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• How do I specify a null relation in SQLAlchemy?

  - by Jesse

  Not sure what the correct title for this question should be. I have the following schema: Matters have a one-many relationship to WorkItems. WorkItems have a one-one (or one-zero) relationship to LineItems. I am trying to create the following relation between Matters and WorkItems Matter.unbilled_work_items = orm.relation(WorkItem, primaryjoin = (Matter.id == WorkItem.matter_id) and (WorkItem.line_item_id == None), foreign_keys = [WorkItem.matter_id, WorkItem.line_item_id], viewonly=True ) This throws: AttributeError: '_Null' object has no attribute 'table' That seems to be saying that the second clause in the primaryjoin returns an object of type _Null, but it seems to be expecting something with a "table" attribute. This seems like it should be pretty straightforward to me, am I missing something obvious?

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• Sending object C from class A to class B

  - by user278618

  Hi, I can't figure out how to design classes in my system. In classA I create object selenium (it simulates user actions at website). In this ClassA I create another objects like SearchScreen, Payment_Screen and Summary_Screen. # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from selenium import selenium import unittest, time, re class OurSiteTestCases(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.verificationErrors = [] self.selenium = selenium("localhost", 5555, "*chrome", "http://www.someaddress.com/") time.sleep(5) self.selenium.start() def test_buy_coffee(self): sel = self.selenium sel.open('/') sel.window_maximize() search_screen=SearchScreen(self.selenium) search_screen.choose('lavazza') payment_screen=PaymentScreen(self.selenium) payment_screen.fill_test_data() summary_screen=SummaryScreen(selenium) summary_screen.accept() def tearDown(self): self.selenium.stop() self.assertEqual([], self.verificationErrors) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main() It's example SearchScreen module: class SearchScreen: def __init__(self,selenium): self.selenium=selenium def search(self): self.selenium.click('css=button.search') I want to know if there is anything ok with a design of those classes?

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• Wrong values reported by pyPDF for various box regions

  - by romor

  Using pyPdf, for most files I get matched results concerning various box's dimensions compared to what Acrobat reports. However for some files I get different values reported by pyPdf and Acrobat, like: pyPdf: artBox: 595.3 x 841.9 bleedBox: 595.3 x 841.9 cropBox: 595.3 x 841.9 trimBox: 517.3 x 754 Acrobat: artBox: 439.35 x 666.13 pt bleedBox: 439.35 x 666.13 pt cropBox: 439.35 x 666.13 pt trimBox: 439.35 x 666.13 pt I thought it's units issue, but then ratio between widths and heights doesn't match also, not mentioning trimBox mismatch Correct results are those reported by Acrobat of course. Does someone know why is this and is there a way I get correct dimensions by using pyPdf? Thanks couple of minutes later... After reading this question: Are PDF box coordinates relative or absolute? I figured I didn't considered uper left corner to be different then 0 (zero). It turned out that box starts at 77.95 x 87.87, so if we reduce reported values of trimBox by this values correct result is obtained. artBox: 0 x 0 bleedBox: 0 x 0 cropBox: 0 x 0 trimBox: 77.95 x 87.87 Other boxes seem with misleading values or I misinterpret them. Snippet: from pyPdf import PdfFileReader pdfread = PdfFileReader(file('my.pdf', 'rb')) page = 1 width = pdfread.getPage(page).trimBox[2]-pdfread.getPage(page).trimBox[0] height = pdfread.getPage(page).trimBox[3] - pdfread.getPage(page).trimBox[1] print width, height

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• Django startup importing causes reverse to happen

  - by nicknack

  This might be an isolated problem, but figured I'd ask in case someone has thoughts on a graceful approach to address it. Here's the setup: -------- views.py -------- from django.http import HttpResponse import shortcuts def mood_dispatcher(request): mood = magic_function_to_guess_my_mood(request) return HttpResponse('Please go to %s' % shortcuts.MOODS.get(mood, somedefault)) ------------ shortcuts.py ------------ MOODS = # expensive load that causes a reverse to happen The issue is that shortcuts.py causes an exception to be thrown when a reverse is attempted before django is done building the urls. However, views.py doesn't yet need to import shortcuts.py (used only when mood_dispatcher is actually called). Obvious initial solutions are: 1) Import shortcuts inline (just not very nice stylistically) 2) Make shortcuts.py build MOODS lazily (just more work) What I ideally would like is to be able to say, at the top of views.py, "import shortcuts except when loading urls"

