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• repeated entries in website log file

  - by Reza

  I am writing an ad hoc log analyser for my website log file. The following is part of the log file in which it shows file1.pdf has been downloaded twice. Looking carefully, the time stamp and IP address are exactly the same in both entries. How can it be possible to have 2 downloads at the same time by the same person. Should I count it as 2 in my programme or as 1? Any reply is appreciated. name_of_subdomain xxx.xxx.xx.xx - - [02/Apr/2012:09:13:31 +0100] "GET /file1.pdf HTTP/1.1" 206 3706 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.4506.2152; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; CMDTDF)" name_of_subdomain xxx.xxx.xx.xx - - [02/Apr/2012:09:13:31 +0100] "GET /file1.pdf HTTP/1.1" 206 425462 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.4506.2152; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; CMDTDF)"

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• Can't get DNS Alias work on Ubuntu 10.04 with Apache 2

  - by Johnny

  I want to use the DNS Alias to configure one of my domain pointing to a specific directory on the server. Here is what I've done: Change the IP address in domain setting, and it works $ ping www.example.com PING example.com (124.205.62.xxx): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 124.205.62.xxx: icmp_seq=0 ttl=48 time=53.088 ms 64 bytes from 124.205.62.xxx: icmp_seq=1 ttl=48 time=52.125 ms ^C --- example.com ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0.0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 52.125/52.606/53.088/0.482 ms Add sites-available and sites-enabled $ ls -l /etc/apache2/sites-available/ total 16 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 948 2010-04-14 03:27 default -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7467 2010-04-14 03:27 default-ssl -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 365 2010-06-09 18:27 example.com $ ls -l /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/ total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 26 2010-06-09 15:46 000-default -> ../sites-available/default lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 2010-06-09 18:17 001-example.com -> ../sites-available/example.com But it doesn't work and when I open the browser for www.example.com, it shows an 111 error: The following error was encountered: Connection to 124.205.62.48 Failed The system returned: (111) Connection refused Here is how example.com's config: $ cat /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/001-example.com <virtualhost *:80> DocumentRoot "/vhosts/example.com/htdocs/" ServerName www.example.com ServerAlias example.com <Location /> Order Deny,Allow Deny from None Allow from all </Location> #Include /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf ErrorLog /vhosts/example.com/logs/error.log CustomLog /vhosts/example.com/logs/access.log combined Could you please tell me how to solve this?

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• Files deleted. What could have happened?

  - by jjfine

  I'm having a weird issue today. I was writing and testing out some simple cgi scripts this morning when I realized that I couldn't run them from one of the other computers on the (windows) network. So I had my network admin come in and take a look at what was going on. A few minutes later a co-worker came in and told me that a bunch of files he was working with as well as a bunch of others (all *.c files) on the network drive got deleted. He also noticed some strange apache_dump_500.log.txt files in the same directories where the files got deleted. The apache_dump_500.log.txt files all look like this: REDIRECT_HTTP_ACCEPT=*/*, image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg REDIRECT_HTTP_USER_AGENT=Mozilla/1.1b2 (X11; I; HP-UX A.09.05 9000/712) REDIRECT_PATH=.:/bin:/usr/local/bin:/etc REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING= REDIRECT_REMOTE_ADDR=<my computer's local ip> REDIRECT_REMOTE_HOST= REDIRECT_SERVER_NAME=<my computer's domain url> REDIRECT_SERVER_PORT= REDIRECT_SERVER_SOFTWARE= REDIRECT_URL=/cgi-bin/trojan.py I looked and I don't have any trojan.py in my cgi-bin folder. And all my apache logs are clean. Windows event logger seems to not have any traces of what happened either. My httpd.conf: http://pastebin.com/Yny2Yh8v I think we've got some kind of virus that added this trojan.py file to my cgi-bin, ran the script, and deleted the script and any traces from the logs. Is this a thing that happens? Any ideas whatsoever would be much appreciated!

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• Multi- authentication scenario for a public internet service using Kerberos

  - by StrangeLoop

  I have a public web server which has users coming from internet (via HTTPS) and from a corporate intranet. I wish to use Kerberos authentication for the intranet users so that they would be automatically logged in the web application without the need to provide any login/password (assuming they are already logged to the Windows domain). For the users coming from internet I want to provide traditional basic/form- based authentication. User/password data for these users would be stored internally in a database used by the application. Web application will be configured to use Kerberos authentication for users coming from specific intranet ip networks and basic/form- based authentication will be used for the rest of the users. From a security perspective, are there some risks involved in this kind of setup or is this a generally accepted solution? My understanding is that server doesn't need access to KDC (see Kerberos authentication, service host and access to KDC) and it can be completely isolated from AD and corporate intranet. The server has a keytab file stored locally that is used to decrypt tickets sent by the users coming from intranet. The tickets only contain username and domain of the incoming user. Server never sees the passwords of authenticated users. If the server would be hacked and the keytab file compromised, it would mean that attacker could forge tickets for any domain user and get access to the web application as any user. But typically this is the case anyway if hacker gains access to the keytab file on the local filesystem. The encryption key contained in the keytab file is based on the service account password in AD and is in hashed form, I guess it is very difficult to brute force this password if strong Kerberos encryption like AES-256-SHA1 is used. As the server has no network access to intranet, even the compromised service account couldn't be directly used for anything.

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• Using Samba to share a folder from a Linux guest with a Windows host in VirtualBox

  - by AmV

  I would like to share a folder from a Linux Guest with a Windows host (with read and write access if possible) in VirtualBox. I read in these two links: here and here that it's possible to do this using Samba, but I am a little bit lost and I need more information on how to proceed. So far, I managed to set up two network adapters (one NAT and one host-only) and install Samba on the Linux guest, but now I have the following questions: What do I need to type in samba.conf to share a folder from the Linux guest? (the tutorial provided in one of the links above only explains how to share home directories) Are there any Samba commands that need to be executed on the guest to enable sharing? How do I make sure that these folders are only available to the host OS and not on the Internet? Once the Linux guest is setup, how do I access each of the individual shared folders from the Windows host? I read that I need to mount a drive on Windows to do this, but do I use Samba logins, or Linux logins, also do I use localhost? or do I need to set up an IP for this? Thanks!

