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  • Making all variables accessible to namespace

    - by Gökhan Sever
    Hello, Say I have a simple function: def myfunc(): a = 4.2 b = 5.5 ... many similar variables ... I use this function one time only and I am wondering what is the easiest way to make all the variables inside the function accessible to my main name-space. Do I have to declare global for each item? or any other suggested methods? Thanks.

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  • methods of metaclasses on class instances.

    - by Stefano Borini
    I was wondering what happens to methods declared on a metaclass. I expected that if you declare a method on a metaclass, it will end up being a classmethod, however, the behavior is different. Example >>> class A(object): ... @classmethod ... def foo(cls): ... print "foo" ... >>> a=A() >>> a.foo() foo >>> A.foo() foo However, if I try to define a metaclass and give it a method foo, it seems to work the same for the class, not for the instance. >>> class Meta(type): ... def foo(self): ... print "foo" ... >>> class A(object): ... __metaclass__=Meta ... def __init__(self): ... print "hello" ... >>> >>> a=A() hello >>> A.foo() foo >>> a.foo() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'foo' What's going on here exactly ? edit: bumping the question

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  • Extend argparse to write set names in the help text for optional argument choices and define those sets once at the end

    - by Kent
    Example of the problem If I have a list of valid option strings which is shared between several arguments, the list is written in multiple places in the help string. Making it harder to read: def main(): elements = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'] parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument( '-i', nargs='*', choices=elements, default=elements, help='Space separated list of case sensitive element names.') parser.add_argument( '-e', nargs='*', choices=elements, default=[], help='Space separated list of case sensitive element names to ' 'exclude from processing') parser.parse_args() When running the above function with the command line argument --help it shows: usage: arguments.py [-h] [-i [{a,b,c,d,e,f} [{a,b,c,d,e,f} ...]]] [-e [{a,b,c,d,e,f} [{a,b,c,d,e,f} ...]]] optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -i [{a,b,c,d,e,f} [{a,b,c,d,e,f} ...]] Space separated list of case sensitive element names. -e [{a,b,c,d,e,f} [{a,b,c,d,e,f} ...]] Space separated list of case sensitive element names to exclude from processing What would be nice It would be nice if one could define an option list name, and in the help output write the option list name in multiple places and define it last of all. In theory it would work like this: def main_optionlist(): elements = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'] # Two instances of OptionList are equal if and only if they # have the same name (ALFA in this case) ol = OptionList('ALFA', elements) parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument( '-i', nargs='*', choices=ol, default=ol, help='Space separated list of case sensitive element names.') parser.add_argument( '-e', nargs='*', choices=ol, default=[], help='Space separated list of case sensitive element names to ' 'exclude from processing') parser.parse_args() And when running the above function with the command line argument --help it would show something similar to: usage: arguments.py [-h] [-i [ALFA [ALFA ...]]] [-e [ALFA [ALFA ...]]] optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -i [ALFA [ALFA ...]] Space separated list of case sensitive element names. -e [ALFA [ALFA ...]] Space separated list of case sensitive element names to exclude from processing sets in optional arguments: ALFA {a,b,c,d,e,f} Question I need to: Replace the {'l', 'i', 's', 't', 's'} shown with the option name, in the optional arguments. At the end of the help text show a section explaining which elements each option name consists of. So I ask: Is this possible using argparse? Which classes would I have to inherit from and which methods would I need to override? I have tried looking at the source for argparse, but as this modification feels pretty advanced I don´t know how to get going.

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  • Validating key/certificate pairs with M2Crypto when a certificate chain is needed

    - by Charles Duffy
    M2Crypto.X509.X509 objects have a verify(pkey) method, which provide a means of testing that a given certificate does in fact sign a specified key. This is a good and useful thing -- except that sometimes the certificate I want to verify in this way is invalid without the use of an intermediate certificate, which this API does not appear to allow a way to specify. Is there an alternate means of validating a certificate / private key pair which will work even when the certificate is unable to stand alone?

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  • Accessing CSR extension stack in M2Crypto

    - by Charles Duffy
    Howdy! I have a certificate signing request with an extension stack added. When building a certificate based on this request, I would like to be able to access that stack to use in creating the final certificate. However, while M2Crypto.X509.X509 has a number of helpers for accessing extensions (get_ext, get_ext_at and the like), M2Crypto.X509.Request appears to provide only a member for adding extensions, but no way to inspect the extensions already associated with a given object. Am I missing something here?