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• Exposing a "dumbed-down", read-only instance of a Model in GAE

  - by Blixt

  Does anyone know a clever way, in Google App Engine, to return a wrapped Model instance that only exposes a few of the original properties, and does not allow saving the instance back to the datastore? I'm not looking for ways of actually enforcing these rules, obviously it'll still be possible to change the instance by digging through its __dict__ etc. I just want a way to avoid accidental exposure/changing of data. My initial thought was to do this (I want to do this for a public version of a User model): class ReadOnlyUser(db.Model): display_name = db.StringProperty() @classmethod def kind(cls): return 'User' def put(self): raise SomeError() Unfortunately, GAE maps the kind to a class early on, so if I do ReadOnlyUser.get_by_id(1) I will actually get a User instance back, not a ReadOnlyUser instance.

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• Which style of return is "better" for a method that might return None?

  - by Daenyth

  I have a method that will either return an object or None if the lookup fails. Which style of the following is better? def get_foo(needle): haystack = object_dict() if needle not in haystack: return None return haystack[needle] or, def get_foo(needle): haystack = object_dict() try: return haystack[needle] except KeyError: # Needle not found return None I'm undecided as to which is more more desirable myself. Another choice would be return haystack[needle] if needle in haystack else None, but I'm not sure that's any better.

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• UnicodeDecodeError when redirecting to file

  - by zedoo

  Hi, I run this snippet twice, in the ubuntu terminal, (encoding set to utf-8) once with ./test.py and then with ./test.py >out.txt: uni = u"\u001A\u0BC3\u1451\U0001D10C" print uni Without redirection it prints garbage. With redirection I get a UnicodeDecodeError. Can someone explain why I get the error only in the second case, or even better give a detailed explanation of what's going on behind the curtain in both cases?

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• How to create and restore a backup from SqlAlchemy?

  - by swilliams

  I'm writing a Pylons app, and am trying to create a simple backup system where every table is serialized and tarred up into a single file for an administrator to download, and use to restore the app should something bad happen. I can serialize my table data just fine using the SqlAlchemy serializer, and I can deserialize it fine as well, but I can't figure out how to commit those changes back to the database. In order to serialize my data I am doing this: from myproject.model.meta import Session from sqlalchemy.ext.serializer import loads, dumps q = Session.query(MyTable) serialized_data = dumps(q.all()) In order to test things out, I go ahead and truncation MyTable, and then attempt to restore using serialized_data: from myproject.model import meta restore_q = loads(serialized_data, meta.metadata, Session) This doesn't seem to do anything... I've tried calling a Session.commit after the fact, individually walking through all the objects in restore_q and adding them, but nothing seems to work. What am I missing? Or is there a better way to do what I'm aiming for? I don't want to shell out and directly touch the database, since SqlAlchemy supports different database engines.

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• What is the difference between type.__getattribute__ and object.__getattribute__?

  - by Neil G

  Given: In [37]: class A: ....: f = 1 ....: In [38]: class B(A): ....: pass ....: In [39]: getattr(B, 'f') Out[39]: 1 Okay, that either calls super or crawls the mro? In [40]: getattr(A, 'f') Out[40]: 1 This is expected. In [41]: object.__getattribute__(A, 'f') Out[41]: 1 In [42]: object.__getattribute__(B, 'f') --------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-42-de76df798d1d> in <module>() ----> 1 object.__getattribute__(B, 'f') AttributeError: 'type' object has no attribute 'f' What is getattribute not doing that getattr does? In [43]: type.__getattribute__(B, 'f') Out[43]: 1 What?! type.__getattribute__ calls super but object's version doesn't? In [44]: type.__getattribute__(A, 'f') Out[44]: 1

