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• Django error - no module named

  - by Shreyas

  Here is my relevant directory structure (Windows 7, Python 2.7, virtualenv) -userProf - - manage.py - -UserProfile - sampleapp_db - urls.py - views.py - wsgi.py - __init__.py - -libs - - __init__.py - -allauth - - app_settings.py - - models.py - - tests.py - - urls.py - - utils.py - - - -account - - - admin.py - - - context_processors.py - - - models.py - - - urls.py - - - __init__.py - -socialaccount - - - admin.py - - - context_processors.py - - - models.py - - - urls.py - - - views.py - - - __init__.py - - - - -templates - -account - - - base.html - - - email.html -settings - base_settings.py - dev.py - __init__.py - -static -css I get the following error when I try to run this dango app Error: No module named account I have read other posts on SO that refer to the syspath being the issue or that the appname matches the project name Django Shell No module named settings ...as a result of this, I added the following statements in the base_settings.py file import sys base = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))) base_parent = os.path.dirname(base) sys.path.append(base) sys.path.append(base_parent) sys.path.append(os.path.join(base,'libs')) sys.path.append(os.path.join(base,'libs','allauth','account')) I verified that the sys.path is correct by putting a break in PyCharm and evaluating sys.path Should I be putting this in manage.py? Some other SO postings referred to not being able to import the module but I can launch the python console and import UserProfile.libs.allauth.account without any exceptions being thrown! My base_setings.py has the following relevant section INSTALLED_APPS = ( 'UserProfile.libs.allauth.account', )

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• Java (or possibly other languages) learning path

  - by bgo

  I am familiar (as a self-learner) with C, python and php such that i can solve some problems involving simple steps (for example, i easily do calculations for physics lab reports with python which normally would take 4x-5x times longer with a calculator). The point here is, as doing such things, i learnt the idea / concepts of programming language and problem solving along with oop or fuctional programming etc. Recently i have started Java and, with the familiarity of other languages, i am doing well for starters but i need guidence. -I am thinking of learning syntax from sun java tutorials and then practicing with codingbat.com or similar sites. I need a reference book that i can study deeper aspects of the topics i am learning. What do you suggest about these? -The problem is (and always have been) the lack of practice. I need coding and problem-solving practices sources. I stuck at the point where i can't figure out what to do next. Can you suggest any source (possibly like codingbat)? If i could plan a learning trail, i can progress faster and efficiently. So i need ideas, comments, suggestions. Thanks in advance.

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• PL/PGSQL function, having trouble accessing a returned result set from psycopg2...

  - by Paul

  I have this pl/pgsql function: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_result(id integer) RETURNS SETOF my_table AS $ DECLARE result_set my_table%ROWTYPE; BEGIN IF id=0 THEN SELECT INTO result_set my_table_id, my_table_value FROM my_table; ELSE SELECT INTO result_set my_table_id, my_table_value FROM my_table WHERE my_table_id=id; END IF; RETURN; END; $ LANGUAGE plpgsql; I am trying to use this with Python's psycopg2 library. Here is the python code: import psycopg2 as pg conn = pg.connect(host='myhost', database='mydatabase', user='user', password='passwd') cur = conn.cursor() return cur.execute("SELECT * FROM get_result(0);") # returns NoneType However, if i just do the regular query, I get the correct set of rows back: ... return cur.execute("SELECT my_table_id, my_table_value FROM mytable;") # returns iterable result set Theres obviously something wrong with my pl/pgsql function, but I can't seem to get it right. I also tried using RETURN result_set; instead of just RETURN in the 10th line of my plpgsql function, but got an error from postgres.

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• How do I use the 7-zip LZMA SDK 9.x to self-extract?

  - by Christopher

  I am writing a SFX for an installer. I have a number of good reasons for doing this, primarily: The installer is actually a large Python program which uses plugins. Using py2exe or pyinstaller makes doing plugins annoyingly complicated. I want to be able to pass command-line options directly to the Python installer script, as if it were getting run directly. Using the existing 7-zip SFX modules is clunky because I cannot pass command-line options directly into the processes I want to start. I need more flexibility than any of the existing SFX modules I have seen provide. I have already tried using the SDK to open the file, seek to the 7z archive signature, and run the decompression from there. That fails because the SzArEx_Open() call appears to assume that you are starting at a 0 offset in the file. I am using the File_Seek() call to perform the seeking. It seems like there must be a way to do this, since the 7z archive format itself supports multiple embedded streams. Any pointers to examples would be awesome, but narrative explanation is also quite welcome!

