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  • What is the difference between type.__getattribute__ and object.__getattribute__?

    - by Neil G
    Given: In [37]: class A: ....: f = 1 ....: In [38]: class B(A): ....: pass ....: In [39]: getattr(B, 'f') Out[39]: 1 Okay, that either calls super or crawls the mro? In [40]: getattr(A, 'f') Out[40]: 1 This is expected. In [41]: object.__getattribute__(A, 'f') Out[41]: 1 In [42]: object.__getattribute__(B, 'f') --------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-42-de76df798d1d> in <module>() ----> 1 object.__getattribute__(B, 'f') AttributeError: 'type' object has no attribute 'f' What is getattribute not doing that getattr does? In [43]: type.__getattribute__(B, 'f') Out[43]: 1 What?! type.__getattribute__ calls super but object's version doesn't? In [44]: type.__getattribute__(A, 'f') Out[44]: 1

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  • Django startup importing causes reverse to happen

    - by nicknack
    This might be an isolated problem, but figured I'd ask in case someone has thoughts on a graceful approach to address it. Here's the setup: -------- views.py -------- from django.http import HttpResponse import shortcuts def mood_dispatcher(request): mood = magic_function_to_guess_my_mood(request) return HttpResponse('Please go to %s' % shortcuts.MOODS.get(mood, somedefault)) ------------ shortcuts.py ------------ MOODS = # expensive load that causes a reverse to happen The issue is that shortcuts.py causes an exception to be thrown when a reverse is attempted before django is done building the urls. However, views.py doesn't yet need to import shortcuts.py (used only when mood_dispatcher is actually called). Obvious initial solutions are: 1) Import shortcuts inline (just not very nice stylistically) 2) Make shortcuts.py build MOODS lazily (just more work) What I ideally would like is to be able to say, at the top of views.py, "import shortcuts except when loading urls"

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  • Passing parameter to base class constructor or using instance variable?

    - by deamon
    All classes derived from a certain base class have to define an attribute called "path". In the sense of duck typing I could rely upon definition in the subclasses: class Base: pass # no "path" variable here def Sub(Base): def __init__(self): self.path = "something/" Another possiblity would be to use the base class constructor: class Base: def __init__(self, path): self.path = path def Sub(Base): def __init__(self): super().__init__("something/") What would you prefer and why? Is there a better way?

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  • Sending object C from class A to class B

    - by user278618
    Hi, I can't figure out how to design classes in my system. In classA I create object selenium (it simulates user actions at website). In this ClassA I create another objects like SearchScreen, Payment_Screen and Summary_Screen. # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from selenium import selenium import unittest, time, re class OurSiteTestCases(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.verificationErrors = [] self.selenium = selenium("localhost", 5555, "*chrome", "http://www.someaddress.com/") time.sleep(5) self.selenium.start() def test_buy_coffee(self): sel = self.selenium sel.open('/') sel.window_maximize() search_screen=SearchScreen(self.selenium) search_screen.choose('lavazza') payment_screen=PaymentScreen(self.selenium) payment_screen.fill_test_data() summary_screen=SummaryScreen(selenium) summary_screen.accept() def tearDown(self): self.selenium.stop() self.assertEqual([], self.verificationErrors) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main() It's example SearchScreen module: class SearchScreen: def __init__(self,selenium): self.selenium=selenium def search(self): self.selenium.click('css=button.search') I want to know if there is anything ok with a design of those classes?

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  • Loading datasets from datastore and merge into single dictionary. Resource problem.