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• Filter objects within two seconds of one another using SQLAlchemy

  - by Arrieta

  Hello: I have two tables with a column 'date'. One holds (name, date) and the other holds (date, p1, p2). Given a name, I want to use the date in table 1 to query p1 and p2 from table two; the match should happen if date in table one is within two seconds of date in table two. How can you accomplish this using SQLAlchemy? I've tried (unsuccessfully) to use the between operator and with a clause like: td = datetime.timedelta(seconds=2) q = session.query(table1, table2).filter(table1.name=='my_name').\ filter(between(table1.date, table2.date - td, table2.date + td)) Any thoughts?

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• Passing parameter to base class constructor or using instance variable?

  - by deamon

  All classes derived from a certain base class have to define an attribute called "path". In the sense of duck typing I could rely upon definition in the subclasses: class Base: pass # no "path" variable here def Sub(Base): def __init__(self): self.path = "something/" Another possiblity would be to use the base class constructor: class Base: def __init__(self, path): self.path = path def Sub(Base): def __init__(self): super().__init__("something/") What would you prefer and why? Is there a better way?

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• Django context processor gets AnonymousUser

  - by myfreeweb

  instead of User. def myview(request): return render_to_response('tmpl.html', {'user': User.objects.get(id=1}) works fine and passes User to template. But def myview(request): return render_to_response('tmpl.html', {}, context_instance=RequestContext(request)) with a context processor def user(request): from django.contrib.auth.models import User return {'user': User.objects.get(id=1)} passes AnonymousUser, so I can't get the variables I need :( What's wrong?

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• wxPython dictionary of classes to events they call

  - by None

  I was wondering if there was a dictionary containing string versions of wxPython class (like 'Button' for wx.Button) to the events they call. This is what I want: {'Button': wx.EVT_BUTTON, ...}. Is there a dictionary like this anywhere in the module or on the web?

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• What is the difference between a site and an app in Django?

  - by larf311

  I know a site can have many apps but all the examples I see have the site called "mysite". I figured the site would be the name of your site, like StackOverflow for example. Would you do that and then have apps like "authentication", "questions", and "search"? Or would you really just have a site called mysite with one app called StackOverflow?

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• numpy array mapping and take average

  - by user566653

  Dear all, I have three array value = np.array ([1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 3]) index = np.array ([1, 1, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6]) data = np.array ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]) and want to take average for item of "value" by array "index", and assign a new array with value of "data", such as [2, nan, 4, nan, nan, 5] first value is the average of 1st and 2nd of "value" second value is nan because there is not any key in "index" third value is the average of 3rd and 4th of "value" ... Thanks for your help!!! Regards, Roy

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• to overcome type error?

  - by kaushik

  i have a file of this format: 3.334 1 2.345 1 1.453 1 3.343 1 and so on but in middle at times in file there are few number which are not in float format and i receive type msg when i run them performation some operation.. I want to give a condition that: if(not in float format): continue else: perform operation please tell me how to put the condtion

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• How can this code be made more Pythonic?

  - by usethedeathstar

  This next part of code does exactly what I want it to do. dem_rows and dem_cols contain float values for a number of things i can identify in an image, but i need to get the nearest pixel for each of them, and than to make sure I only get the unique points, and no duplicates. The problem is that this code is ugly and as far as I get it, as unpythonic as it gets. If there would be a pure-numpy-solution (without for-loops) that would be even better. # next part is to make sure that we get the rounding done correctly, and than to get the integer part out of it # without the annoying floatingpoint-error, and without duplicates fielddic={} for i in range(len(dem_rows)): # here comes the ugly part: abusing the fact that i overwrite dictionary keys if I get duplicates fielddic[int(round(dem_rows[i]) + 0.1), int(round(dem_cols[i]) + 0.1)] = None # also very ugly: to make two arrays of integers out of the first and second part of the keys field_rows = numpy.zeros((len(fielddic.keys())), int) field_cols = numpy.zeros((len(fielddic.keys())), int) for i, (r, c) in enumerate(fielddic.keys()): field_rows[i] = r field_cols[i] = c

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• [genshi] Print string as HTML

  - by infinito

  Hello, I would like to know if is there any way to convert a plain unicode string to HTML in Genshi, so, for example, it renders newlines as <br/>. I want this to render some text entered in a textarea. Thanks in advance!

