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  • How do you calculate expanding mean on time series using pandas?

    - by mlo
    How would you create a column(s) in the below pandas DataFrame where the new columns are the expanding mean/median of 'val' for each 'Mod_ID_x'. Imagine this as if were time series data and 'ID' 1-2 was on Day 1 and 'ID' 3-4 was on Day 2. I have tried every way I could think of but just can't seem to get it right. left4 = pd.DataFrame({'ID': [1,2,3,4],'val': [10000, 25000, 20000, 40000],'Mod_ID': [15, 35, 15, 42], 'car': ['ford','honda', 'ford', 'lexus']}) right4 = pd.DataFrame({'ID': [3,1,2,4],'color': ['red', 'green', 'blue', 'grey'], 'wheel': ['4wheel','4wheel', '2wheel', '2wheel'], 'Mod_ID': [15, 15, 35, 42]}) df1 = pd.merge(left4, right4, on='ID').drop('Mod_ID_y', axis=1)

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  • subplot matplotlib wrong syntax

    - by madptr
    I am using matplotlib to subplot in a loop. For instance, i would like to subplot 49 data sets, and from the doc, i implemented it this way; import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt X1=list(range(0,10000,1)) X1 = [ x/float(10) for x in X1 ] nb_mix = 2 parameters = [] for i in range(49): param = [] Y = [0] * len(X1) for j in range(nb_mix): mean = 5* (1 + (np.random.rand() * 2 - 1 ) * 0.5 ) var = 10* (1 + np.random.rand() * 2 - 1 ) scale = 5* ( 1 + (np.random.rand() * 2 - 1) * 0.5 ) Y = [ Y[k] + scale * np.exp(-((X1[k] - mean)/float(var))**2) for k in range(len(X1)) ] param = param + [[mean, var, scale]] ax = plt.subplot(7, 7, i + 1) ax.plot(X1, Y) parameters = parameters + [param] ax.show() However, i have an index out of range error from i=0 onwards. Where can i do better to have it works ? Thanks

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  • more efficient way to pickle a string

    - by gatoatigrado
    The pickle module seems to use string escape characters when pickling; this becomes inefficient e.g. on numpy arrays. Consider the following z = numpy.zeros(1000, numpy.uint8) len(z.dumps()) len(cPickle.dumps(z.dumps())) The lengths are 1133 characters and 4249 characters respectively. z.dumps() reveals something like "\x00\x00" (actual zeros in string), but pickle seems to be using the string's repr() function, yielding "'\x00\x00'" (zeros being ascii zeros). i.e. ("0" in z.dumps() == False) and ("0" in cPickle.dumps(z.dumps()) == True)

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  • urllib open - how to control the number of retries

    - by user1641071
    how can i control the number of retries of the "opener.open"? for example, in the following code, it will send about 6 "GET" HTTP requests (i saw it in the Wireshark sniffer) before it goes to the " except urllib.error.URLError" success/no-success lines. password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm() password_mgr.add_password(None,url, username, password) handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr) opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler) try: resp = opener.open(url,None,1) except urllib.error.URLError as e: print ("no success") else: print ("success!")

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  • Suffix if statement

    - by Aardschok
    I was looking for a way to add a suffix to jointchain in Maya. The jointchain has specific naming so I create a list with the names they need to be. The first chain has "_1" as suffix, result: R_Clavicle_1|R_UpperArm_1|R_UnderArm_1|R_Wrist_1 When I create the second this is the result: R_Clavicle_2|R_UpperArm_1|R_UnderArm_1|R_Wrist_1 The code: DRClavPos = cmds.xform ('DRClavicle', q=True, ws=True, t=True) DRUpArmPos = cmds.xform ('DRUpperArm', q=True, ws=True, t=True) DRUnArmPos = cmds.xform ('DRUnderArm', q=True, ws=True, t=True) DRWristPos = cmds.xform ('DRWrist', q=True, ws=True, t=True), cmds.xform('DRWrist', q=True, os=True, ro=True) suffix = 1 jntsA = cmds.ls(type="joint", long=True) while True: jntname = ["R_Clavicle_"+str(suffix),"R_UpperArm_"+str(suffix),"R_UnderArm_"+str(suffix),"R_Wrist_"+str(suffix)] if jntname not in jntsA: cmds.select (d=True) cmds.joint ( p=(DRClavPos)) cmds.joint ( p=(DRUpArmPos)) cmds.joint ( 'joint1', e=True, zso=True, oj='xyz', radius=0.5, n=jntname[0]) cmds.joint ( p=(DRUnArmPos)) cmds.joint ( 'joint2', e=True, zso=True, oj='xyz', radius=0.5, n=jntname[1]) cmds.joint ( p=(DRWristPos[0])) cmds.joint ( 'joint3', e=True, zso=True, oj='xyz', radius=0.5, n=jntname[2]) cmds.rename ('joint4', jntname[3]) cmds.select ( cl=True) break else: suffix + 1 I tried adding +1 in jntname which resulted in a good second chain but the third chain had "_2" after R_Clavicle_3 The code, in my eyes should work. Can anybody point me in the correct direction :)