    - by fredrik
    Hi, I have a productdatabase that contains products, parts and labels for each part based on langcodes. The problem I'm having and haven't got around is a huge amount of resource used to get the different datasets and merging them into a dict to suit my needs. The products in the database are based on a number of parts that is of a certain type (ie. color, size). And each part has a label for each language. I created 4 different models for this. Products, ProductParts, ProductPartTypes and ProductPartLabels. I've narrowed it down to about 10 lines of code that seams to generate the problem. As of currently I have 3 Products, 3 Types, 3 parts for each type, and 2 languages. And the request takes a wooping 5500ms to generate. for product in productData: productDict = {} typeDict = {} productDict['productName'] = product.name cache_key = 'productparts_%s' % (slugify(product.key())) partData = memcache.get(cache_key) if not partData: for type in typeData: typeDict[type.typeId] = { 'default' : '', 'optional' : [] } ## Start of problem lines ## for defaultPart in product.defaultPartsData: for label in labelsForLangCode: if label.key() in defaultPart.partLabelList: typeDict[defaultPart.type.typeId]['default'] = label.partLangLabel for optionalPart in product.optionalPartsData: for label in labelsForLangCode: if label.key() in optionalPart.partLabelList: typeDict[optionalPart.type.typeId]['optional'].append(label.partLangLabel) ## end problem lines ## memcache.add(cache_key, typeDict, 500) partData = memcache.get(cache_key) productDict['parts'] = partData productList.append(productDict) I guess the problem lies in the number of for loops is too many and have to iterate over the same data over and over again. labelForLangCode get all labels from ProductPartLabels that match the current langCode. All parts for a product is stored in a db.ListProperty(db.key). The same goes for all labels for a part. The reason I need the some what complex dict is that I want to display all data for a product with it's default parts and show a selector for the optional one. The defaultPartsData and optionaPartsData are properties in the Product Model that looks like this: @property def defaultPartsData(self): return ProductParts.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key', key = self.defaultParts) @property def optionalPartsData(self): return ProductParts.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key', key = self.optionalParts) When the completed dict is in the memcache it works smoothly, but isn't the memcache reset if the application goes in to hibernation? Also I would like to show the page for first time user(memcache empty) with out the enormous delay. Also as I said above, this is only a small amount of parts/product. What will the result be when it's 30 products with 100 parts. Is one solution to create a scheduled task to cache it in the memcache every hour? It this efficient? I know this is alot to take in, but I'm stuck. I've been at this for about 12 hours straight. And can't figure out a solution. ..fredrik

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  • UnicodeDecodeError when redirecting to file

    - by zedoo
    Hi, I run this snippet twice, in the ubuntu terminal, (encoding set to utf-8) once with ./test.py and then with ./test.py >out.txt: uni = u"\u001A\u0BC3\u1451\U0001D10C" print uni Without redirection it prints garbage. With redirection I get a UnicodeDecodeError. Can someone explain why I get the error only in the second case, or even better give a detailed explanation of what's going on behind the curtain in both cases?

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  • What is the difference between a site and an app in Django?

    - by larf311
    I know a site can have many apps but all the examples I see have the site called "mysite". I figured the site would be the name of your site, like StackOverflow for example. Would you do that and then have apps like "authentication", "questions", and "search"? Or would you really just have a site called mysite with one app called StackOverflow?

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  • arbitrary vire connection / search and replace

    - by fatai
    input :["vire_connection",[1, 2, [ 3, [ 4, "connect"]]], ["connect", [3 , 5] ] ] output:["vire_connection",[ 1, 2, [ 3, [ 4, [ 3, 5 ] ] ] ] ], [ [ 3 , 5] ] ] after connection ( simply copying [3,5] to other wanted position ) , remove connect word input :["vire_connection", [ [ [ ["connect", [ 3, 4 ] ] ] ] ], [ 2, "connect"]] output :["vire_connection",[[[[[3,4]]]]], [ 2, [ 3 , 4 ]]] after connection ( simply copying [3,4] to other wanted position ) , remove connect word how can I do ?

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  • Which style of return is "better" for a method that might return None?

    - by Daenyth
    I have a method that will either return an object or None if the lookup fails. Which style of the following is better? def get_foo(needle): haystack = object_dict() if needle not in haystack: return None return haystack[needle] or, def get_foo(needle): haystack = object_dict() try: return haystack[needle] except KeyError: # Needle not found return None I'm undecided as to which is more more desirable myself. Another choice would be return haystack[needle] if needle in haystack else None, but I'm not sure that's any better.

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  • Django context processor gets AnonymousUser

    - by myfreeweb
    instead of User. def myview(request): return render_to_response('tmpl.html', {'user': User.objects.get(id=1}) works fine and passes User to template. But def myview(request): return render_to_response('tmpl.html', {}, context_instance=RequestContext(request)) with a context processor def user(request): from django.contrib.auth.models import User return {'user': User.objects.get(id=1)} passes AnonymousUser, so I can't get the variables I need :( What's wrong?

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  • How to create and restore a backup from SqlAlchemy?