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• Connection failed between Windows Servers

  - by Kerby82

  I'm setting up an infrastructure based on Windows Server 2012. The firewall is turned off and I can't access the Domain controller to check for the group policy. I'm experiencing some connection problem between servers. All the servers are running a site on the TCP Port 80 and I check with netstat that the web server is binding on every Ip of the servers. If i try to telnet from the server itself on the port 80 it works (using DNS name) if I try same telnet from another machine I get connection failed. The DNS works, the ping is successfull, the servers are on the same subnet, the firewall is turned off (even though windows advanced firewall says that some settings can be managed by the System Administrator, i guess group policy). I don't know how to troubleshoot further. Do you have any idea? Is that possible that the FW looks turned off but there are some group policy blocking the connections? (I also check group policy-Administrative Template-Network Connections- Windows FW everything is not configured) I need some hint on how to keep troubleshooting such a problem.

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• Cannot open root device xvda1 or unknown-block(0,0)

  - by svoop

  I'm putting together a Dom0 and three DomU (all Gentoo) with kernel 3.5.7 and Xen 4.1.1. Each Dom has it's own md (md0 for Dom0, md1 for Dom1 etc). Dom0 works fine so far, however, I'm stuck trying to create DomUs. It appears the xvda1 device on DomU is not created or accessible: Parsing config file dom1 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_allocate: cmdline="root=/dev/xvda1 console=hvc0 root=/dev/xvda1 ro 3", features="(null)" domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_kernel_mem: called domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_boot_xen_init: ver 4.1, caps xen-3.0-x86_64 xen-3.0-x86_32p hvm-3.0-x86_32 hvm-3.0-x86_32p hvm-3.0-x86_64 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_parse_image: called domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_find_loader: trying multiboot-binary loader ... domainbuilder: detail: loader probe failed domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_find_loader: trying Linux bzImage loader ... domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_malloc : 10530 kB domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_do_gunzip: unzip ok, 0x2f7a4f -> 0xa48888 domainbuilder: detail: loader probe OK xc: detail: elf_parse_binary: phdr: paddr=0x1000000 memsz=0x558000 xc: detail: elf_parse_binary: phdr: paddr=0x1558000 memsz=0x690e8 xc: detail: elf_parse_binary: phdr: paddr=0x15c2000 memsz=0x127c0 xc: detail: elf_parse_binary: phdr: paddr=0x15d5000 memsz=0x533000 xc: detail: elf_parse_binary: memory: 0x1000000 -> 0x1b08000 xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: GUEST_OS = "linux" xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: GUEST_VERSION = "2.6" xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: XEN_VERSION = "xen-3.0" xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: VIRT_BASE = 0xffffffff80000000 xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: ENTRY = 0xffffffff815d5210 xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: HYPERCALL_PAGE = 0xffffffff81001000 xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: FEATURES = "!writable_page_tables|pae_pgdir_above_4gb" xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: PAE_MODE = "yes" xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: LOADER = "generic" xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: unknown xen elf note (0xd) xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: SUSPEND_CANCEL = 0x1 xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: HV_START_LOW = 0xffff800000000000 xc: detail: elf_xen_parse_note: PADDR_OFFSET = 0x0 xc: detail: elf_xen_addr_calc_check: addresses: xc: detail: virt_base = 0xffffffff80000000 xc: detail: elf_paddr_offset = 0x0 xc: detail: virt_offset = 0xffffffff80000000 xc: detail: virt_kstart = 0xffffffff81000000 xc: detail: virt_kend = 0xffffffff81b08000 xc: detail: virt_entry = 0xffffffff815d5210 xc: detail: p2m_base = 0xffffffffffffffff domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_parse_elf_kernel: xen-3.0-x86_64: 0xffffffff81000000 -> 0xffffffff81b08000 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_mem_init: mem 5000 MB, pages 0x138800 pages, 4k each domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_mem_init: 0x138800 pages domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_boot_mem_init: called domainbuilder: detail: x86_compat: guest xen-3.0-x86_64, address size 64 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_malloc : 10000 kB domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_build_image: called domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_alloc_segment: kernel : 0xffffffff81000000 -> 0xffffffff81b08000 (pfn 0x1000 + 0xb08 pages) domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_pfn_to_ptr: domU mapping: pfn 0x1000+0xb08 at 0x7fdec9b85000 xc: detail: elf_load_binary: phdr 0 at 0x0x7fdec9b85000 -> 0x0x7fdeca0dd000 xc: detail: elf_load_binary: phdr 1 at 0x0x7fdeca0dd000 -> 0x0x7fdeca1460e8 xc: detail: elf_load_binary: phdr 2 at 0x0x7fdeca147000 -> 0x0x7fdeca1597c0 xc: detail: elf_load_binary: phdr 3 at 0x0x7fdeca15a000 -> 0x0x7fdeca1cd000 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_alloc_segment: phys2mach : 0xffffffff81b08000 -> 0xffffffff824cc000 (pfn 0x1b08 + 0x9c4 pages) domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_pfn_to_ptr: domU mapping: pfn 0x1b08+0x9c4 at 0x7fdec91c1000 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_alloc_page : start info : 0xffffffff824cc000 (pfn 0x24cc) domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_alloc_page : xenstore : 0xffffffff824cd000 (pfn 0x24cd) domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_alloc_page : console : 0xffffffff824ce000 (pfn 0x24ce) domainbuilder: detail: nr_page_tables: 0x0000ffffffffffff/48: 0xffff000000000000 -> 0xffffffffffffffff, 1 table(s) domainbuilder: detail: nr_page_tables: 0x0000007fffffffff/39: 0xffffff8000000000 -> 0xffffffffffffffff, 1 table(s) domainbuilder: detail: nr_page_tables: 0x000000003fffffff/30: 0xffffffff80000000 -> 0xffffffffbfffffff, 1 table(s) domainbuilder: detail: nr_page_tables: 0x00000000001fffff/21: 0xffffffff80000000 -> 0xffffffff827fffff, 20 table(s) domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_alloc_segment: page tables : 0xffffffff824cf000 -> 0xffffffff824e6000 (pfn 0x24cf + 0x17 pages) domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_pfn_to_ptr: domU mapping: pfn 0x24cf+0x17 at 0x7fdece676000 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_alloc_page : boot stack : 0xffffffff824e6000 (pfn 0x24e6) domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_build_image : virt_alloc_end : 0xffffffff824e7000 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_build_image : virt_pgtab_end : 0xffffffff82800000 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_boot_image: called domainbuilder: detail: arch_setup_bootearly: doing nothing domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_compat_check: supported guest type: xen-3.0-x86_64 <= matches domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_compat_check: supported guest type: xen-3.0-x86_32p domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_compat_check: supported guest type: hvm-3.0-x86_32 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_compat_check: supported guest type: hvm-3.0-x86_32p domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_compat_check: supported guest type: hvm-3.0-x86_64 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_update_guest_p2m: dst 64bit, pages 0x138800 domainbuilder: detail: clear_page: pfn 0x24ce, mfn 0x37ddee domainbuilder: detail: clear_page: pfn 0x24cd, mfn 0x37ddef domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_pfn_to_ptr: domU mapping: pfn 0x24cc+0x1 at 0x7fdece675000 domainbuilder: detail: start_info_x86_64: called domainbuilder: detail: setup_hypercall_page: vaddr=0xffffffff81001000 pfn=0x1001 domainbuilder: detail: domain builder memory footprint domainbuilder: detail: allocated domainbuilder: detail: malloc : 20658 kB domainbuilder: detail: anon mmap : 0 bytes domainbuilder: detail: mapped domainbuilder: detail: file mmap : 0 bytes domainbuilder: detail: domU mmap : 21392 kB domainbuilder: detail: arch_setup_bootlate: shared_info: pfn 0x0, mfn 0xbaa6f domainbuilder: detail: shared_info_x86_64: called domainbuilder: detail: vcpu_x86_64: called domainbuilder: detail: vcpu_x86_64: cr3: pfn 0x24cf mfn 0x37dded domainbuilder: detail: launch_vm: called, ctxt=0x7fff224e4ea0 domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_release: called Daemon running with PID 4639 [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.5.7-gentoo (root@majordomo) (gcc version 4.5.4 (Gentoo 4.5.4 p1.0, pie-0.4.7) ) #1 SMP Tue Nov 20 10:49:51 CET 2012 [ 0.000000] Command line: root=/dev/xvda1 console=hvc0 root=/dev/xvda1 ro 3 [ 0.000000] ACPI in unprivileged domain disabled [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: [ 0.000000] Xen: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009ffff] usable [ 0.000000] Xen: [mem 0x00000000000a0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved [ 0.000000] Xen: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x0000000138ffffff] usable [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active [ 0.000000] MPS support code is not built-in. [ 0.000000] Using acpi=off or acpi=noirq or pci=noacpi may have problem [ 0.000000] DMI not present or invalid. [ 0.000000] No AGP bridge found [ 0.000000] e820: last_pfn = 0x139000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 [ 0.000000] e820: last_pfn = 0x100000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0xffffffff] [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x100000000-0x138ffffff] [ 0.000000] NUMA turned off [ 0.000000] Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x0000000138ffffff] [ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x00000000-0x138ffffff] [ 0.000000] NODE_DATA [mem 0x1387fc000-0x1387fffff] [ 0.000000] Zone ranges: [ 0.000000] DMA [mem 0x00010000-0x00ffffff] [ 0.000000] DMA32 [mem 0x01000000-0xffffffff] [ 0.000000] Normal [mem 0x100000000-0x138ffffff] [ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges [ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x00010000-0x0009ffff] [ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x00100000-0x138ffffff] [ 0.000000] SMP: Allowing 1 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs [ 0.000000] No local APIC present [ 0.000000] APIC: disable apic facility [ 0.000000] APIC: switched to apic NOOP [ 0.000000] e820: cannot find a gap in the 32bit address range [ 0.000000] e820: PCI devices with unassigned 32bit BARs may break! [ 0.000000] e820: [mem 0x139100000-0x1394fffff] available for PCI devices [ 0.000000] Booting paravirtualized kernel on Xen [ 0.000000] Xen version: 4.1.1 (preserve-AD) [ 0.000000] setup_percpu: NR_CPUS:64 nr_cpumask_bits:64 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1 [ 0.000000] PERCPU: Embedded 26 pages/cpu @ffff880138400000 s75712 r8192 d22592 u2097152 [ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists in Node order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 1259871 [ 0.000000] Policy zone: Normal [ 0.000000] Kernel command line: root=/dev/xvda1 console=hvc0 root=/dev/xvda1 ro 3 [ 0.000000] PID hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes) [ 0.000000] __ex_table already sorted, skipping sort [ 0.000000] Checking aperture... [ 0.000000] No AGP bridge found [ 0.000000] Memory: 4943980k/5128192k available (3937k kernel code, 448k absent, 183764k reserved, 1951k data, 524k init) [ 0.000000] SLUB: Genslabs=15, HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1 [ 0.000000] Hierarchical RCU implementation. [ 0.000000] NR_IRQS:4352 nr_irqs:256 16 [ 0.000000] Console: colour dummy device 80x25 [ 0.000000] console [tty0] enabled [ 0.000000] console [hvc0] enabled [ 0.000000] installing Xen timer for CPU 0 [ 0.000000] Detected 3411.602 MHz processor. [ 0.000999] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 6823.20 BogoMIPS (lpj=3411602) [ 0.000999] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301 [ 0.000999] Security Framework initialized [ 0.001355] Dentry cache hash table entries: 1048576 (order: 11, 8388608 bytes) [ 0.002974] Inode-cache hash table entries: 524288 (order: 10, 4194304 bytes) [ 0.003441] Mount-cache hash table entries: 256 [ 0.003595] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct [ 0.003599] Initializing cgroup subsys freezer [ 0.003637] ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: Set to 'normal', was 'performance' [ 0.003637] ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: View and update with x86_energy_perf_policy(8) [ 0.003643] CPU: Physical Processor ID: 0 [ 0.003645] CPU: Processor Core ID: 0 [ 0.003702] SMP alternatives: switching to UP code [ 0.011791] Freeing SMP alternatives: 12k freed [ 0.011835] Performance Events: unsupported p6 CPU model 42 no PMU driver, software events only. [ 0.011886] Brought up 1 CPUs [ 0.011998] Grant tables using version 2 layout. [ 0.012009] Grant table initialized [ 0.012034] NET: Registered protocol family 16 [ 0.012328] PCI: setting up Xen PCI frontend stub [ 0.015089] bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0 [ 0.015158] ACPI: Interpreter disabled. [ 0.015180] xen/balloon: Initialising