser? Template Browser is a very important and useful feature of SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS). Every time when I am talking about SQL Server there is always someone comes up with the question, why there is no step by step procedure included in SSMS for features. Honestly every time I get this question, the question I ask back is How many of you have ever used Template Browser? I think the answer to this question is most of the time either no or we have not heard of the feature. One of the people asked me back – have you ever written about it on your blog? I have not yet written about it. Basically there is nothing much to write about it. It is pretty straight forward feature, like any other feature and it is indeed difficult to elaborate. However, I will try to give a quick introduction to this feature. Templates are like a quick cheat sheet or quick reference. Templates are available to create objects like databases, tables, views, indexes, stored procedures, triggers, statistics, and functions. Templates are also available for Analysis Services as well. The template scripts contain parameters to help you customize the code. You can Replace Template Parameters dialog box to insert values into the script. Additionally users can create new custom templates as well with folder structure. To open a template from Template Explorer Go to View menu >> Template Explorer or type CTRL+ALT+L. You will find a list of categories click on any category and expand the folder structure. For our sample example let us expand Index Folder. In this folder you will notice the various T-SQL Scripts. These scripts can be opened by double click or can be dragged to editor area and modified as needed. Sample template is now available in the query editor area with all the necessary parameter place folder. You can replace the same parameter by typing either CTRL+SHIFT+M or by going to Query Menu >> Specify Values for Template Parameters. In this screen it will show  Specify Values for Template Parameters dialog box, accept the value or replace it with a new value. This will now get your script ready to go. Check it one more time and change the script to fit your requirement. I personally use template explorer for two things. First one is obviously for templates but the hidden one and an important one is for learning new features and T-SQL commands. There is so much to learn and so little time. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Server Management Studio, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• SQL SERVER – QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON/OFF Explanation and Example – Question on Real World Usage

  - by Pinal Dave

  This is a follow up blog post of SQL SERVER – QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON/OFF and ANSI_NULL ON/OFF Explanation. I wrote that blog six years ago and I had plans that I will write a follow up blog post of the same. Today, when I was going over my to-do list and I was surprised that I had an item there which was six years old and I never got to do that. In the earlier blog post I wrote about exploitation of the Quoted Identifier and ANSI Null. In this blog post we will see a quick example of Quoted Identifier. However, before we continue this blog post, let us see a refresh what both of Quoted Identifider do. QUOTED IDENTIFIER ON/OFF This option specifies the setting for use of double quotes. When this is on, double quotation mark is used as part of the SQL Server identifier (object name). This can be useful in situations in which identifiers are also SQL Server reserved words. In simple words when we have QUOTED IDENTIFIER ON, anything which is wrapped in double quotes becomes an object. E.g. -- The following will work SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON GO CREATE DATABASE "Test1" GO -- The following will throw an error about Incorrect syntax near 'Test2'. SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF GO CREATE DATABASE "Test2" GO This feature is particularly helpful when we are working with reserved keywords in SQL Server. For example if you have to create a database with the name VARCHAR or INT or DATABASE you may want to put double quotes around your database name and turn on quoted identifiers to create a database with the such name. Personally, I do not think so anybody will ever create a database with the reserve keywords intentionally, as it will just lead to confusion. Here is another example to give you further clarity about how Quoted Idenifier setting works with SELECT statement. -- The following will throw an error about Invalid column name 'Column'. SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON GO SELECT "Column" GO -- The following will work SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF GO SELECT "Column" GO Personally, I always use the following method to create database as it works irrespective of what is the quoted identifier’s status. It always creates objects with my desire name whenever I would like to create. CREATE DATABASE [Test3] I believe the future of the quoted identifier on or off is useful in the real world when we have script generated from another database where this setting was ON and we have to now execute the same script again in our environment again. Question to you - I personally have never used this feature as I mentioned earlier. I believe this feature is there to support the scripts which are generated in another SQL Database or generate the script for other database. Do you have a real world scenario where we need to turn on or off Quoted Identifiers. Click to Download Scripts Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• Is there an algorithm for a pool game?

  - by Dmitri

  Hello! I am looking for algorithm to calculate direction and speed of balls in a pool game. I am sure there has to be some type of open source code for this since pool games are some of the oldest computer games I can remember. I mean, when one ball hits another, I need a algorithm to calculate direction of both of them. It will depend of exact angle of where they hit each other and on speed. I want to practice Java coding, so I am looking for java code or package that has this type of code.