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  • Exposing a "dumbed-down", read-only instance of a Model in GAE

    - by Blixt
    Does anyone know a clever way, in Google App Engine, to return a wrapped Model instance that only exposes a few of the original properties, and does not allow saving the instance back to the datastore? I'm not looking for ways of actually enforcing these rules, obviously it'll still be possible to change the instance by digging through its __dict__ etc. I just want a way to avoid accidental exposure/changing of data. My initial thought was to do this (I want to do this for a public version of a User model): class ReadOnlyUser(db.Model): display_name = db.StringProperty() @classmethod def kind(cls): return 'User' def put(self): raise SomeError() Unfortunately, GAE maps the kind to a class early on, so if I do ReadOnlyUser.get_by_id(1) I will actually get a User instance back, not a ReadOnlyUser instance.

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  • manyToManyField question

    - by dotty
    Hay guys, I'm writing a simple app which logs recipes. I'm working out my models and have stumbled across a problem My Dish models needs to have many Ingredients. This is no problem because i would do something like this ingredients = models.ManyToManyfield(Ingredient) No problems, my dish now can have many ingrendients. However, the problem is that the ingredient needs to come in different quantities. I.E 4 eggs, 7 tablespoons sugar My Ingredient Model is very simple at the moment class Ingredient(models.Model): name = models.TextField(blank=False) slug = models.SlugField(blank=True) How would i go about work out this problem? What fields would i need to add, would i need to use a 'through' attribute on my ManyToManyfield to solve this problem?

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  • I'm getting the following error ''expected an indented block'' Where is the failing code?

    - by user1833814
    import math def area(base, height): '''(number,number) -> number Return the area of a wirh given base and height. >>>area(10,40) 200.0 ''' return base * height / 2 def perimeter(side1, side2, side3): '''(number,number,number) -> number Return the perimeter of the triangle with sides of length side1,side2 and side3. >>>perimeter(3,4,5) 12 >>>perimeter(10.5,6,9.3) 25.8 ''' return (side1 + side2 + side3) def semiperimeter(side1, side2, side3): return perimeter(side1, side2, side3) / 2 def area_hero(side1, side2, side3): semi = semiperimeter(side1, side2, side3) area = math.sqrt((semi * (semi - side1) * (semi - side2) * (semi - side3)) return area

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  • Weird callback execution order in Twisted?

    - by SlashV
    Consider the following code: from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred d1 = Deferred() d2 = Deferred() def f1(result): print 'f1', def f2(result): print 'f2', def f3(result): print 'f3', def fd(result): return d2 d1.addCallback(f1) d1.addCallback(fd) d1.addCallback(f3) #/BLOCK==== d2.addCallback(f2) d1.callback(None) #=======BLOCK/ d2.callback(None) This outputs what I would expect: f1 f2 f3 However when I swap the order of the statements in BLOCK to #/BLOCK==== d1.callback(None) d2.addCallback(f2) #=======BLOCK/ i.e. Fire d1 before adding the callback to d2, I get: f1 f3 f2 I don't see why the time of firing of the deferreds should influence the callback execution order. Is this an issue with Twisted or does this make sense in some way?