balloon driver. [ 0.015180] xen-balloon: Initialising balloon driver. [ 0.015180] vgaarb: loaded [ 0.016126] SCSI subsystem initialized [ 0.016314] PCI: System does not support PCI [ 0.016320] PCI: System does not support PCI [ 0.016435] NetLabel: Initializing [ 0.016438] NetLabel: domain hash size = 128 [ 0.016440] NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4 [ 0.016447] NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default [ 0.016475] Switching to clocksource xen [ 0.017434] pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled [ 0.017501] NET: Registered protocol family 2 [ 0.017864] IP route cache hash table entries: 262144 (order: 9, 2097152 bytes) [ 0.019322] TCP established hash table entries: 524288 (order: 11, 8388608 bytes) [ 0.020376] TCP bind hash table entries: 65536 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes) [ 0.020497] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 524288 bind 65536) [ 0.020500] TCP: reno registered [ 0.020525] UDP hash table entries: 4096 (order: 5, 131072 bytes) [ 0.020564] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 4096 (order: 5, 131072 bytes) [ 0.020624] NET: Registered protocol family 1 [ 0.020658] PCI-DMA: Using software bounce buffering for IO (SWIOTLB) [ 0.020662] software IO TLB [mem 0xfb632000-0xff631fff] (64MB) mapped at [ffff8800fb632000-ffff8800ff631fff] [ 0.020750] platform rtc_cmos: registered platform RTC device (no PNP device found) [ 0.021378] HugeTLB registered 2 MB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages [ 0.023378] msgmni has been set to 9656 [ 0.023544] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 253) [ 0.023549] io scheduler noop registered [ 0.023551] io scheduler deadline registered [ 0.023580] io scheduler cfq registered (default) [ 0.023650] pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5 [ 0.023845] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled [ 0.024082] Non-volatile memory driver v1.3 [ 0.024085] Linux agpgart interface v0.103 [ 0.024207] Event-channel device installed. [ 0.024265] [drm] Initialized drm 1.1.0 20060810 [ 0.024268] [drm:i915_init] *ERROR* drm/i915 can't work without intel_agp module! [ 0.025145] brd: module loaded [ 0.025565] loop: module loaded [ 0.045646] Initialising Xen virtual ethernet driver. [ 0.198264] i8042: PNP: No PS/2 controller found. Probing ports directly. [ 0.199096] i8042: No controller found [ 0.199139] mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice [ 0.259303] rtc_cmos rtc_cmos: rtc core: registered rtc_cmos as rtc0 [ 0.259353] rtc_cmos: probe of rtc_cmos failed with error -38 [ 0.259440] md: raid1 personality registered for level 1 [ 0.259542] nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max) [ 0.259732] ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team [ 0.259747] TCP: cubic registered [ 0.259886] NET: Registered protocol family 10 [ 0.260031] ip6_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team [ 0.260070] sit: IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling driver [ 0.260194] NET: Registered protocol family 17 [ 0.260213] Bridge firewalling registered [ 5.360075] XENBUS: Waiting for devices to initialise: 25s...20s...15s...10s...5s...0s...235s...230s...225s...220s...215s...210s...205s...200s...195s...190s...185s...180s...175s...170s...165s...160s...155s...150s...145s...140s...135s...130s...125s...120s...115s...110s...105s...100s...95s...90s...85s...80s...75s...70s...65s...60s...55s...50s...45s...40s...35s...30s...25s...20s...15s...10s...5s...0s... [ 270.360180] XENBUS: Timeout connecting to device: device/vbd/51713 (local state 3, remote state 1) [ 270.360273] md: Waiting for all devices to be available before autodetect [ 270.360277] md: If you don't use raid, use raid=noautodetect [ 270.360388] md: Autodetecting RAID arrays. [ 270.360392] md: Scanned 0 and added 0 devices. [ 270.360394] md: autorun ... [ 270.360395] md: ... autorun DONE. [ 270.360431] VFS: Cannot open root device "xvda1" or unknown-block(0,0): error -6 [ 270.360435] Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions: [ 270.360440] Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0) [ 270.360444] Pid: 1, comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 3.5.7-gentoo #1 [ 270.360446] Call Trace: [ 270.360454] [<ffffffff813d2205>] ? panic+0xbe/0x1c5 [ 270.360459] [<ffffffff813d2358>] ? printk+0x4c/0x51 [ 270.360464] [<ffffffff815d5fb7>] ? mount_block_root+0x24f/0x26d [ 270.360469] [<ffffffff815d62b6>] ? prepare_namespace+0x168/0x192 [ 270.360474] [<ffffffff815d5ca7>] ? kernel_init+0x1b0/0x1c2 [ 270.360477] [<ffffffff815d5500>] ? loglevel+0x34/0x34 [ 270.360482] [<ffffffff813d5a64>] ? kernel_thread_helper+0x4/0x10 [ 270.360486] [<ffffffff813d4038>] ? retint_restore_args+0x5/0x6 [ 270.360490] [<ffffffff813d5a60>] ? gs_change+0x13/0x13 The config: name = "dom1" bootloader = "/usr/bin/pygrub" root = "/dev/xvda1 ro" extra = "3" # runlevel memory = 5000 disk = [ 'phy:/dev/md1,xvda1,w' ] # vif = [ 'ip=..., vifname=veth1' ] # none for now Here are some details on the Dom0 kernel (grepping for "xen"): CONFIG_XEN=y CONFIG_XEN_DOM0=y CONFIG_XEN_PRIVILEGED_GUEST=y CONFIG_XEN_PVHVM=y CONFIG_XEN_MAX_DOMAIN_MEMORY=500 CONFIG_XEN_SAVE_RESTORE=y CONFIG_PCI_XEN=y CONFIG_XEN_PCIDEV_FRONTEND=y # CONFIG_XEN_BLKDEV_FRONTEND is not set CONFIG_XEN_BLKDEV_BACKEND=y # CONFIG_XEN_NETDEV_FRONTEND is not set CONFIG_XEN_NETDEV_BACKEND=y CONFIG_INPUT_XEN_KBDDEV_FRONTEND=y CONFIG_HVC_XEN=y CONFIG_HVC_XEN_FRONTEND=y # CONFIG_XEN_WDT is not set # CONFIG_XEN_FBDEV_FRONTEND is not set # Xen driver support CONFIG_XEN_BALLOON=y # CONFIG_XEN_SELFBALLOONING is not set CONFIG_XEN_SCRUB_PAGES=y CONFIG_XEN_DEV_EVTCHN=y CONFIG_XEN_BACKEND=y CONFIG_XENFS=y CONFIG_XEN_COMPAT_XENFS=y CONFIG_XEN_SYS_HYPERVISOR=y CONFIG_XEN_XENBUS_FRONTEND=y CONFIG_XEN_GNTDEV=m CONFIG_XEN_GRANT_DEV_ALLOC=m CONFIG_SWIOTLB_XEN=y CONFIG_XEN_TMEM=y CONFIG_XEN_PCIDEV_BACKEND=m CONFIG_XEN_PRIVCMD=y CONFIG_XEN_ACPI_PROCESSOR=m And the DomU kernel (grepping for "xen"): CONFIG_XEN=y CONFIG_XEN_DOM0=y CONFIG_XEN_PRIVILEGED_GUEST=y CONFIG_XEN_PVHVM=y CONFIG_XEN_MAX_DOMAIN_MEMORY=500 CONFIG_XEN_SAVE_RESTORE=y CONFIG_PCI_XEN=y CONFIG_XEN_PCIDEV_FRONTEND=y CONFIG_XEN_BLKDEV_FRONTEND=y CONFIG_XEN_NETDEV_FRONTEND=y CONFIG_INPUT_XEN_KBDDEV_FRONTEND=y CONFIG_HVC_XEN=y CONFIG_HVC_XEN_FRONTEND=y # CONFIG_XEN_WDT is not set # CONFIG_XEN_FBDEV_FRONTEND is not set # Xen driver support CONFIG_XEN_BALLOON=y # CONFIG_XEN_SELFBALLOONING is not set CONFIG_XEN_SCRUB_PAGES=y CONFIG_XEN_DEV_EVTCHN=y # CONFIG_XEN_BACKEND is not set CONFIG_XENFS=y CONFIG_XEN_COMPAT_XENFS=y CONFIG_XEN_SYS_HYPERVISOR=y CONFIG_XEN_XENBUS_FRONTEND=y CONFIG_XEN_GNTDEV=m CONFIG_XEN_GRANT_DEV_ALLOC=m CONFIG_SWIOTLB_XEN=y CONFIG_XEN_TMEM=y CONFIG_XEN_PRIVCMD=y CONFIG_XEN_ACPI_PROCESSOR=m Any ideas what I'm doing wrong here? Thanks a lot!