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• Java developer webcasts for customers and partners

  - by Jürgen Kress

    Accelerate Your Development with Oracle WebLogic Suite Many organisations are reducing travel, conference, and training budgets for their developers without any change to the results expected of those developers. So how can you keep up with the latest developments? By receiving training, delivered free of charge, at your desk! Join us during February and March for a series of online events designed and run by the development team at Oracle. Learn how Oracle WebLogic Suite enables a whole new level of productivity for enterprise developers. Virtual Developer Day – 10th February Starting with our Virtual Developer Day on 10th February, join us for a blend of hands-on labs, live chat and presentations covering the latest on WebLogic, Java EE 6 and the programming tenets that have made it a true platform breakthrough. Weekly WebLogic Webcasts from 17th February to 17th March Afterwards, join us every week from 17th February to 17th March for our weekly one-hour webcasts where we will show you how to build an application from the ground up using Java and JEE technologies. Presented by the engineering team for WebLogic, these webcasts will be of great value to developers and architects, not just those already using WebLogic. For registration, full session abstracts and schedule please click here. Don’t miss out! Register now to join our virtual events and keep up with all the latest developments. Find out more and register now For more information on SOA Specialization and the SOA Partner Community please feel free to register at www.oracle.com/goto/emea/soa (OPN account required) Blog Twitter LinkedIn Mix Forum Wiki Website Technorati Tags: WebLogic,Java,Oracle,OTN,OPN,Java EE6,Jürgen Kress

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• SQL SERVER – Fix: Error: 10920 Cannot drop user-defined function. It is being used as a resource governor classifier

  - by pinaldave

  If you have not read my SQL SERVER – Simple Example to Configure Resource Governor – Introduction to Resource Governor yesterday’s detailed primer on Resource Governor, I suggest you go ahead and read it before continuing this article. After reading the article the very first email I received was as follows: “Pinal, I configured resource governor on my development server and it worked fine with tests I ran. After doing some tests, I decided to remove the resource governor and as a first step I disabled it however, I was not able to drop the classification function during the process of the clean up. It was continuously giving me following error. Msg 10920, Level 16, State 1, Line 1 Cannot drop user-defined function myudfname. It is being used as a resource governor classifier. Would you please give me solution?” The original email was really this short and there is no other information. I am glad he has done experiments on development server and not on the production server. Production server must not be the playground of the experiments. I think I have covered the answer of this error in an earlier blog post. If the user disables the Resource Governor it is still not possible to drop the function because it can be enabled again and when enabled it can still use the same function. Here is the simple resolution of the how one can drop the classifier function (do this only if you are not going to use the function). The reason the classifier function can’t be dropped because it is associated with resource governor. Create a new classified function for your resource governor or just assign NULL as described in the following T-SQL Script and you will be able to drop the function without error. ALTER RESOURCE GOVERNOR WITH (CLASSIFIER_FUNCTION = NULL) GO ALTER RESOURCE GOVERNOR DISABLE GO DROP FUNCTION dbo.UDFClassifier GO I am glad that user asked me question instead of doing something radically different, which can leave the server in the unusable state. I am aware of this only method to avoid this error. Is there any better way to achieve the same? Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Error Messages, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• Is throwing an error in unpredictable subclass-specific circumstances a violation of LSP?

  - by Motti Strom

  Say, I wanted to create a Java List<String> (see spec) implementation that uses a complex subsystem, such as a database or file system, for its store so that it becomes a simple persistent collection rather than an basic in-memory one. (We're limiting it specifically to a List of Strings for the purposes of discussion, but it could extended to automatically de-/serialise any object, with some help. We can also provide persistent Sets, Maps and so on in this way too.) So here's a skeleton implementation: class DbBackedList implements List<String> { private DbBackedList() {} /** Returns a list, possibly non-empty */ public static getList() { return new DbBackedList(); } public String get(int index) { return Db.getTable().getRow(i).asString(); // may throw DbExceptions! } // add(String), add(int, String), etc. ... } My problem lies with the fact that the underlying DB API may encounter connection errors that are not specified in the List interface that it should throw. My problem is whether this violates Liskov's Substitution Principle (LSP). Bob Martin actually gives an example of a PersistentSet in his paper on LSP that violates LSP. The difference is that his newly-specified Exception there is determined by the inserted value and so is strengthening the precondition. In my case the connection/read error is unpredictable and due to external factors and so is not technically a new precondition, merely an error of circumstance, perhaps like OutOfMemoryError which can occur even when unspecified. In normal circumstances, the new Error/Exception might never be thrown. (The caller could catch if it is aware of the possibility, just as a memory-restricted Java program might specifically catch OOME.) Is this therefore a valid argument for throwing an extra error and can I still claim to be a valid java.util.List (or pick your SDK/language/collection in general) and not in violation of LSP? If this does indeed violate LSP and thus not practically usable, I have provided two less-palatable alternative solutions as answers that you can comment on, see below. Footnote: Use Cases In the simplest case, the goal is to provide a familiar interface for cases when (say) a database is just being used as a persistent list, and allow regular List operations such as search, subList and iteration. Another, more adventurous, use-case is as a slot-in replacement for libraries that work with basic Lists, e.g if we have a third-party task queue that usually works with a plain List: new TaskWorkQueue(new ArrayList<String>()).start() which is susceptible to losing all it's queue in event of a crash, if we just replace this with: new TaskWorkQueue(new DbBackedList()).start() we get a instant persistence and the ability to share the tasks amongst more than one machine. In either case, we could either handle connection/read exceptions that are thrown, perhaps retrying the connection/read first, or allow them to throw and crash the program (e.g. if we can't change the TaskWorkQueue code).