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• How do I make a web interface for a socket server

  - by mgroat

  I've got a socket server running (it's something that's basically like a chat server). Users can telnet into it, but I'd like to make a web interface. This is the first time I've ever done something like this, so I'm not really sure where to start. A few thoughts I've had: Have some server-side Python (or PHP) on my webserver, which accesses the socket server. I think I know enough about sockets to have Python interact with the server, but how do I go about getting the website that the user sees to update in real time? Should I just have the website refresh few seconds? I would prefer to do things this way if I can figure out how. Write a Java applet that interacts with the socket server, and embed the applet in the website. I would have to re-learn a language that I haven't touched in years, but my main goal here is learning -- so that wouldn't be such a bad thing. The main problem I have with this is that it requires end users to have Java installed on their computers, which I'd rather not do. Is one of these two solutions the right way to go? Anybody know where I can find a good tutorial to get started? Edit: There's no real security concerns with exposing the server to the internet.

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• Creating ODT and PDF files as end result

  - by Bill Zimmerman

  Hello, I've been working on an app to create various document formats for a while now, and I've had limited success. Ideally, I'd like to dynamically create a fairly simple ODT/PDF/DOC file. I've been focusing my efforts on ODT, because it is editable, and open enough that there are several tools which will convert it to any of the other formats I need. The problem is that the ODT XML files are NOT simple, and there aren't any good-quality API's I could find (especially in python). So far, I've had the most success creating a template ODT file, and then manipulating the DOM in python as needed. This is ok generally, but is quickly becoming inadequate and requires too much tweaking every single time I need to alter one of the templates. The requirements are: 1) Produce a simple document that will have lists, paragraphs, and the ability to draw simple graphics on the page (boxes, circles, etc...) 2) The ability to specify page size, and the different formats should generally print the exact same output when sent to a printer My questions: 1) Are there any other ways I can produce ODT/PDF/DOC files? 2) Would LaTeX be acceptable? I've never really used it, does anyone have experience converting LaTeX files into other formats? 3) Would it be possible to use HTML? There are a lot of converters online. Technically you can specify dimensions in mm/cm, etc..., but I am worried that the printed output will differ between browsers/converters.... Any other ideas?

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• Would anybody recommend learning J/K/APL?

  - by ozan

  I came across J/K/APL a few months ago while working my way through some project euler problems, and was intrigued, to say the least. For every elegant-looking 20 line python solution I produced, there'd be a gobsmacking 20 character J solution that ran in a tenth of the time. I've been keen to learn some basic J, and have made a few attempts at picking up the vocabulary, but have found the learning curve to be quite steep. To those who are familiar with these languages, would you recommend investing some time to learn one (I'm thinking J in particular)? I would do so more for the purpose of satisfying my curiosity than for career advancement or some such thing. Some personal circumstances to consider, if you care to: I love mathematics, and use it daily in my work (as a mathematician for a startup) but to be honest I don't really feel limited by the tools that I use (like python + NumPy) so I can't use that excuse. I have no particular desire to work in the finance industry, which seems to be the main port of call for K users at least. Plus I should really learn C# as a next language as it's the primary language where I work. So practically speaking, J almost definitely shouldn't be the next language I learn. I'm reasonably familiar with MATLAB so using an array-based programming language wouldn't constitute a tremendous paradigm shift. Any advice from those familiar with these languages would be much appreciated.

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• What's the best way to resolve this scope problem?

  - by Peter Stewart

  I'm writing a program in python that uses genetic techniques to optimize expressions. Constructing and evaluating the expression tree is the time consumer as it can happen billions of times per run. So I thought I'd learn enough c++ to write it and then incorporate it in python using cython or ctypes. I've done some searching on stackoverflow and learned a lot. This code compiles, but leaves the pointers dangling. I tried 'this_node = new Node(...' . It didn't seem to work. And I'm not at all sure how I'd delete all the references as there would be hundreds. I'd like to use variables that stay in scope, but maybe that's not the c++ way. What is the c++ way? class Node { public: char *cargo; int depth; Node *left; Node *right; } Node make_tree(int depth) { depth--; if(depth <= 0) { Node tthis_node("value",depth,NULL,NULL); return tthis_node; } else { Node this_node("operator" depth, &make_tree(depth), &make_tree(depth)); return this_node; } };

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• Create an instance of an exported C++ class from Delphi

  - by Alan G.