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• Windows 7 ICS client web failure

  - by n8wrl

  I have several windows 7 PC's connected on a LAN via a hub. One has a Verizon 3G connection and works great. I have internet connection sharing enabled on it, which automagically set the LAN connection to 192.168.137.1 and enabled DHCP. I am trying to get the client PC's working one at a time. The others are off. The client is able to: Get an IP via DHCP with correct settings. Ping any web address I can throw at it, so DNS and routing are working. Windows update works. But web sites hang in IE. All but google.com! I type www.msn.com, microsoft.com, amazon.com, etc. etc. All ping via a cmd window but IE just hangs - it says web site found but the green progress bar just slowly creeps and no content displays. www.google.com comes up even after clearing browser and dns cache. I am pulling my hair out - what am I missing? EDIT: After some more gyrations with a router I'm back to ICS. Same symptoms, only now I have an answer to Andrew's question, YES I can do Google searches but clicking on any of the result links hangs! Let one sit for half an hour with no timeout or error.

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• Mounted NFS directory not writable by Apache / PHP

  - by phpfour

  Need some help here with NFS. Here's what I have (all servers running CentOS 5.6 with SELinux): 172.17.20.1 - Primary server with static IP. Varnish redirects requests to the web servers. 172.17.20.2 - Web server 1 172.17.20.3 - Web server 2 The application residing on the web servers is running Drupal and I need both of them to share the same files directory. I have created a folder in 172.17.20.1 called /var/nfs with root user. Here is my /etc/exports content: /var/nfs 172.17.20.2(rw,sync,no_root_squash) 172.17.20.3(rw,sync,no_root_squash) On both the web servers (172.17.20.2/3), I have it mounted like below: [root@web2 ~]# mount ... 172.17.20.1:/var/nfs on /mnt/nfs/var/nfs type nfs (rw,sync,hard,intr,addr=172.17.20.1) On all the servers, I've added the user apache to the root group to get the desired write access: [root@main ~]# cat /etc/group root:x:0:root,apache .... .... apache:x:48: [root@web1 ~]# cat /etc/group root:x:0:root,apache .... .... apache:x:48: Despite all this, when I try to write files into the /mnt/nfs/var/nfs folder from Drupal/PHP, it cannot write to it. I even tried with a simple PHP upload script but it doesn't work, so the problem is not with Drupal. Any help you guys can do is much appreciated. I've spent hours and hours with it, without any success :( Thanks in advance.

