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  • How to prepare for the GRE Computer Science Subject Test?

    - by Maddy.Shik
    How do I prepare for the GRE Computer Science subject test? Are there any standard text books I should follow? I want to score as competitively as possible. What are some good references? Is there anything that top schools like CMU, MIT, and Standford would expect? For example, Cormen et al is considered very good for algorithms. Please tell me standard text books for each subject covered by the test, like Computer Architecture, Database Design, Operating Systems, Discrete Maths etc.

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  • Web Crawler for Learnign Topics on Wikipedia

    - by Chris Okyen
    When I want to learn a vast topic on wikipedia, I don't know where to start. For instance say I want to learn about Binary Stars, I then have to know other things linked on that pages and linked pages on all the linked pages and so on for the specified number of levels. I want to write a web crawler like HTTracker or something similiar, that will display a heiarchy of the links on a certain page and the links on those linked pages.I wish to use as much prewritten code as possible. Here is an example: Pretending we are bending the rules by grabing links from only the first sentence of each pages The example archives and "processes" two levels deep The page is Ternary operation The First Level In mathematics a ternary operation is an N-ary operation The Second Level Under Mathmatics: Mathematics (from Greek µ???µa máthema, “knowledge, study, learning”) is the abstract study of topics encompassing quantity, structure, space, change and others; it has no generally accepted definition. Under N-ary In logic,mathematics, and computer science, the arity i/'ær?ti/ of a function or operation is the number of arguments or operands that the function takes Under Operation In its simplest meaning in mathematics and logic, an operation is an action or procedure which produces a new value from one or more input values ------------------------------------------------------------------------- I need some way to determine what oder to approach all these wiki pages to learn the concept ( in this case ternary operations )... Following along with this exmpakle, one way to show the path to read would a printout flowout like so: This shows that the first sentence of the Mathematics page doesn't link to the first sentence of pages linked on ternary page two levels deep. (Please tell me how I should explain this ) --- In otherwords, the child node of the top pages first sentence, ternary_operation, does not have any child nodes that reference the children of the top pages other children nodes- N-ary and operation. Thus it is safe to read this first. Since N-ary has a link to operations we shoudl read the operation page second and finally read the N-ary page last. Again, I wish to use as much prewritten code as possible, and was wondering what language to use and what would be the simpliest way to go about doing this if there isn't already somethign out there? Thank You!

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  • Should I care about Junit redundancy when using setUp() with @Before annotation?

    - by c_maker
    Even though developers have switched from junit 3.x to 4.x I still see the following 99% of the time: @Before public void setUp(){/*some setup code*/} @After public void tearDown(){/*some clean up code*/} Just to clarify my point... in Junit 4.x, when the runners are set up correctly, the framework will pick up the @Before and @After annotations no matter the method name. So why do developers keep using the same conventional junit 3.x names? Is there any harm keeping the old names while also using the annotations (other than it makes me feel like devs do not know how this really works and just in case, use the same name AND annotate as well)? Is there any harm in changing the names to something maybe more meaningful, like eachTestMethod() (which looks great with @Before since it reads 'before each test method') or initializeEachTestMethod()? What do you do and why? I know this is a tiny thing (and may probably be even unimportant to some), but it is always in the back of my mind when I write a test and see this. I want to either follow this pattern or not but I want to know why I am doing it and not just because 99% of my fellow developers do it as well.

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  • Strategies for porting application from Win32 API to GTK+

    - by Vitor Braga
    I have a legacy application written in C, using the raw Win32 API. The general level of abstraction is low and raw dependency on <windows.h> is common. I would like to port this application to GTK+. There are any kind of guidelines or best practices on how to do this? I've previously ported a MFC application to Qt, but the application was very abstracted - it draw it's own set of widgets, for example - and initial porting was very straightforward. I've been thinking at first using Wine to build a native Linux executable and then trying to slowly refactor it into a GTK+ app. Does some one have best practices or previous experiences to share about this?

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  • Are short abbreviated method/function names that don't use full words bad practice or a matter of style?