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• SQL SERVER – SSAS – Multidimensional Space Terms and Explanation

  - by pinaldave

  I was presenting on SQL Server session at one of the Tech Ed On Road event in India. I was asked very interesting question during ‘Stump the Speaker‘ session. I am sharing the same with all of you over here. Question: Can you tell me in simple words what is dimension, member and other terms of multidimensional space? There is no simple example for it. This is extreme fundamental question if you know Analysis Service. Those who have no exposure to the same and have not yet started on this subject, may find it a bit difficult. I really liked his question so I decided to answer him there as well blog about the same over here. Answer: Here are the most important terms of multidimensional space – dimension, member, value, attribute and size. Dimension – It describes the point of interests for analysis. Member – It is one of the point of interests in the dimension. Value – It uniquely describes the member. Attribute – It is collection of multiple members. Size – It is total numbers for any dimension. Let us understand this further detail taking example of any space. I am going to take example of distance as a space in our example. Dimension – Distance is a dimension for us. Member – Kilometer – We can measure distance in Kilometer. Value – 4 – We can measure distance in the kilometer unit and the value of the unit can be 4. Attribute – Kilometer, Miles, Meter – The complete set of members is called attribute. Size – 100 KM – The maximum size decided for the dimension is called size. The same example can be also defined by using time space. Here is the example using time space. Dimension – Time Member – Date Value – 25 Attribute – 1, 2, 3…31 Size – 31 I hope it is clear enough that what are various multidimensional space and its terms. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: Business Intelligence, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• SQL – What ACID stands in the Database? – Contest to Win 24 Amazon Gift Cards and Joes 2 Pros 2012 Kit

  - by Pinal Dave

  We love puzzles. One of the brain’s main task is to solve puzzles. Sometime puzzles are very complicated (e.g Solving Rubik Cube or Sodoku)  and sometimes the puzzles are very simple (multiplying 4 by 8 or finding the shortest route while driving). It is always to solve puzzle and it creates an experience which humans are not able to forget easily. The best puzzles are the one where one has to do multiple things to reach to the final goal. Let us do something similar today. We will have a contest where you can participate and win something interesting. Contest This contest have two parts. Question 1: What ACID stands in the Database? This question seems very easy but here is the twist. Your answer should explain minimum one of the properties of the ACID in detail. If you wish you can explain all the four properties of the ACID but to qualify you need to explain minimum of the one properties. Question 2: What is the size of the installation file of NuoDB for any specific platform. You can answer this question following format – NuoDB installation file is of size __ MB for ___ Platform. Click on the Download the Link and download your installation file for NuoDB. You can post figure out the file size from the properties of the file. We have exciting content prizes for the winners. Prizes 1) 24 Amazon Gift Cards of USD 10 for next 24 hours. One card at every hour. (Open anywhere in the world) 2) One grand winner will get Joes 2 Pros SQL Server 2012 Training Kit worth USD 249. (Open where Amazon ship books). Amazon | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5  Rules The contest will be open till July 21, 2013. All the valid comments will be hidden till the result is announced. The winners will be announced on July 24, 2013. Hint: Download NuoDB  Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Puzzle, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• Why is using C++ libraries so complicated?

  - by Pius

  First of all, I want to note I love C++ and I'm one of those people who thinks it is easier to code in C++ than Java. Except for one tiny thing: libraries. In Java you can simply add some jar to the build path and you're done. In C++ you usually have to set multiple paths for the header files and the library itself. In some cases, you even have to use special build flags. I have mainly used Visual Studio, Code Blocks and no IDE at all. All 3 options do not differ much when talking about using external libraries. I wonder why was there made no simpler alternative for this? Like having a special .zip file that has everything you need in one place so the IDE can do all the work for you setting up the build flags. Is there any technical barrier for this?