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• Unable to connect to server after a certain amount of time

  - by Troy

  I am a business FIOS subscriber with 5 static IPs. I have the following network setup: Verizon provided ONT Dlink switch Dell server running Ubuntu 12.04 with iptables enabled and a static IP address. The makes/models of hardware are: FIOS ONT Alcatel-Lucent I-211M-H ONT D-Link D-Link Web Smart Switch DES-1228P Server Dell Optiplex 755 (Ubuntu 12.04 Server) I have iptables running on the server with http, https and ssh ports open. I can connect to a website on the server from an external computer, but after a certain amount of time (mins to hours), I can no longer connect. All I have to do to re-enable connectivity is connect to the server via SSH from a computer INSIDE the network. I don't have to actually login, I just have to establish a connection. I can then access the website externally again. I did some googling and it seems some of verizon's equipment had an ARP bug where the ARP entries would expire after a certain time period, but those issues all seem to be from back in 2009 - 2010. I know the switch has an 'auto learning Mac address' feature, but I'm not sure if that could be the problem or not. Does anyone have any ideas or advice on how I can troubleshoot this? Thanks!

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• dnsmasq Client TTL

  - by user548971

  I have a situation where my hosts file is constantly changing. Because of this I don't want clients to cache ip addresses resolved using the hosts file. Here is the command that starts dnsmasq for me: /usr/sbin/dnsmasq -K -R -y -Z -b -E -S 8.8.8.8 -l /tmp/dhcp.leases -r /tmp/resolv.conf.auto --stop-dns-rebind --rebind-localhost-ok --dhcp-range=lan,192.168.2.2,192.168.2.249,255.255.255.0,12h -2 eth0 In looking at this site: http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/docs/dnsmasq-man.html I see that the -T option has this description: -T, --local-ttl=<time> When replying with information from /etc/hosts or the DHCP leases file dnsmasq by default sets the time-to-live field to zero, meaning that the requester should not itself cache the information. This is the correct thing to do in almost all situations. This option allows a time-to-live (in seconds) to be given for these replies. This will reduce the load on the server at the expense of clients using stale data under some circumstances. My command doesn't have the -T option. Do I need it or does dnsmasq default TTL to zero without it?

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• Map a URL bought with Dreamhost to Amazon EC2 (AWS)

  - by Edan Maor

  I have several URLs I purchased through Dreamhost. I'm starting to use Amazon's AWS, and I'd like to map the URLs to Amazon. This is something of a silly question, and I've already done the same thing several times to other services (mapping from Dreamhost to WebFaction). But for some reason when I tried to find the proper way to do the same mapping to Amazon, I find a lot of detailed writing talking about whether I should be using CNAME or A records, etc. So I wanted to ask in the simplest possible terms and hopefully get a simple, concrete answer: I bought a URL from Dreamhost, I have an EC2 server running on AWS (to which I already mapped an Elastic IP address). How do I make the URL map to AWS? And if there are several options, which one should I effectively be using? P.S. Meta-question - why are things so much more difficult with AWS? When I search Google for "Move from Dreamhost to WebFaction, I get very simple answers on how to do the mapping. In what way is AWS different?

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• Set up Linux box as WAP for MyBookLive?

  - by AcidFlask

  I inherited an old Linux box as well as a MyBookLive and would like to make the MyBookLive available over my wireless, essentially using the Linux box as a wireless access point. I just wiped the Linux box (home) and installed Ubuntu 12.04 on it. My network setup currently looks like this: (192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0) ISP --- wireless router --- wlan0 on home (192.168.0.12) | eth0 on home --- MyBookLive MacBook (192.168.0.11) so that the MyBookLive is basically a glorified external hard drive. The router does have an Ethernet port, but it is being used by my roommate's computer so I can't plug the MyBookLive directly into it. Right now I can ping MyBookLive.local and MacBook.local from home, but I am having trouble understanding and figuring out what the correct iptables commands are to make my MacBook see my MyBookLive through the Bonjour network. Also, I'm not sure if I need to set up DNS to forward xxx.local Bonjour/Zeroconf addresses. I tried the following to forward my entire wired network (which has only my MyBookLive) to a single IP address: sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o wlan0 -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp -j DNAT --to 192.168.0.66 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p udp -j DNAT --to 192.168.0.66 but I can't ping this address from my MacBook. This is probably horribly wrong, but I am a complete noob at setting up this kind of network and could use some expert help with setting this up properly.

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• openVPN as a way to connect to a LAN by another client, different from server

  - by Einar

  Setup: one LAN handled by a router without a publicly available IP address but without any outbound connection restrictions ("target LAN"); a separate server publicly reachable from the Internet ("gateway"). I am trying to set up openVPN so that a third client can connect to the "gateway" and access the "target LAN". As the router of "target LAN" is not reachable from the Internet directly, it connects to the gateway itself via openVPN as well. The problem is how to handle routing. The LAN router has two network interfaces (for the outside network and the LAN itself). In openVPN (the server on the gateway) I set client-to-client and push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0" but I assume this would be horribly wrong (it actually messed up the routing on the LAN router until I killed openVPN). openVPN is not using bridging, is configured via tun. Other config details from the server server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 client-config-dir ccd route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 And the client file in ccd is iroute 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 What can be adjusted to ensure that a third client can connect through openVPN and access the LAN mentioned earlier?

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• Variable TTL inside a LAN

  - by user140783

  I recently discovered that ping my local router, returns different TTL values??. The ping 3 switch must pass through before reaching the router, there may be the problem? 192.168.1.99 is the IP of my router , a Cisco WRT120N Thank you! Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=190 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo=29ms TTL=3 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=117 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=131 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=66 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=66 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=66 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=111 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=240 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=66 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=66 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=66 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=51 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=190 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=66 Traceroute G:\Documents and Settings\Administrador>tracert 192.168.1.99 Traza a la dirección maxi2011 [192.168.1.99] sobre un máximo de 30 saltos: 1 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms maxi2011 [192.168.1.99] Traza completa. G:\Documents and Settings\Administradorping 192.168.1.99 Haciendo ping a 192.168.1.99 con 32 bytes de datos: Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=190 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=190 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=117 Respuesta desde 192.168.1.99: bytes=32 tiempo<1m TTL=117 Estadísticas de ping para 192.168.1.99: Paquetes: enviados = 4, recibidos = 4, perdidos = 0 (0% perdidos), Tiempos aproximados de ida y vuelta en milisegundos: Mínimo = 0ms, Máximo = 0ms, Media = 0ms G:\Documents and Settings\Administrador