    - by Alb
    Is there nowadays any case for brevity over clarity with method names? Tonight I came across the Python method repr() which seems like a bad name for a method to me. It's not an English word. It apparently is an abbreviation of 'representation' and even if you can deduce that, it still doesn't tell you what the method does. A good method name is subjective to a certain degree, but I had assumed that modern best practices agreed that names should be at least full words and descriptive enough to reveal enough about the method that you would easily find one when looking for it. Method names made from words help let your code read like English. repr() seems to have no advantages as a name other than being short and IDE auto-complete makes this a non-issue. An additional reason given in an answer is that python names are brief so that you can do many things on one line. Surely the better way is to just extract the many things to their own function, and repeat until lines are not too long. Are these just a hangover from the unix way of doing things? Commands with names like ls, rm, ps and du (if you could call those names) were hard to find and hard to remember. I know that the everyday usage of commands such as these is different than methods in code so the matter of whether those are bad names is a different matter.

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  • Weird behavior when using pointers [migrated]

    - by Kinan Al Sarmini
    When I run this code on MS VS C++ 2010: #include <iostream> int main() { const int a = 10; const int *b = &a; int *c = (int *)b; *c = 10000; std::cout << c << " " << &a << std::endl; std::cout << *c << " " << a << " " << *(&a) << std::endl; return 0; } The output is: 0037F784 0037F784 10000 10 10 The motivation for writing that code was this sentence from "The C++ Programming Language" by Stroustrup: "It is possible to explicitly remove the restrictions on a pointer to const by explicit type conversion". I know that trying to modify a constant is conceptually wrong, but I find this result quite weird. Can anyone explain the reason behind it?

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  • Testing a codebase with sequential cohesion

    - by iveqy
    I've this really simple program written in C with ncurses that's basically a front-end to sqlite3. I would like to implement TDD to continue the development and have found a nice C unit framework for this. However I'm totally stuck on how to implement it. Take this case for example: A user types a letter 'l' that is captured by ncurses getch(), and then an sqlite3 query is run that for every row calls a callback function. This callback function prints stuff to the screen via ncurses. So the obvious way to fully test this is to simulate a keyboard and a terminal and make sure that the output is the expected. However this sounds too complicated. I was thinking about adding an abstraction layer between the database and the UI so that the callback function will populate a list of entries and that list will later be printed. In that case I would be able to check if that list contains the expected values. However, why would I struggle with a data structure and lists in my program when sqlite3 already does this? For example, if the user wants to see the list sorted in some other way, it would be expensive to throw away the list and repopulate it. I would need to sort the list, but why should I implement sorting when sqlite3 already has that? Using my orginal design I could just do an other query sorted differently. Previously I've only done TDD with command line applications, and there it's really easy to just compare the output with what I'm expected. An other way would be to add CLI interface to the program and wrap a test program around the CLI to test everything. (The way git.git does with it's test-framework). So the question is, how to add testing to a tightly integrated database/UI.

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  • Randomly and uniquely iterating over a range

    - by Synetech
    Say you have a range of values (or anything else) and you want to iterate over the range and stop at some indeterminate point. Because the stopping value could be anywhere in the range, iterating sequentially is no good because it causes the early values to be accessed more often than later values (which is bad for things that wear out), and also because it reduces performance since it must traverse extra values. Randomly iterating is better because it will (on average) increase the hit-rate so that fewer values have to be accessed before finding the right one, and also distribute the accesses more evenly (again, on average). The problem is that the standard method of randomly jumping around will result in values being accessed multiple times, and has no automatic way of determining when each value has been checked and thus the whole range has been exhausted. One simplified and contrived solution could be to make a list of each value, pick one at random, then remove it. Each time through the loop, you pick one fromt he set of remaining items. Unfortunately this only works for small lists. As a (forced) example, say you are creating a game where the program tries to guess what number you picked and shows how many guess it took. The range is between 0-255 and instead of asking Is it 0? Is it 1? Is it 2?…, you have it guess randomly. You could create a list of 255 numbers, pick randomly and remove it. But what if the range was between 0-232? You can’t really create a 4-billion item list. I’ve seen a couple of implementations RNGs that are supposed to provide a uniform distribution, but none that area also supposed to be unique, i.e., no repeated values. So is there a practical way to randomly, and uniquely iterate over a range?

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  • Finding Internship Opportunities

    - by mbreedlove
    I am a senior in high school majoring in Computer Science next fall. This summer, I would like to intern at a company relevant to my interests of investment banking and software engineering. What would be some possible ways to find openings? How should I contact them? (E-mail, phone, etc.) Should I prepare and submit a CV? I feel it might be a little dull as it would have no experience or references. After contacting someone about an internship, should I follow up, or just wait for them to contact me? Is there anything else I should do or be aware of?

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  • What are the preconditions to get an experienced developer from working as a freelancer to owning a small software company?