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  • Estimating the boundary of arbitrarily distributed data

    - by Dave
    I have two dimensional discrete spatial data. I would like to make an approximation of the spatial boundaries of this data so that I can produce a plot with another dataset on top of it. Ideally, this would be an ordered set of (x,y) points that matplotlib can plot with the plt.Polygon() patch. My initial attempt is very inelegant: I place a fine grid over the data, and where data is found in a cell, a square matplotlib patch is created of that cell. The resolution of the boundary thus depends on the sampling frequency of the grid. Here is an example, where the grey region are the cells containing data, black where no data exists. OK, problem solved - why am I still here? Well.... I'd like a more "elegant" solution, or at least one that is faster (ie. I don't want to get on with "real" work, I'd like to have some fun with this!). The best way I can think of is a ray-tracing approach - eg: from xmin to xmax, at y=ymin, check if data boundary crossed in intervals dx y=ymin+dy, do 1 do 1-2, but now sample in y An alternative is defining a centre, and sampling in r-theta space - ie radial spokes in dtheta increments. Both would produce a set of (x,y) points, but then how do I order/link neighbouring points them to create the boundary? A nearest neighbour approach is not appropriate as, for example (to borrow from Geography), an isthmus (think of Panama connecting N&S America) could then close off and isolate regions. This also might not deal very well with the holes seen in the data, which I would like to represent as a different plt.Polygon. The solution perhaps comes from solving an area maximisation problem. For a set of points defining the data limits, what is the maximum contiguous area contained within those points To form the enclosed area, what are the neighbouring points for the nth point? How will the holes be treated in this scheme - is this erring into topology now? Apologies, much of this is me thinking out loud. I'd be grateful for some hints, suggestions or solutions. I suspect this is an oft-studied problem with many solution techniques, but I'm looking for something simple to code and quick to run... I guess everyone is, really! Cheers, David

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  • Numpy Matrix keeps giving me an Error,

    - by uberjumper
    Okay this is werid, i keep getting the error, randomly. ValueError: matrix must be 2-dimensional So i tracked it down, and cornered it to basically something like this: a_list = [[(1,100) for _ in range(32)] for _ in range(32)] numpy.matrix(a_list) Whats wrong with this? If i print a_list it is clearly a 2d matrix of tuples, however numpy does not believe so.

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  • How to display multiple images?

    - by misterwebz
    I'm trying to get multiple image paths from my database in order to display them, but it currently doesn't work. Here's what i'm using: def get_image(self, userid, id): image = meta.Session.query(Image).filter_by(userid=userid) permanent_file = open(image[id].image_path, 'rb') if not os.path.exists(image.image_path): return 'No such file' data = permanent_file.read() permanent_file.close() response.content_type = guess_type(image.image_path)[0] or 'text/plain' return data I'm getting an error regarding this part: image[id].image_path What i want is for Pylons to display several jpg files on 1 page. Any idea how i could achieve this?

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  • Sqlalchemy complex in_ clause

    - by lostlogic
    I'm trying to find a way to cause sqlalchemy to generate sql of the following form: select * from t where (a,b) in ((a1,b1),(a2,b2)); Is this possible? If not, any suggestions on a way to emulate it? Thanks kindly!

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  • Creating a Group of Groups in Django

    - by Greg
    I'm creating my own Group model; I'm not referring to the builtin Group model. I want each hroup to be a member of another group (it's parent), but there is the one "top" group that doesn't have a parent group. The admin interface won't let me create a group without entering a parent. I get the error personnel_group.parent_id may not be NULL. My Group model looks like this: class Group(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) parent = models.ForeignKey('self', blank=True, null=True) order = models.IntegerField() icon = models.ImageField(upload_to='groups', blank=True, null=True) description = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True) How can I accomplish this? Thanks.

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  • Why is django.test.client.Client not keeping me logged in.

    - by Mystic
    I'm using django.test.client.Client to test whether some text shows up when a user is logged in. However, I the Client object doesn't seem to be keeping me logged in. This test passes if done manually with Firefox but not when done with the Client object. class Test(TestCase): def test_view(self): user.set_password(password) user.save() client = self.client # I thought a more manual way would work, but no luck # client.post('/login', {'username':user.username, 'password':password}) login_successful = client.login(username=user.username, password=password) # this assert passes self.assertTrue(login_successful) response = client.get("/path", follow=True) #whether follow=True or not doesn't seem to work self.assertContains(response, "needle" ) When I print response it returns the login form that is hidden by: {% if not request.user.is_authenticated %} ... form ... {% endif %} This is confirmed when I run ipython manage.py shell. The problem seems to be that the Client object is not keeping the session authenticated.