  I followed an excellent article by Rudy Velthuis about using C++ classes in DLL's. Everything was golden, except that I need access to some classes that do not have corresponding factories in the C++ DLL. How can I construct an instance of a class in the DLL? The classes in question are defined as class __declspec(dllexport) exampleClass { public: void foo(); }; Now without a factory, I have no clear way of instantiating the class, but I know it can be done, as I have seen SWIG scripts (.i files) that make these classes available to Python. If Python&SWIG can do it, then I presume/hope there is some way to make it happen in Delphi too. Now I don't know much about SWIG, but it seems like it generates some sort of map for C++ mangled names? Is that anywhere near right? Looking at the exports from the DLL, I suppose I could access functions & constructor/destructor by index or the mangled name directly, but that would be nasty; and would it even work? Even if I can call the constructor, how can I do the equivalent of "new CClass();" in Delphi?

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• Blocking error in celery

  - by dmitry

  I have no idea what's this. Python 2.7 + django-1.5.1 + httpd + rabbitmq + django-celery==3.0.17 Tasks are not executed because of some error. Below is celery's log. Maybe someone has faced it before. [2013-06-24 17:10:03,792: CRITICAL/MainProcess] Can't decode message body: AttributeError("'JoinInfo' object has no attribute '__dict__'",) (type:u'application/x-python-serialize' encoding:u'binary' raw:'\'\\x80\\x02}q\\x01(U\\x07expiresq\\x02NU\\x03utcq\\x03\\x88U\\x04argsq\\x04cdjango.contrib.auth.models\\nUser\\nq\\x05)\\x81q\\x06}q\\x07(U\\x08usernameq\\x08X\\x19\\x00\\x00\\[email protected]\\nfirst_nameq\\tX\\x05\\x00\\x00\\x00BibbyU\\tlast_nameq\\nX\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00OffshoreU\\r_client_cacheq\\x0bccopy_reg\\n_reconstructor\\nq\\x0ccbongoregistration.models\\nClient\\nq\\rc__builtin__\\nobject\\nq\\x0eN\\x87Rq\\x0f}q\\x10(h\\nX\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00OffshoreU\\x1bpurchase_confirmation_emailq\\x11X\\x1f\\x00\\x00\\[email protected]\\x1dpurchase_confirmation_email_1q\\x12X!\\x00\\x00\\[email protected]\\x06_stateq\\x13cdjango.db.models.base\\nModelState\\nq\\x14)\\x81q\\x15}q\\x16(U\\x06addingq\\x17\\x89U\\x02dbq\\x18U\\x07defaultq\\x19ubU\\x0buser_ptr_idq\\x1aJ\\xb4\\xa2\\x03\\x00U\\x08is_staffq\\x1b\\x89U\\x08postcodeq\\x1cX\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00AB11 5BSU\\x0cdegree_limitq\\x1dK\\x06U\\x07messageq\\x1eX\\xd1E\\x00\\x00<table id="container" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"... (22911b)'') Traceback (most recent call last): File "/opt/www/MyProject-main/eggs/kombu-2.5.10-py2.7.egg/kombu/messaging.py", line 556, in _receive_callback decoded = None if on_m else message.decode() File "/opt/www/MyProject-main/eggs/kombu-2.5.10-py2.7.egg/kombu/transport/base.py", line 147, in decode self.content_encoding, accept=self.accept) File "/opt/www/MyProject-main/eggs/kombu-2.5.10-py2.7.egg/kombu/serialization.py", line 187, in decode return decode(data) File "/opt/www/MyProject-main/eggs/kombu-2.5.10-py2.7.egg/kombu/serialization.py", line 74, in pickle_loads return load(BytesIO(s)) AttributeError: 'JoinInfo' object has no attribute '__dict__'

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• sizer.replace() paints "over" old sizercontent