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• For Programmers familiar with ACM API? Drawing Initials [closed]

  - by user71992

  Possible Duplicate: For Programmers familiar with ACM API? Drawing Initials I came across an exercise (in the book "The Art and Science of Java" by Eric Roberts) that requires using only GArc and GLine classes to create a lettering library which draws your initials on the canvas. This should be made independent of the GLabel class. I'd like to know the correct approach to use in solving this problem. I'm not sure what I have so far is good enough (I'm thinking it's too long). The questions requires that I use a good Top-Down approach. Here's my code so far: //Passes letters to GLetter objects and draws them on the canvas package artScienceJavaExercises.chapter8; import acm.program.*; //import acm.graphics.*; public class DrawInitials extends GraphicsProgram{ public void init(){ resize(400,400); } public void run(){ //String let = readLine("Letter?: "); letter = new GLetter("l"); add(letter, (getWidth()-letter.getWidth()*2)/2, (getHeight()-letter.getHeight())/2); add(new GLetter("o"), (letter.getX()+letter.getWidth()), letter.getY()); } private GLetter letter; } //GLetter Class package artScienceJavaExercises.chapter8; import acm.graphics.*; import java.awt.*; public class GLetter extends GCompound{ private static final int ONE_THIRD = 30; private static final int ROW_2_HEIGHT = 40; private GArc[] arc = new GArc[4]; private GLine[] line = new GLine[24]; public GLetter(String s){ line[0] = new GLine(0,0, ONE_THIRD, 0); line[1] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD,0, ONE_THIRD*2, 0); line[2] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*2,0, ONE_THIRD*3, 0); line[3] = new GLine(0,0, 0,ONE_THIRD); line[4] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD,0, ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD); line[5] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*2,0, ONE_THIRD*2, ONE_THIRD); line[6] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*3,0, ONE_THIRD*3, ONE_THIRD); line[7] = new GLine(0,ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD*2, ONE_THIRD); line[8] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD,ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD*2, ONE_THIRD); line[9] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*2,ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD*3, ONE_THIRD); line[10] = new GLine(0,ONE_THIRD, 0, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[11] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[12] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*2,ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD*2, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[13] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*3,ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD*3, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[14] = new GLine(0, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT, ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[15] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT, ONE_THIRD*2, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[16] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*2, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT, ONE_THIRD*3, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[17] = new GLine(0, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT, 0, ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[18] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT, ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[19] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*2, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT, ONE_THIRD*2, ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[20] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*3, ONE_THIRD+ROW_2_HEIGHT, ONE_THIRD*3, ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[21] = new GLine(0,ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT, ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[22] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD, ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT, ONE_THIRD*2, ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT); line[23] = new GLine(ONE_THIRD*2,ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT, ONE_THIRD*3, ONE_THIRD*2+ROW_2_HEIGHT); for(int i = 0; i<line.length; i++){ add(line[i]); line[i].setColor(Color.BLACK); line[i].setVisible(false); } arc[0] = new GArc(getWidth(), getHeight(), 106.699, 49.341); arc[1] = new GArc(getWidth(), getHeight(), 23.96, 49.341); arc[2] = new GArc(getWidth(), getHeight(), -23.96, -49.341); arc[3] = new GArc(0,0,getWidth(), getHeight(), -106.699, -49.341); for(int i = 0; i<arc.length; i++){ add(arc[i],0,0); arc[i].setColor(Color.BLACK); arc[i].setVisible(false); } paintLetter(s); } private void paintLetter(String s){ if (s.equalsIgnoreCase("l")){ turnOn(line[3]); turnOn(line[10]); turnOn(line[17]); turnOn(line[21]); turnOn(line[22]); turnOn(line[23]); } else if(s.equalsIgnoreCase("o")){ for(int i = 0; i<4; ++i){ turnOn(arc[i]); } turnOn(line[1]); turnOn(line[10]); turnOn(line[13]); turnOn(line[22]); } } private void turnOn(GObject g){ g.setVisible(true); } } I created a class (GLetter.java) with arrays for GArc and GLine objects. They are positioned in certain ways thereby turning certain Glines and/or GArcs on or off (changing visiblity) would create a pattern for a letter. This Gletter uses the if/else statements to determine which pattern to create - this makes me feel my code is too long. There is another class (DrawInitials.java) that simulates a GraphicsProgram and allows the user to pass certain letters as arguments to the GLetter object. I've used 'L' and 'O' as examples. However, I posted this because I'm not sure I'm using the right approach. That's why I need your help. I feel MY CODE IS TOO LONG! The code above is not the complete project...it only draws letters 'L' and 'O' for now.

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