    - by Kovu
    I've been a software developer for 8 years. I've worked on about 20 projects, some smaller, some bigger. I know how to help myself by using google magic, msdn, youttube, tutorials, how-to's etc. I'm playing around with the idea to get a friend of mine (who has been a software-developer for 5 years) and start my own software-developer-company. What do you think are the preconditions to get myself from a freelancer to owning my own little company with 2-3 employees?

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  • What are the tradeoffs involved in referencing Context in a library?

    - by C. Ross
    Context is one of the core classes of Android, and many functions it contains are useful in Android library projects, particularly accessing configuration. What are the trade offs involved in accessing the Context in a library, either by injection or by subclassing Application in the library, and subclassing that in the application. Does this make the application brittle or introduce inappropriate coupling?

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  • MVC Communication Pattern

    - by Kedu
    This is kind of a follow up question to this http://stackoverflow.com/questions/23743285/model-view-controller-and-callbacks, but I wanted to post it separately, because its kind of a different topic. I'm working on a multiplayer cardgame for the Android platform. I split the project into MVC which fits the needs pretty good, but I'm currently stuck because I can't figure out a good way to communicate between the different parts. I have everything setup and working with the controller being a big state machine, which is called over and over from the gameloop, and calls getter methods from the GUI and the android/network part to get the input. The input itself in the GUI and network is set by inputlisteners that set a local variable which I read in the getter method. So far so good, this is working. But my problem is, the controller has to check every input separately,so if I want to add an input I have to check in which states its valid and call the getter method from all these states. This is not good, and lets the code look pretty ugly, makes additions uncomfortable and adds redundance. So what I've got from the question I mentioned above is that some kind of command or event pattern will fit my needs. What I want to do is to create a shared and threadsafe queue in the controller and instead of calling all these getter methods, I just check the queue for new input and proceed it. On the other side, the GUI and network don't have all these getters, but instead create an event or command and send it to the controller through, for example, observer/observable. Now my problem: I can't figure out a way, for these commands/events to fit a common interface (which the queue can store) and still transport different kind of data (button clicks, cards that are played, the player id the command comes from, synchronization data etc.). If I design the communication as command pattern, I have to stick all the information that is needed to execute the command into it when its created, that's impossible because the GUI or network has no knowledge of all the things the controller needs to execute stuff that needs to be done when for example a card is played. I thought about getting this stuff into the command when executing it. But over all the different commands I have, I would need all the information the controller has, and thus give the command a reference to the controller which would make everything in it public, which is real bad design I guess. So, I could try some kind of event pattern. I have to transport data in the event. So, like the command, I would have an interface, which all events have in common, and can be stored in the shared queue. I could create a big enum with all the different events that a are possible, save one of these enums in the actual event, and build a big switch case for the events, to proceed different stuff for different events. The problem here: I have different data for all the events. But I need a common interface, to store the events in a queue. How do I get the specific data, if I can only access the event through the interface? Even if that wouldn't be a problem, I'm creating another big switch case, which looks ugly, and when i want to add a new event, I have to create the event itself, the case, the enum, and the method that's called with the data. I could of course check the event with the enum and cast it to its type, so I can call event type specific methods that give me the data I need, but that looks like bad design too.

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  • "Best fit" to avoid reuse of object instances in a collection

    - by Simon
    Imagine I have a collection of object instances which represent activities for a user to undertake. Dependent on user attributes, I have to randomly select instances to present activities to the user. For some users, I need to present more activities to them than there are available activities in which case, I want to use the following algorithm. If all available activities have already been presented to the user, then re-select a "used" activity, selecting the earliest presented activity ordered by frequency of use. In other words, try to reduce repetition and where repetition is unavoidable, use the instances which have been repeated less often and were presented furthest back in time. Before I go on to code that algorithm, I wondered if there is some existing pattern I can re-use? [EDIT] "Furthest back in time" is not relevant as I will pass the algorithm an ordered collection of used instances where the first entry is the first presented.

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  • How difficult did you find the Java Certification Exam

    - by user22904
    I'm just starting out as a Java programmer and have very minimal experience. I would like to improve my knowledge and study for the Java certification. I realize everyone will have a different answer but for those who have taken the certification and passed it, I'd really appreciate if you could tell me your experiences. Just a couple of lines to let me know if you found it hard, very hard. Also how much time did you spend studying. Sorry that this is not a good question. My native language is not English so it is hard for me to say what I want to ask.