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• Loading datasets from datastore and merge into single dictionary. Resource problem.

  - by fredrik

  Hi, I have a productdatabase that contains products, parts and labels for each part based on langcodes. The problem I'm having and haven't got around is a huge amount of resource used to get the different datasets and merging them into a dict to suit my needs. The products in the database are based on a number of parts that is of a certain type (ie. color, size). And each part has a label for each language. I created 4 different models for this. Products, ProductParts, ProductPartTypes and ProductPartLabels. I've narrowed it down to about 10 lines of code that seams to generate the problem. As of currently I have 3 Products, 3 Types, 3 parts for each type, and 2 languages. And the request takes a wooping 5500ms to generate. for product in productData: productDict = {} typeDict = {} productDict['productName'] = product.name cache_key = 'productparts_%s' % (slugify(product.key())) partData = memcache.get(cache_key) if not partData: for type in typeData: typeDict[type.typeId] = { 'default' : '', 'optional' : [] } ## Start of problem lines ## for defaultPart in product.defaultPartsData: for label in labelsForLangCode: if label.key() in defaultPart.partLabelList: typeDict[defaultPart.type.typeId]['default'] = label.partLangLabel for optionalPart in product.optionalPartsData: for label in labelsForLangCode: if label.key() in optionalPart.partLabelList: typeDict[optionalPart.type.typeId]['optional'].append(label.partLangLabel) ## end problem lines ## memcache.add(cache_key, typeDict, 500) partData = memcache.get(cache_key) productDict['parts'] = partData productList.append(productDict) I guess the problem lies in the number of for loops is too many and have to iterate over the same data over and over again. labelForLangCode get all labels from ProductPartLabels that match the current langCode. All parts for a product is stored in a db.ListProperty(db.key). The same goes for all labels for a part. The reason I need the some what complex dict is that I want to display all data for a product with it's default parts and show a selector for the optional one. The defaultPartsData and optionaPartsData are properties in the Product Model that looks like this: @property def defaultPartsData(self): return ProductParts.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key', key = self.defaultParts) @property def optionalPartsData(self): return ProductParts.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key', key = self.optionalParts) When the completed dict is in the memcache it works smoothly, but isn't the memcache reset if the application goes in to hibernation? Also I would like to show the page for first time user(memcache empty) with out the enormous delay. Also as I said above, this is only a small amount of parts/product. What will the result be when it's 30 products with 100 parts. Is one solution to create a scheduled task to cache it in the memcache every hour? It this efficient? I know this is alot to take in, but I'm stuck. I've been at this for about 12 hours straight. And can't figure out a solution. ..fredrik

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• Named keywords in decorators?

  - by wheaties

  I've been playing around in depth with attempting to write my own version of a memoizing decorator before I go looking at other people's code. It's more of an exercise in fun, honestly. However, in the course of playing around I've found I can't do something I want with decorators. def addValue( func, val ): def add( x ): return func( x ) + val return add @addValue( val=4 ) def computeSomething( x ): #function gets defined If I want to do that I have to do this: def addTwo( func ): return addValue( func, 2 ) @addTwo def computeSomething( x ): #function gets defined Why can't I use keyword arguments with decorators in this manner? What am I doing wrong and can you show me how I should be doing it?

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• Fast image coordinate lookup in Numpy

  - by victor

  I've got a big numpy array full of coordinates (about 400): [[102, 234], [304, 104], .... ] And a numpy 2d array my_map of size 800x800. What's the fastest way to look up the coordinates given in that array? I tried things like paletting as described in this post: http://opencvpython.blogspot.com/2012/06/fast-array-manipulation-in-numpy.html but couldn't get it to work. I was also thinking about turning each coordinate into a linear index of the map and then piping it straight into my_map like so: my_map[linearized_coords] but I couldn't get vectorize to properly translate the coordinates into a linear fashion. Any ideas?