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  • Eclipse + AppEngine =? autocomplete

    - by Brandon Watson
    I was doing some beginner AppEngine dev on a Windows box and installed Eclipse for that. I liked the autocompletion I got with the objects and functions. I moved my dev environment over to my Macbook, and installed Eclipse Ganymede. I installed the AppEngine SDK and Eclipse plug in. However, when I am typing out code now, the autocomplete isn't functioning. Did I miss a step? UPDATE Just to add to this: the line: import cgi appears to give me what I need. When I type "cgi." I get all of the auto complete. However, the lines: from google.appengine.api import users from google.appengine.ext import webapp from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import run_wsgi_app from google.appengine.ext import db don't give me any auto complete. If I type "users." there is no auto complete.

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  • Remove all user's cookies/sessions when password is reset

    - by Juraj
    I'm interested in improving security of my TurboGears 2.2 application so that when user changes his password, it logs him out from all sessions and he must login again. When user changes password on browser 1, he must relogin on browser 2, too. Experiments show that this is not the case, especially if browser 2 had "remember me" enabled. It's standard quickstarted app using repoze.who. It seems maybe I need to change AuthTktCookiePlugin, but don't see a way to do it without much rewiring.

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  • Sending object C from class A to class B

    - by user278618
    Hi, I can't figure out how to design classes in my system. In classA I create object selenium (it simulates user actions at website). In this ClassA I create another objects like SearchScreen, Payment_Screen and Summary_Screen. # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from selenium import selenium import unittest, time, re class OurSiteTestCases(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.verificationErrors = [] self.selenium = selenium("localhost", 5555, "*chrome", "http://www.someaddress.com/") time.sleep(5) self.selenium.start() def test_buy_coffee(self): sel = self.selenium sel.open('/') sel.window_maximize() search_screen=SearchScreen(self.selenium) search_screen.choose('lavazza') payment_screen=PaymentScreen(self.selenium) payment_screen.fill_test_data() summary_screen=SummaryScreen(selenium) summary_screen.accept() def tearDown(self): self.selenium.stop() self.assertEqual([], self.verificationErrors) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main() It's example SearchScreen module: class SearchScreen: def __init__(self,selenium): self.selenium=selenium def search(self): self.selenium.click('css=button.search') I want to know if there is anything ok with a design of those classes?

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  • SQL Alchemy: Relationship with grandson

    - by giomasce
    I'm building a SQL Alchemy structure with three different levels of objects; for example, consider a simple database to store information about some blogs: there are some Blog object, some Post object and some Comment objects. Each Post belongs to a Blog and each Comment belongs to a Post. Using backref I can automatically have the list of all Posts belonging to a Blog and similarly for Comments. I drafted a skeleton for such a structure. What I would like to do now is to have directly in Blog an array of all the Comments belonging to that Blog. I've tried a few approaches, but they don't work or even make SQL Alchemy cry in ways I can't fix. I'd think that mine is quite a frequent need, but I couldn't find anything helpful. Colud someone suggest me how to do that? Thanks.

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  • Wrong values reported by pyPDF for various box regions

    - by romor
    Using pyPdf, for most files I get matched results concerning various box's dimensions compared to what Acrobat reports. However for some files I get different values reported by pyPdf and Acrobat, like: pyPdf: artBox: 595.3 x 841.9 bleedBox: 595.3 x 841.9 cropBox: 595.3 x 841.9 trimBox: 517.3 x 754 Acrobat: artBox: 439.35 x 666.13 pt bleedBox: 439.35 x 666.13 pt cropBox: 439.35 x 666.13 pt trimBox: 439.35 x 666.13 pt I thought it's units issue, but then ratio between widths and heights doesn't match also, not mentioning trimBox mismatch Correct results are those reported by Acrobat of course. Does someone know why is this and is there a way I get correct dimensions by using pyPdf? Thanks couple of minutes later... After reading this question: Are PDF box coordinates relative or absolute? I figured I didn't considered uper left corner to be different then 0 (zero). It turned out that box starts at 77.95 x 87.87, so if we reduce reported values of trimBox by this values correct result is obtained. artBox: 0 x 0 bleedBox: 0 x 0 cropBox: 0 x 0 trimBox: 77.95 x 87.87 Other boxes seem with misleading values or I misinterpret them. Snippet: from pyPdf import PdfFileReader pdfread = PdfFileReader(file('my.pdf', 'rb')) page = 1 width = pdfread.getPage(page).trimBox[2]-pdfread.getPage(page).trimBox[0] height = pdfread.getPage(page).trimBox[3] - pdfread.getPage(page).trimBox[1] print width, height