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  • Search for a String and replace it with a variable

    - by chrissygormley
    Hello, I am trying to use regular expression to search a document fo a UUID number and replace the end of it with a new number. The code I have so far is: read_file = open('test.txt', 'r+') write_file = open('test.txt', 'w') r = re.compile(r'(self.uid\s*=\s*5EFF837F-EFC2-4c32-A3D4\s*)(\S+)') for l in read_file: m1 = r.match(l) if m1: new=(str,m1.group(2)) new?????? This where I get stuck. The file test.txt has the below UUID stored in it: self.uid = '5EFF837F-EFC2-4c32-A3D4-D15C7F9E1F22' I want to replace the part D15C7F9E1F22. I have also tried this: r = re.compile(r'(self.uid\s*=\s*)(\S+)') for l in fp: m1 = r.match(l) new=map(int,m1.group(2).split("-") new[4]='RHUI5345JO' But I cannot seem to match the string. Thanks in advance for any help.

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  • Creating form object for variable kind of form.

    - by Bunny Rabbit
    i want to create a form for users to submit questions in django ..so far the models i have created are class Question(models.Model): statement=models.CharField(max_length=100) class Choice(models.Model): statement=models.CharField(max_length=100) value=models.IntegerField() question=models.ForeignKey(Question) Now i want to write a Form class for creating a above form but the problem is the number of choices are variable,a user can decide how many choices a question must have .How do i do that in django?

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  • Distance between numpy arrays, columnwise

    - by Jaapsneep
    I have 2 arrays in 2D, where the column vectors are feature vectors. One array is of size F x A, the other of F x B, where A << B. As an example, for A = 2 and F = 3 (B can be anything): arr1 = np.array( [[1, 4], [2, 5], [3, 6]] ) arr2 = np.array( [[1, 4, 7, 10, ..], [2, 5, 8, 11, ..], [3, 6, 9, 12, ..]] ) I want to calculate the distance between arr1 and a fragment of arr2 that is of equal size (in this case, 3x2), for each possible fragment of arr2. The column vectors are independent of each other, so I believe I should calculate the distance between each column vector in arr1 and a collection of column vectors ranging from i to i + A from arr2 and take the sum of these distances (not sure though). Does numpy offer an efficient way of doing this, or will I have to take slices from the second array and, using another loop, calculate the distance between each column vector in arr1 and the corresponding column vector in the slice?

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  • Can pydoc/help hide the documentation for inherited class methods and attributes?

    - by EOL
    When declaring a class that inherits from a specific class: class C(dict): added_attribute = 0 the documentation for C lists all the methods of dict (either through help(C) or pydoc). Is there a way to hide the inherited methods from the automatically generated documentation (the documentation string can refer to the base class, for non-overwritten methods)? This would be useful: pydoc lists the functions defined in a module after its classes. Thus, when the classes have a very long documentation, a lot of less than useful information is printed before the new functions provided by the module are presented, which makes the documentation harder to exploit (you have to skip all the documentation for the inherited methods until you reach something specific to the module being documented).

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  • Connecting slots and events in PyQt4 in a loop

    - by LukaD
    Im trying to build a calculator with PyQt4 and connecting the 'clicked()' signals from the buttons doesn't as expected. Im creating my buttons for the numbers inside a for loop where i try to connect them afterwards. def __init__(self): for i in range(0,10): self._numberButtons += [QPushButton(str(i), self)] self.connect(self._numberButtons[i], SIGNAL('clicked()'), lambda : self._number(i)) def _number(self, x): print(x) When I click on the buttons all of them print out '9'. Why is that so and how can i fix this?

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  • cx_Oracle and output variables

    - by Tim
    I'm trying to do this again an Oracle 10 database: cursor = connection.cursor() lOutput = cursor.var(cx_Oracle.STRING) cursor.execute(""" BEGIN %(out)s := 'N'; END;""", {'out' : lOutput}) print lOutput.value but I'm getting DatabaseError: ORA-01036: illegal variable name/number Is it possible to define PL/SQL blocks in cx_Oracle this way?

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  • How different protocols interact with eachother in Twisted

    - by stsupermouse
    The scenario I want two different protocols interact with each other is as below: A and B is two different protocols. First A will interact with the server and retrieve some values. Only after A finishes retrieving the values , B will start to interact with the server. Now my problem is that is there an elegant way to initial B when A retrieves the values. Currently I just initial B in A's data process function. But i don't think that this is an elegant way. What I mean an elegant way is that the initialization of B is done by a flow controller or something like that, but not another protocol. Is there an elegant way? such using defered or any other things. I'm just new to twisted, not knowing very much about defered.... Thank you very much!

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  • Find next lower item in a sorted list

    - by Sebastian
    Hey guys, let's say I have a sorted list of Floats. Now I'd like to get the index of the next lower item of a given value. The usual for-loop aprroach has a complexity of O(n). Since the list is sorted there must be a way to get the index with O(log n). My O(n) approach: index=0 for i,value in enumerate(mylist): if value>compareValue: index=i-1 Is there a datatype for solving that problem in O(log n)? best regards Sebastian

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  • remove border of a gtk.button

    - by spanctus
    Hi, I want to remove the border of the gtk.button, but i Don't know how to do it. I tried with : button = gtk.Button() button.set_style("inner-border",0) but i have an error : the property doesn't exist. I tried too to create a new gtk.Style and use it for the button, but same error. Anyone has an idea ? Thanks

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  • Moving a turtle to the center of a circle.