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• Ping with explicit next-hop selection (aka Monitoring multiple default gateways)

  - by Michuelnik

  I have a linux (debian) router with two internet connections (A) and (B). (A) is preferred, (B) is fallback. I want to monitor the internet connection (and not only the availability of the gateways!) and change the default route appropriately. If (A) is not providing internet, switch to (B) If (A) is providing internet again, switch back to (A). Only problem I have is in case (2). My routing table points towards a working internet so I cannot easily detect whether internet is working over link (A) again. I am search for a ping or traceroute (or other diagnosis-tool) which can select the next-hop explicitly. ping -r looks promising, but can only ping a host on the lan. (It only has to write another destination address in the packet, damnit!) traceroute -g gateway looks even more promising and nearly does what I want - but sets source routing options which my next-hops deny. (Not within my administrative boundary...) I just want a $ping, that can: select a source interface (and address) select a next-hop on that interface ping any arbitrary ip address I could do evil trickery with policy-based routing but that would have production impact for all users. I would like to see a side-effect-free solution....

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• Freshly installed dd-wrt on dir-300 and no internet. What to do?

  - by Erik B

  With the d-link firmware I just connected the router and it worked, as is expected when using DHCP, but with dd-wrt I have no internet access. It is configured with DHCP, and dd-wrt's wan status page reports that it is connected and that it has an ip address. Yet it is impossible to reach the internet. If I disconnect the router and plugs the cable directly into my computer I get internet access, so it's obviously the dd-wrt software that isn't doing its job. However, I have no previous experience with the dd-wrt software and have no clue what to look for. I thought it would just work. By the way, the power led is orange, the internet led is off, and wireless+lan1 is green. They all used to be green with the d-link firmware. Not sure if it's relevant, but now you know. Does anyone have any idea what I should do to get internet access (besides reinstalling d-link's firmware)? EDIT: It's a version B1. I read that it is very different from the A1 version, so I thought it may be relevant.

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• Browsing \\computer\share fails, but net use \\computer\share works?

  - by JMD

  I've had mixed results with using Windows Explorer to browse remote file shares. The setup: I'm at work on Windows XP SP3 Files are at home on Windows XP SP3 Two separate VPNs are available to access my PC at home corporate OpenVPN (10.1.2.3) a Hamachi/LogMeIn connection (5.1.2.3) With respect to my problem, it doesn't matter which IP I use. They both perform exactly the same way: I expect that if I open Windows Explorer and type in \\10.1.2.3\Shared I should be interrupted with a challenge for credentials, and then be able to interact with the files in the share. However, I just get that annoying dialog, "Windows cannot find '\10.1.2.3\Shared' Check the spelling and try again, or try searching for the item ..." However, I can take that exact same computername/sharename and with net use I can: net use * \\10.1.2.3\Shared * /user:homecomputername\username with this result: Type the password for \\5.69.83.158\C$: Drive Z: is now connected to \\5.69.83.158\C$. The command completed successfully. I can then access the files in Z: in Windows Explorer which was my original intent. Even after Z: is already mapped and the credentials are cached I still cannot bring up \\10.1.2.3\Shared in Windows Explorer. Why does the latter work, but not the former? Edit: Other services work fine, such as RDP. (I have a problem in which I can't SSH home, but I'll consider that separately.)

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• How to access XAMPP virtual hosts from iPad on local network?

  - by martin's

  Using XAMPP on one machine. Multiple virtual hosts defined. One per project. Format is .local For example: apple.local microsoft.local client-site.local our-own-internal-site.local All works perfectly from that one machine. I now want to have other systems within the network access the various sites. The main reason for wanting to do this is to be able to test site functionality and layout from mobile devices without having to upload partial work to public servers. I can access the main XAMPP default site by simply entering the IP address of the XAMPP machine in, say, Safari on an iPad. However, there is no way to reach .local that I can see. Would this entail setting up a DNS server within the network? We have a mixture of Windows and Mac machines. No Linux. The XAMPP machine is Vista 64. I don't want real external internet access to be affected in any way, just ".local" pointed to the XAMPP machine if that makes sense.

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• openvpn port 53 bypasses allows restrictions ( find similar ports)

  - by user181216

  scenario of wifi : i'm using wifi in hostel which having cyberoam firewall and all the computer which uses that access point. that access point have following configuration default gateway : 192.168.100.1 primary dns server : 192.168.100.1 here, when i try to open a website the cyberoam firewall redirects the page to a login page (with correct login information, we can browse internet else not), and also website access and bandwidth limitations. once i've heard about pd-proxy which finds open port and tunnels through a port ( usually udp 53). using pd-proxy with UDP 53 port, i can browse internet without login, even bandwidth limit is bypassed !!! and another software called openvpn with connecting openvpn server through udp port 53 i can browse internet without even login into the cyberoam. both of softwares uses port 53, specially openvpn with port 53, now i've a VPS server in which i can install openvpn server and connect through the VPS server to browse internet. i know why that is happening because with pinging on some website(eb. google.com) it returns it's ip address that means it allows dns queries without login. but the problem is there is already DNS service is running on the VPS server on port 53. and i can only use 53 port to bypass the limitations as i think. and i can not run openvpn service on my VPS server on port 53. so how to scan the wifi for vulnerable ports like 53 so that i can figure out the magic port and start a openvpn service on VPS on the same port. ( i want to scan similar vulnerable ports like 53 on cyberoam in which the traffic can be tunneled, not want to scan services running on ports). improvement of the question with retags and edits are always welcomed... NOTE : all these are for Educational purpose only, i'm curious about network related knowledge.....