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  • Easy way to keep counting up infinitely

    - by Andrew Alexander
    What's a good way to keep counting up infinitely? I'm trying to write a condition that will keep going until there's no value in a database, so it's going to iterate from 0, up to theoretically infinity (inside a try block, of course). How would I count upwards infinitely? Or should I use something else? I am looking for something similar to i++ in other languages, where it keeps iterating until failure.

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  • Passing parameter to base class constructor or using instance variable?

    - by deamon
    All classes derived from a certain base class have to define an attribute called "path". In the sense of duck typing I could rely upon definition in the subclasses: class Base: pass # no "path" variable here def Sub(Base): def __init__(self): self.path = "something/" Another possiblity would be to use the base class constructor: class Base: def __init__(self, path): self.path = path def Sub(Base): def __init__(self): super().__init__("something/") What would you prefer and why? Is there a better way?

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  • Many-to-many relationship on same table with association object

    - by Nicholas Knight
    Related (for the no-association-object use case): http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1889251/sqlalchemy-many-to-many-relationship-on-a-single-table Building a many-to-many relationship is easy. Building a many-to-many relationship on the same table is almost as easy, as documented in the above question. Building a many-to-many relationship with an association object is also easy. What I can't seem to find is the right way to combine association objects and many-to-many relationships with the left and right sides being the same table. So, starting from the simple, naïve, and clearly wrong version that I've spent forever trying to massage into the right version: t_groups = Table('groups', metadata, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), ) t_group_groups = Table('group_groups', metadata, Column('parent_group_id', Integer, ForeignKey('groups.id'), primary_key=True, nullable=False), Column('child_group_id', Integer, ForeignKey('groups.id'), primary_key=True, nullable=False), Column('expires', DateTime), ) mapper(Group_To_Group, t_group_groups, properties={ 'parent_group':relationship(Group), 'child_group':relationship(Group), }) What's the right way to map this relationship?

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  • how to convert a binary data into interger?

    - by kaki
    when I am using the wave_read.readframes() I am getting the result in binary data such as /x00/x00/x00:/x16#/x05" etc a very long string when asked for single frame it gives @/x00 or \xe3\xff or so I want this individual frame data in integer how can I convert them into integer to store them into array.

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  • Can't iterate over nestled dict in django

    - by fredrik
    Hi, Im trying to iterate over a nestled dict list. The first level works fine. But the second level is treated like a string not dict. In my template I have this: {% for product in Products %} <li> <p>{{ product }}</p> {% for partType in product.parts %} <p>{{ partType }}</p> {% for part in partType %} <p>{{ part }}</p> {% endfor %} {% endfor %} </li> {% endfor %} It's the {{ part }} that just list 1 char at the time based on partType. And it seams that it's treated like a string. I can however via dot notation reach all dict but not with a for loop. The current output looks like this: Color C o l o r Style S ..... The Products object looks like this in the log: [{'product': <models.Products.Product object at 0x1076ac9d0>, 'parts': {u'Color': {'default': u'Red', 'optional': [u'Red', u'Blue']}, u'Style': {'default': u'Nice', 'optional': [u'Nice']}, u'Size': {'default': u'8', 'optional': [u'8', u'8.5']}}}] What I trying to do is to pair together a dict/list for a product from a number of different SQL queries. The web handler looks like this: typeData = Products.ProductPartTypes.all() productData = Products.Product.all() langCode = 'en' productList = [] for product in productData: typeDict = {} productDict = {} for type in typeData: typeDict[type.typeId] = { 'default' : '', 'optional' : [] } productDict['product'] = product productDict['parts'] = typeDict defaultPartsData = Products.ProductParts.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key', key = product.defaultParts) optionalPartsData = Products.ProductParts.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key', key = product.optionalParts) for defaultPart in defaultPartsData: label = Products.ProductPartLabels.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key AND partLangCode = :langCode', key = defaultPart.partLabelList, langCode = langCode).get() productDict['parts'][defaultPart.type.typeId]['default'] = label.partLangLabel for optionalPart in optionalPartsData: label = Products.ProductPartLabels.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key AND partLangCode = :langCode', key = optionalPart.partLabelList, langCode = langCode).get() productDict['parts'][optionalPart.type.typeId]['optional'].append(label.partLangLabel) productList.append(productDict) logging.info(productList) templateData = { 'Languages' : Settings.Languges.all().order('langCode'), 'ProductPartTypes' : typeData, 'Products' : productList } I've tried making the dict in a number of different ways. Like first making a list, then a dict, used tulpes anything I could think of. Any help is welcome! Bouns: If someone have an other approach to the SQL quires, that is more then welcome. I feel that it kinda stupid to run that amount of quires. What is happening that each product part has a different label base on langCode. ..fredrik