    - by swilliams
    I'm writing a Pylons app, and am trying to create a simple backup system where every table is serialized and tarred up into a single file for an administrator to download, and use to restore the app should something bad happen. I can serialize my table data just fine using the SqlAlchemy serializer, and I can deserialize it fine as well, but I can't figure out how to commit those changes back to the database. In order to serialize my data I am doing this: from myproject.model.meta import Session from sqlalchemy.ext.serializer import loads, dumps q = Session.query(MyTable) serialized_data = dumps(q.all()) In order to test things out, I go ahead and truncation MyTable, and then attempt to restore using serialized_data: from myproject.model import meta restore_q = loads(serialized_data, meta.metadata, Session) This doesn't seem to do anything... I've tried calling a Session.commit after the fact, individually walking through all the objects in restore_q and adding them, but nothing seems to work. What am I missing? Or is there a better way to do what I'm aiming for? I don't want to shell out and directly touch the database, since SqlAlchemy supports different database engines.

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  • How can this code be made more Pythonic?

    - by usethedeathstar
    This next part of code does exactly what I want it to do. dem_rows and dem_cols contain float values for a number of things i can identify in an image, but i need to get the nearest pixel for each of them, and than to make sure I only get the unique points, and no duplicates. The problem is that this code is ugly and as far as I get it, as unpythonic as it gets. If there would be a pure-numpy-solution (without for-loops) that would be even better. # next part is to make sure that we get the rounding done correctly, and than to get the integer part out of it # without the annoying floatingpoint-error, and without duplicates fielddic={} for i in range(len(dem_rows)): # here comes the ugly part: abusing the fact that i overwrite dictionary keys if I get duplicates fielddic[int(round(dem_rows[i]) + 0.1), int(round(dem_cols[i]) + 0.1)] = None # also very ugly: to make two arrays of integers out of the first and second part of the keys field_rows = numpy.zeros((len(fielddic.keys())), int) field_cols = numpy.zeros((len(fielddic.keys())), int) for i, (r, c) in enumerate(fielddic.keys()): field_rows[i] = r field_cols[i] = c

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  • [genshi] Print string as HTML

    - by infinito
    Hello, I would like to know if is there any way to convert a plain unicode string to HTML in Genshi, so, for example, it renders newlines as <br/>. I want this to render some text entered in a textarea. Thanks in advance!

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  • Why are my two date fields not identical when I copy them?

    - by Hobhouse
    I use django, and have two models with a models.DateTimeField(). Sometimes I need a copy of a date - but look at this: >>>myobject.date = datetime.datetime.now() >>>print myobject.date >>>2010-04-27 12:10:43.526277 >>>other_object.date_copy = myobject.date >>>print other_object.date_copy >>>2010-04-27 12:10:43 Why are these two dates not identical, and how do I make an excact copy of myobject.date?

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  • Qt: How to autoexpand parents of a new QTreeView item when using a QSortFilterProxyModel

    - by taynaron
    I'm making an app wherein the user can add new data to a QTreeModel at any time. The parent under which it gets placed is automatically expanded to show the new item: self.tree = DiceModel(headers) self.treeView.setModel(self.tree) expand_node = self.tree.addRoll() #addRoll makes a node, adds it, and returns the (parent) note to be expanded self.treeView.expand(expand_node) This works as desired. If I add a QSortFilterProxyModel to the mix: self.tree = DiceModel(headers) self.sort = DiceSort(self.tree) self.treeView.setModel(self.sort) expand_node = self.tree.addRoll() #addRoll makes a node, adds it, and returns the (parent) note to be expanded self.treeView.expand(expand_node) the parent no longer expands. Any idea what I am doing wrong?

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  • numpy array mapping and take average

    - by user566653
    Dear all, I have three array value = np.array ([1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 3]) index = np.array ([1, 1, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6]) data = np.array ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]) and want to take average for item of "value" by array "index", and assign a new array with value of "data", such as [2, nan, 4, nan, nan, 5] first value is the average of 1st and 2nd of "value" second value is nan because there is not any key in "index" third value is the average of 3rd and 4th of "value" ... Thanks for your help!!! Regards, Roy

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  • to overcome type error?

    - by kaushik
    i have a file of this format: 3.334 1 2.345 1 1.453 1 3.343 1 and so on but in middle at times in file there are few number which are not in float format and i receive type msg when i run them performation some operation.. I want to give a condition that: if(not in float format): continue else: perform operation please tell me how to put the condtion

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  • Named keywords in decorators?