    - by Maggie
    I've just started using the turtle graphics program, but I can't figure out how to move the turtle automatically to the center of a circle (no matter where the circle is located) without it drawing any lines. I thought I could use the goto.() function but it's too specific and I need something general.

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  • Application closes on Nokia E71 when using urllib.urlopen

    - by sammr
    Hello, Im running the following code on my Nokia E71. But after the text input, the program closes abruptly. I have a GPRS connection on my phone,but i still seem to be having some problem with urllib.urlopen The code is as follows : import appuifw,urllib amountInDollars = appuifw.query(u"Enter amount in Dollars","text") data=urllib.urlopen("http://www.google.com").read() appuifw.note(u"Hey","info") Any way to fix this problem ? Thank You

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  • Do Django Models inherit managers? (Mine seem not to)

    - by Zach
    I have 2 models: class A(Model): #Some Fields objects = ClassAManager() class B(A): #Some B-specific fields I would expect B.objects to give me access to an instance of ClassAManager, but this is not the case.... >>> A.objects <app.managers.ClassAManager object at 0x103f8f290> >>> B.objects <django.db.models.manager.Manager object at 0x103f94790> Why doesn't B inherit the objects attribute from A?

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  • Declare models elsewhere than in "models.py"

    - by sebpiq
    Hi ! I have an application that splits models into different files. Actually the folder looks like : >myapp __init__.py models.py >hooks ... ... myapp don't care about what's in the hooks, folder, except that there are models, and that they have to be declared somehow. So, I put this in myapp.__init__.py : from django.conf import settings for hook in settings.HOOKS : try : __import__(hook) except ImportError as e : print "Got import err !", e #where HOOKS = ("myapp.hooks.a_super_hook1", ...) The problem is that it doesn't work when I run syncdb(and throws some strange "Got import err !"... strange considering that it's related to another module of my program that I don't even import anywhere :/ ) ! So I tried successively : 1) for hook in settings.HOOKS : try : exec ("from %s import *" % hook) doesn't work either : syncdb doesn't install the models in hooks 2) from myapp.hooks.a_super_hook1 import * This works 3) exec("from myapp.hooks.a_super_hook1 import *") This works to So I checked that in the test 1), the statement executed is the same than in tests 2) and 3), and it is exactly the same ... Any idea ???

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  • How to give points for each indices of list

    - by Eric Jung
    def voting_borda(rank_ballots): '''(list of list of str) -> tuple of (str, list of int) The parameter is a list of 4-element lists that represent rank ballots for a single riding. The Borda Count is determined by assigning points according to ranking. A party gets 3 points for each first-choice ranking, 2 points for each second-choice ranking and 1 point for each third-choice ranking. (No points are awarded for being ranked fourth.) For example, the rank ballot shown above would contribute 3 points to the Liberal count, 2 points to the Green count and 1 point to the CPC count. The party that receives the most points wins the seat. Return a tuple where the first element is the name of the winning party according to Borda Count and the second element is a four-element list that contains the total number of points for each party. The order of the list elements corresponds to the order of the parties in PARTY_INDICES.''' #>>> voting_borda([['GREEN','NDP', 'LIBERAL', 'CPC'], ['GREEN','CPC','LIBERAL','NDP'], ['LIBERAL','NDP', 'CPC', 'GREEN']]) #('GREEN',[4, 6, 5, 3]) list_of_party_order = [] for sublist in rank_ballots: for party in sublist[0]: if party == 'GREEN': GREEN_COUNT += 3 elif party == 'NDP': NDP_COUNT += 3 elif party == 'LIBERAL': LIBERAL_COUNT += 3 elif party == 'CPC': CPC_COUNT += 3 for party in sublist[1]: if party == 'GREEN': GREEN_COUNT += 2 elif party == 'NDP': NDP_COUNT += 2 elif party == 'LIBERAL': LIBERAL_COUNT += 2 elif party == 'CPC': CPC_COUNT += 2 for party in sublist[2]: if party == 'GREEN': GREEN_COUNT += 1 elif party == 'NDP': NDP_COUNT += 1 elif party == 'LIBERAL': LIBERAL_COUNT += 1 elif party == 'CPC': CPC_COUNT += 1 I don't know how I would give points for each indices of the list MORE SIMPLY. Can someone please help me? Without being too complicated. Thank you!

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