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  • How do I start working as a programmer - what do I need?

    - by giorgo
    Hello, i am currently learning Java and PHP as I have some projects from university, which require me to apply both languages. Specifically, a Java GUI application, connecting to a MySQL database and a web application that will be implemented in PHP/MySQL. I have started learning the MVC pattern, Struts, Spring and I am also learning PHP with zend. My first question is: How can I find employment as a programmer/software engineer? The reason I ask is because I have sent my CV into many companys, but all of them stated that I required work experience. I really need some guidance on how to improve my career opportunites. At present, I work on my own and haven't worked in collaboration with anyone on a particular project. I'm assuming most people create projects and submit them along with their CVs. My second question is: Everyone has to make a start from somewhere, but what if this somewhere doesn't come? What do I need to do to create the circumstances where I can easily progress forward? Thanks

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  • Is Wordpress more appropriate than Magento/Opencart for site like this?

    - by Alex
    The premise of the site is that a user pays a small fee to advertise an item that they want to sell. Therefore the user is responsible for adding the "products", not the administrator. The product upload will create a product page for that item. This is a rather common framework that I'm sure you're familiar with. My initial thought was that it would be best suited using Magento - mainly because it needs to accept payments - and the products will grow to form a catalog of categorized products. However - there is no concept of a shopping cart. A buyer does not buy the item online, or go to a checkout. They simply look at the product, and contact the seller if they like it. The buyer and seller then take it from there. For this reason, I then begin to suspect that Magento is perhaps too overkill, or just simply not the right CMS if there is on checkout procedure (other than the uploader making a payment) So then I begin to think Wordpress....Hmmm Feature requirements: User's can add content via a form process User's can be directed to a payment gateway For each product listing - a series of photographs shall be displayed, in thumbnail form Zoom capabilities/rotate on the images would be a welcome feature In short - e-commerce CMS, or something more simple?

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  • Programming my first C++ program

    - by Jason H.
    I have a basic understanding of programming and I currently learning C++. I'm in the beginning phases of building my own CLI program for ubuntu. However, I have hit a few snags and I was wondering if I could get some clarification. The program I am working on is called "sat" and will be available via command line only. I have the main.cpp. However, my real question is more of a "best practices" for programming/organization. When my program "sat" is invoked I want it to take additional arguments. Here is an example: > sat task subtask I'm not sure if the task should be in its own task.cpp file for better organization or if it should be a function in the main.cpp? If the task should be in its own file how do you accept arguments in the main.cpp file and reference the other file? Any thoughts on which method is preferred and reference material to backup the reasoning?

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  • I'm applying for a position at a startup. To whom should I address my cover letter?

    - by sapphiremirage
    One of the co-founders answered questions about the company when the job was posted, but I feel like I shouldn't assume that he's the one who is in charge of hiring. Since it's relatively new and has a lot of name overlap with other things already on the web, it's hard to find any information about the company online, much less the name of their hiring manager. I'm not even certain that they do have a hiring manager, since I seem to remember that they are just an 8 person team. I've heard that "To whom it may concern" is tacky, and normally I would say something along the lines of "Dear Head of Human Resources", but that clearly doesn't work in this case. Any idea what my salutation should be? Later Edits: Final Version: To Joe Programmer and/or the AwesomeStartup.com hiring team, (+ a few words in first paragraph explaining why I am addressing Joe Programmer) I've already sent the email, so nothing you say here will save me. However, feel free to comment on my decision if you think your words be useful to future generations. Old Version (left here because some people responded to it): To the hiring manager for internships at Awesomestartup.com, Additionally, because so many people made comments about the content of my letter: I did spent several hours writing the cover letter itself and making sure that it was awesome. After spending such a long time working on the important part, I asked this question because I wanted to make sure that it wouldn't get passed over by some human who was having a bad day and decided that my salutation was inappropriate. Not likely when the most likely reader of that email is a programmer type, I know, but I figured that it wouldn't hurt not to be sloppy.

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  • Does this factory method pattern example violate open-close?