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  • What is the difference between .get() and .fetch(1)

    - by AutomatedTester
    I have written an app and part of it is uses a URL parser to get certain data in a ReST type manner. So if you put /foo/bar as the path it will find all the bar items and if you put /foo it will return all items below foo So my app has a query like data = Paths.all().filter('path =', self.request.path).get() Which works brilliantly. Now I want to send this to the UI using templates {% for datum in data %} <div class="content"> <h2>{{ datum.title }}</h2> {{ datum.content }} </div> {% endfor %} When I do this I get data is not iterable error. So I updated the Django to {% for datum in data.all %} which now appears to pull more data than I was giving it somehow. It shows all data in the datastore which is not ideal. So I removed the .all from the Django and changed the datastore query to data = Paths.all().filter('path =', self.request.path).fetch(1) which now works as I intended. In the documentation it says The db.get() function fetches an entity from the datastore for a Key (or list of Keys). So my question is why can I iterate over a query when it returns with fetch() but can't with get(). Where has my understanding gone wrong?

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  • More than one profile in Django?

    - by JPC
    Is it possible to use Django's user authentication features with more than one profile? Currently I have a settings.py file that has this in it: AUTH_PROFILE_MODULE = 'auth.UserProfileA' and a models.py file that has this in it: from django.db import models from django.contrib.auth.models import User class UserProfileA(models.Model): company = models.CharField(max_length=30) user = models.ForeignKey(User, unique=True) that way, if a user logs in, I can easily get the profile because the User has a get_profile() method. However, I would like to add UserProfileB. From looking around a bit, it seems that the starting point is to create a superclass to use as the AUTH_PROFILE_MODULE and have both UserProfileA and UserProfileB inherit from that superclass. The problem is, I don't think the get_profile() method returns the correct profile. It would return an instance of the superclass. I come from a java background (polymorphism) so I'm not sure exactly what I should be doing. Thanks!

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  • How to select a MenuItem programatically

    - by Shaung
    I am trying to add a global shortcut to a gtk.MenuItem which has a sub menu. Here is my code: import pygtk, gtk import keybinder dlg = gtk.Dialog('menu test') dlg.set_size_request(200, 40) menubar = gtk.MenuBar() menubar.show() menuitem = gtk.MenuItem('foo') menuitem.show() menubar.append(menuitem) mitem = gtk.MenuItem('bar') mitem.show() menu = gtk.Menu() menu.add(mitem) menu.show() menuitem.set_submenu(menu) def show_menu_cb(): menubar.select_item(menuitem) keybinder.bind('<Super>i', show_menu_cb) dlg.vbox.pack_start(menubar) dlg.show() dlg.run() When I press the key menu pops up, I can then select items in the sub menu or press Esc to make it disappear. But after that the menuitem keeps selected and other windows never get input focus again. I have to click on the menuitem twice to get everything back normal.

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  • Using Django view variables inside templates

    - by William
    Hi, this is a rather basic question (I'm new to Django) but I'm having trouble using a variable set in my view inside my template. If I initialize a string or list inside my view (i.e. h = "hello") and then attempt to call it inside a template: {{ h }} there is neither output nor errors. Similarly, if I try to use a variable inside my template that doesn't exist: {{ asdfdsadf }} there is again no error reported. Is this normal? And how can I use my variables within my templates. Thanks!

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