    - by wheaties
    I've been playing around in depth with attempting to write my own version of a memoizing decorator before I go looking at other people's code. It's more of an exercise in fun, honestly. However, in the course of playing around I've found I can't do something I want with decorators. def addValue( func, val ): def add( x ): return func( x ) + val return add @addValue( val=4 ) def computeSomething( x ): #function gets defined If I want to do that I have to do this: def addTwo( func ): return addValue( func, 2 ) @addTwo def computeSomething( x ): #function gets defined Why can't I use keyword arguments with decorators in this manner? What am I doing wrong and can you show me how I should be doing it?

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  • "Function object is unsubscriptable" in basic integer to string mapping function

    - by IanWhalen
    I'm trying to write a function to return the word string of any number less than 1000. Everytime I run my code at the interactive prompt it appears to work without issue but when I try to import wordify and run it with a test number higher than 20 it fails as "TypeError: 'function' object is unsubscriptable". Based on the error message, it seems the issue is when it tries to index numString (for example trying to extract the number 4 out of the test case of n = 24) and the compiler thinks numString is a function instead of a string. since the first line of the function is me defining numString as a string of the variable n, I'm not really sure why that is. Any help in getting around this error, or even just help in explaining why I'm seeing it, would be awesome. def wordify(n): # Convert n to a string to parse out ones, tens and hundreds later. numString = str(n) # N less than 20 is hard-coded. if n < 21: return numToWordMap(n) # N between 21 and 99 parses ones and tens then concatenates. elif n < 100: onesNum = numString[-1] ones = numToWordMap(int(onesNum)) tensNum = numString[-2] tens = numToWordMap(int(tensNum)*10) return tens+ones else: # TODO pass def numToWordMap(num): mapping = { 0:"", 1:"one", 2:"two", 3:"three", 4:"four", 5:"five", 6:"six", 7:"seven", 8:"eight", 9:"nine", 10:"ten", 11:"eleven", 12:"twelve", 13:"thirteen", 14:"fourteen", 15:"fifteen", 16:"sixteen", 17:"seventeen", 18:"eighteen", 19:"nineteen", 20:"twenty", 30:"thirty", 40:"fourty", 50:"fifty", 60:"sixty", 70:"seventy", 80:"eighty", 90:"ninety", 100:"onehundred", 200:"twohundred", 300:"threehundred", 400:"fourhundred", 500:"fivehundred", 600:"sixhundred", 700:"sevenhundred", 800:"eighthundred", 900:"ninehundred", } return mapping[num] if __name__ == '__main__': pass

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  • What are the common patterns in web programming?

    - by lankerisms
    I have been trying to write my first big web app (more than one cgi file) and as I kept moving forward with the rough prototype, paralelly trying to predict more tasks, this is the todo that got accumulated (In no particular order). * Validations and input sanitizations * Object versioning (to avoid edit conflicts. I dont want hard locks) * Exception handling * memcache * xss and injection protections * javascript * html * ACLs * phonetics in search, match and find duplicates (for form validation) * Ajaxify!!! (I have snipped off the project specific items.) I know that each todo will be quite tied up to its project and technologies used. What I am wondering though, is if there is a pattern in your todo items as well as the sequence in which you experienced guys have come across them.

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  • How do I use multiple settings file in Django with multiple sites on one server?

    - by William Bing Hua
    I have an ec2 instance running Ubuntu 14.04 and I want to host two sites from it. On my first site I have two settings file, production_settings.py and settings.py (for local development). I import the local settings into the production settings and override any settings with the production settings file. Since my production settings file is not the default settings.py name, I have to create an environment variable DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE='site1.production_settings' However because of this whenever I try to start my second site it says No module named site1.production_settings I am assuming that this is due to me setting the environment variable. Another problem is that I won't be able to use different settings file for different sites. How do I start use two different settings file for two different websites?

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  • Transferring binary file from web server to client

    - by Yan Cheng CHEOK
    Usually, when I want to transfer a web server text file to client, here is what I did import cgi print "Content-Type: text/plain" print "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=TEST.txt" print filename = "C:\\TEST.TXT" f = open(filename, 'r') for line in f: print line Works very fine for ANSI file. However, say, I have a binary file a.exe (This file is in web server secret path, and user shall not have direct access to that directory path). I wish to use the similar method to transfer. How I can do so? What content-type I should use? Using print seems to have corrupted content received at client side. What is the correct method?

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