    - by William
    In Head-First Design Patterns, they use a pizza shop example to demonstrate the factory method pattern. public abstract class PizzaStore { public Pizza orderPizza(String type) { Pizza pizza; pizza = createPizza(type); pizza.prepare(); pizza.bake(); pizza.cut(); pizza.box(); return pizza; } abstract Pizza createPizza(String type) } public class NYPizzaStore extends PizzaStore { Pizza createPizza(String item) { if (item.equals("cheese") { return new NYStyleCheesePizza(); } else if (item.equals("veggie")) { return new NYStyleVeggiePizza(); } else if (item.equals("clam")) { return new NYStyleClamPizza(); } else if (item.equals("pepperoni")) { return new NYStylePepperioniPizza(); } else return null; } } I don't understand how this pattern is not violating open-close. What if we require a beef Pizza, then we must edit the if statement in the NYPizzaStore class.

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  • How to layer if statements when order of logic is irrelevant?

    - by jimmyjimmy
    Basically I have a series of logic in my website that can lead to 5 total outcomes. Basically two different if tests and then a catch all else statement. For example: if cond1: if mod1: #do things elif mod2: #do things elif cond2: if mod1: #do things elif mod2 #do things else: #do things I was thinking about rewriting it like this: if cond1 and mod1: #do things elif cond1 and mod2: #do things elif cond2 and mod1: #do things elif cond2 and mod2: #do things else: #do things Is there any real difference in these two coding options/a better choice for this kind of logic testing?

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  • Why do we need to put N before strings in Microsoft SQL Server?

    - by user61752
    I'm learning T-SQL. From the examples I've seen, to insert text in a varchar() cell, I can write just the string to insert, but for nvarchar() cells, every example prefix the strings with the letter N. I tried the following query on a table which has nvarchar() rows, and it works fine, so the prefix N is not required: insert into [TableName] values ('Hello', 'World') Why the strings are prefixed with N in every example I've seen? What are the pros or cons of using this prefix?

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  • Software requirements for replicating a Windows application

    - by gpuguy
    I developed an application using Windows Form in C++ (IDE MSVC 2010). Some part of application also has MFC, and OpenCv. I want to send the application to my cleint for interim testing on his own machine. I have not developed any installer for the same, and so I will be sending him the.EXE file. I want that the client should not face any difficulty in replicating the experiment, and thus saves his time. Can somebody suggest me what all softwares(such as, MSVC, .NET Framework, Windows SDK etc) should already be installed on the client's machine for successfull testing of the application? Note: OS (Windows 7) and hardware is exactly same at both sides.

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  • best way to send messages to all subscribers with multiple subscriptions and multiple providers

    - by coding_idiot
    I'm writing an application in which - Many users can subsribe to posts made by another users. So for a single publisher there can be many subscribers. When a message is posted by an user X, all users who have subscribed to messages of User X will be sent an email. How to achieve this ? I'm thinking of using publish-subscribe pattern. And then I came through JMS. Which is the best JMS implementation to use according to your experience ? Or else what else solution do you propose to the given problem ? Shall I go for a straight-forward solution ?: User x posts a message, I find all users (from database) who subscribe to user x and then for every user, I call the sendEmail() method. [EDIT] My intention here is not to send-emails. I'm really sorry if it wasn't clear. I also have to send kind of system-notifications apart from Email to all subscribers. Right now, I've implemented the email-sending as a threadPool

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  • T9 patented while QWERTY is not?

    - by Marco W.
    I've seen that there are lots of custom keyboards for Android, but all are QWERTY keyboards. I couldn't find any keyboard with T9 layout. Is this because T9 is patented and the QWERTY layout is not? So if I made a T9 keyboard, I would have to pay patent fees? So what does the patent protect when you look at T9? Only the layout? Or the prediction engine? The problem is, this way of predicting words is the only one that makes sense for this layout ...

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  • What's wrong with circular references?

    - by dash-tom-bang
    I was involved in a programming discussion today where I made some statements that basically assumed axiomatically that circular references (between modules, classes, whatever) are generally bad. Once I got through with my pitch, my coworker asked, "what's wrong with circular references?" I've got strong feelings on this, but it's hard for me to verbalize concisely and concretely. Any explanation that I may come up with tends to rely on other items that I too consider axioms ("can't use in isolation, so can't test", "unknown/undefined behavior as state mutates in the participating objects", etc.), but I'd love to hear a concise reason for why circular references are bad that don't take the kinds of leaps of faith that my own brain does, having spent many hours over the years untangling them to understand, fix, and extend various bits of code. Edit: I am not asking about homogenous circular references, like those in a doubly-linked list or pointer-to-parent. This question is really asking about "larger scope" circular references, like libA calling libB which calls back to libA. Substitute 'module' for 'lib' if you like. Thanks for all of the answers so far!

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