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• Combine Related Resources With TastyPie

  - by Aaron Ng

  How can I combine multiple Resources in TastyPie? I have 3 models I'd like to combine: users, profiles and posts. Ideally I'd like profiles nested within user. I'm not sure where to go from here. class UserResource(ModelResource): class Meta: queryset = User.objects.all() resource_name = 'user' fields = ['username','id','date_joined'] #Improper Auth authorization = Authorization() class UserProfileResource(ModelResource): class Meta: queryset = UserProfile.objects.all() resource_name = 'profile' class UserPostResource(ModelResource): user = fields.ForeignKey(UserResource,'user', full=True) class Meta: queryset = UserPost.objects.all() resource_name = 'userpost' #Improper Auth authorization = Authorization()

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• foo and _foo - about variables inside a class

  - by kame

  class ClassName(object): """ """ def __init__(self, foo, bar): """ """ self.foo = foo # read-write property self.bar = bar # simple attribute def _set_foo(self, value): self._foo = value def _get_foo(self): return self._foo foo = property(_get_foo, _set_foo) a = ClassName(1,2) #a._set_foo(3) print a._get_foo() When I print a._get_foo() the function _get_foo prints the variable self._foo . But where does it come from? self._foo and self.foo are different, aren't they?

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• "Function object is unsubscriptable" in basic integer to string mapping function

  - by IanWhalen

  I'm trying to write a function to return the word string of any number less than 1000. Everytime I run my code at the interactive prompt it appears to work without issue but when I try to import wordify and run it with a test number higher than 20 it fails as "TypeError: 'function' object is unsubscriptable". Based on the error message, it seems the issue is when it tries to index numString (for example trying to extract the number 4 out of the test case of n = 24) and the compiler thinks numString is a function instead of a string. since the first line of the function is me defining numString as a string of the variable n, I'm not really sure why that is. Any help in getting around this error, or even just help in explaining why I'm seeing it, would be awesome. def wordify(n): # Convert n to a string to parse out ones, tens and hundreds later. numString = str(n) # N less than 20 is hard-coded. if n < 21: return numToWordMap(n) # N between 21 and 99 parses ones and tens then concatenates. elif n < 100: onesNum = numString[-1] ones = numToWordMap(int(onesNum)) tensNum = numString[-2] tens = numToWordMap(int(tensNum)*10) return tens+ones else: # TODO pass def numToWordMap(num): mapping = { 0:"", 1:"one", 2:"two", 3:"three", 4:"four", 5:"five", 6:"six", 7:"seven", 8:"eight", 9:"nine", 10:"ten", 11:"eleven", 12:"twelve", 13:"thirteen", 14:"fourteen", 15:"fifteen", 16:"sixteen", 17:"seventeen", 18:"eighteen", 19:"nineteen", 20:"twenty", 30:"thirty", 40:"fourty", 50:"fifty", 60:"sixty", 70:"seventy", 80:"eighty", 90:"ninety", 100:"onehundred", 200:"twohundred", 300:"threehundred", 400:"fourhundred", 500:"fivehundred", 600:"sixhundred", 700:"sevenhundred", 800:"eighthundred", 900:"ninehundred", } return mapping[num] if __name__ == '__main__': pass

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• Transferring binary file from web server to client

  - by Yan Cheng CHEOK

  Usually, when I want to transfer a web server text file to client, here is what I did import cgi print "Content-Type: text/plain" print "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=TEST.txt" print filename = "C:\\TEST.TXT" f = open(filename, 'r') for line in f: print line Works very fine for ANSI file. However, say, I have a binary file a.exe (This file is in web server secret path, and user shall not have direct access to that directory path). I wish to use the similar method to transfer. How I can do so? What content-type I should use? Using print seems to have corrupted content received at client side. What is the correct method?

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