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• bind9 - forwarders are not working

  - by Sarp Kaya

  I am experiencing an issue with bind. If i want to resolve any domain name that is on the zone file. It works fine. However, when I try to resolve anything that does not belong to the zone file. I know that actual DNS servers that are being forwarded are working fine. But somehow bind9 fails to use them. The content of /etc/bind/named.conf.options is: options { directory "/var/cache/bind"; forwarders { 131.181.127.32; 131.181.59.48; }; dnssec-validation auto; auth-nxdomain no; # conform to RFC1035 listen-on-v6 { any; }; }; I have also tried to use only one ip address and it still did not work. also the content of /etc/bind/named.conf is: include "/etc/bind/named.conf.options"; include "/etc/bind/named.conf.local"; include "/etc/bind/named.conf.default-zones"; So there is no problem with including options file. Any recommendations for fixing this problem?

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• openvpn port 53 bypasses allows restrictions ( find similar ports)

  - by user181216

  scenario of wifi : i'm using wifi in hostel which having cyberoam firewall and all the computer which uses that access point. that access point have following configuration default gateway : 192.168.100.1 primary dns server : 192.168.100.1 here, when i try to open a website the cyberoam firewall redirects the page to a login page (with correct login information, we can browse internet else not), and also website access and bandwidth limitations. once i've heard about pd-proxy which finds open port and tunnels through a port ( usually udp 53). using pd-proxy with UDP 53 port, i can browse internet without login, even bandwidth limit is bypassed !!! and another software called openvpn with connecting openvpn server through udp port 53 i can browse internet without even login into the cyberoam. both of softwares uses port 53, specially openvpn with port 53, now i've a VPS server in which i can install openvpn server and connect through the VPS server to browse internet. i know why that is happening because with pinging on some website(eb. google.com) it returns it's ip address that means it allows dns queries without login. but the problem is there is already DNS service is running on the VPS server on port 53. and i can only use 53 port to bypass the limitations as i think. and i can not run openvpn service on my VPS server on port 53. so how to scan the wifi for vulnerable ports like 53 so that i can figure out the magic port and start a openvpn service on VPS on the same port. ( i want to scan similar vulnerable ports like 53 on cyberoam in which the traffic can be tunneled, not want to scan services running on ports). improvement of the question with retags and edits are always welcomed... NOTE : all these are for Educational purpose only, i'm curious about network related knowledge.....

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• Vyatta masquerade out bridge interface

  - by miquella

  We have set up a Vyatta Core 6.1 gateway on our network with three interfaces: eth0 - 1.1.1.1 - public gateway/router IP (to public upstream router) eth1 - 2.2.2.1/24 - public subnet (connected to a second firewall 2.2.2.2) eth2 - 10.10.0.1/24 - private subnet Our ISP provided the 1.1.1.1 address for us to use as our gateway. The 2.2.2.1 address is so the other firewall (2.2.2.2) can communicate to this gateway which then routes the traffic out through the eth0 interface. Here is our current configuration: interfaces { bridge br100 { address 2.2.2.1/24 } ethernet eth0 { address 1.1.1.1/30 vif 100 { bridge-group { bridge br100 } } } ethernet eth1 { bridge-group { bridge br100 } } ethernet eth2 { address 10.10.0.1/24 } loopback lo { } } service { nat { rule 100 { outbound-interface eth0 source { address 10.10.0.1/24 } type masquerade } } } With this configuration, it routes everything, but the source address after masquerading is 1.1.1.1, which is correct, because that's the interface it's bound to. But because of some of our requirements here, we need it to source from the 2.2.2.1 address instead (what's the point of paying for a class C public subnet if the only address we can send from is our gateway!?). I've tried binding to br100 instead of eth0, but it doesn't seem to route anything if I do that. I imagine I'm just missing something simple. Any thoughts?

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• Web Hosting: Any web host that supports files more than 50,000 in number?

  - by Devner

  Hi all, For my PHP & mySQL based application, I am trying to buy website hosting from a host who does not have a limit on the number of files I carry in my hosting account. Almost all the websites have a common limit of 50,000 files (some websites call it 50,000 nodes). The rest(to the extent of my search) are not even close. I have gone through the various websites, Googled lot of information, have spoken with the customer service of the hosting companies and they said that they have a limit of 50,000 files and that's why they call it the LIMIT. Now I have my application, which is a kind of social networking website, where people can upload various files of varying file size. So say if 50,000 users were to join the website and upload 1 file each, the limit of 50,000 will be reached very easily and my 50,001 customer will start facing file upload problems (& so will my account). So I would like to know if there's any website hosting services that do NOT levy such restrictions. In summary, I need the following options: No maximum file limit (more than 50,000 files in account). No maximum file upload limit in server setting (10MB, 12MB, 15MB, 20MB, etc.). Ability to upload files of various types (zip, flv, jg, png, etc.). Ability to stream Audio and Video (live audio & video not necessary). Access to .htaccess Access to php.ini, my.cnf or my.ini (this would be a plus) Supports SSL. Provides dedicated hosting(& IP) as well. Monthly payments without contracts are a plus. If you know of any such website hosting services, please post a reply ( a link to the same will be appreciated ). Thank you.

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• Router vs switch in a LAN [closed]

  - by servernewbie

  If I have a LAN and and connect it with a switch, I understand it uses a CAM table to route packets in layer 2 (by saving mac to port relations). So far all good. However, when using a router for a LAN (ONLY for a LAN, not to connect it to "the outside" WAN/internet/etc) I get a bit confused as to how it internally processes packets. I would first split this into two router scenarios: Router with buit-in switch In this scenario, I would expect that it will act exactly as a switch with a CAM table internally. This would probably benefit a bit in speed (guessing here?) compared to the next option. Router without built-in switch Here is where I get confused. If hostA wants to send a packet to hostB, it will ARP to find hostB's MAC address and send it there. Now, if we had a switch (above scenario) this would be easy. But how does it work now in a router WITHOUT a switch? If I would guess, hostA would send an Ethernet frame with hostB's MAC address to the line. The router would fetch the packet (even though the router has another MAC address, it would still fetch this packet even if it only contains hostB's MAC address). It would strip the Ethernet frame header and check the IP, and then check its own internal ARP table again for the MAC address. Now, this would seem like a waste of resources compared to a router with a built-in switch. But maybe it does not work like that at all. Does it also contain a CAM table? If that would be true, what would then the difference between these two routers really be?

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