  - by elbenfreund

  hi. I am rather new to wx/python so please excuse if this is stupid or ill described. I am substituting a nested sizer with a new one as shown in the snippet below. after some tinkering everything seems to work out but the re-drawing of the parent-sizer. the content of the old nested sizer remains and gets "painted" over with the new sizer content despite my sizer.Layout() system setup: - python 2.5.5.2 and 2.6.4 - wxpython 2.8 -- coding: utf8 -- import wx class Frame(wx.Frame): def init(self): wx.Frame.init(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, title='test') class Test(wx.App): def OnInit(self): frame = Frame() self.panel = wx.Panel(frame) self.panel.SetBackgroundColour('red') self.sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) button = wx.Button(self.panel, wx.ID_ANY, 'TEST') self.hsizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL) self.hsizer.Add(wx.StaticText(self.panel, wx.ID_ANY, 'nacknack')) self.sizer.Add(button) self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.on_test_button, button) self.text = wx.StaticText(self.panel, wx.ID_ANY, 'FOOO') self.sizer.Add(self.text) self.sizer.Add(self.hsizer) self.panel.SetSizer(self.sizer) frame.Show() return True def on_test_button(self, evt): tmpsizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) tmpsizer.Add(self.makesizer()) tmpitem = tmpsizer.GetChildren()[0] self.sizer.Replace(2, tmpitem) self.sizer.Layout() def makesizer(self): testsizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL) testsizer.Add(wx.StaticText(self.panel, wx.ID_ANY, 'testsizer')) return testsizer if __name__ == '__main__': app = Test() app.MainLoop()

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• How do I install websocket module for Node.js on Debian VPS?

  - by Ollie Shaw

  I currently am renting a VPS from Dreamhost which runs Debian. I am still learning command line on this OS, but fast! I have successfully installed Node.js, now I want to install the websocket module found here: https://github.com/Worlize/WebSocket-Node From the root user, I have run the following command: npm install websocket The error thrown is: [websocket v1.0.7] Native code compile failed!! On Windows, native extensions require Visual Studio and Python. On Unix, native extensions require Python, make and a C++ compiler. Start npm with --websocket:verbose to show compilation output (if any). What commands should I issue to install this websocket module and its requirements? Thanks very much! Edit: When I run sudo apt-get install gcc make I get this message: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done gcc is already the newest version. gcc set to manually installed. make is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 44 not upgraded. And the same error when trying to install WebSocket.

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• Where can a self-teacher learn general good programming habits and conventions?

  - by lucid

  A few mistakes and general childishness in early adulthood have left me in a situation where I work a menial job, with no possibility (in the near future) of attending school. I aspire to one day work in the programming field (gaming specifically), after proving myself on the indie end of things. I've gotten very confident in C++, java, and python, and I find I'm able to solve any problem I want either from previous experience, or from scouring the web for help. The solutions work, and with each attempt they become more readable, maintainable, and extensible. But this is because I'm learning from mistakes and bad programming and design habits I feel I might have avoided with actual schooling. General tips like: "if it's hard to read or getting long, or you're writing it twice, it should be in one or more functions." or "design all your classes before you start coding, so you don't have to rewrite classes later when you discover an unforeseen dependency" Is there a good book or website for learning general good programming practices and design habits? Also, naming and format conventions. I realize sometimes development houses have their own conventions, but things like "Classes in python usually have the first letter of each word capitalized". I'd like to be able to show some source code to a potential employer, and be prepared when for what's expected on a team. Is there some central database of naming and formatting conventions somewhere? Also, feel free to give any thoughts on whether or not the self-teach, garner some indie sales, use them as your resume' route is realistic

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• C# / IronPython Interop with shared C# Class Library

  - by Adam Haile

  I'm trying to use IronPython as an intermediary between a C# GUI and some C# libraries, so that it can be scripted post compile time. I have a Class library DLL that is used by both the GUI and the python and is something along the lines of this: namespace MyLib { public class MyClass { public string Name { get; set; } public MyClass(string name) { this.Name = name; } } } The IronPython code is as follows: import clr clr.AddReferenceToFile(r"MyLib.dll") from MyLib import MyClass ReturnObject = MyClass("Test") Then, in C# I would call it as follows: ScriptEngine engine = Python.CreateEngine(); ScriptScope scope = null; scope = engine.CreateScope(); ScriptSource source = engine.CreateScriptSourceFromFile("Script.py"); source.Execute(scope); MyClass mc = scope.GetVariable<MyClass>("ReturnObject ") When I call this last bit of code, source.Execute(scope) runs returns successfully, but when I try the GetVariable call, it throw the following exception Microsoft.Scripting.ArgumentTypeException: expected MyClass , got MyClass So, you can see that the class names are exactly the same, but for some reason it thinks they are different. The DLL is in a different directory than the .py file (I just didn't bother to write out all the path setup stuff), could it be that there is an issue with the interpreter for IronPython seeing these objects as difference because it's somehow seeing them as being in a different context or scope?

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• Is learning C++ a good idea?

  - by chang

  The more I hear and read about C++ (e.g. this: http://lwn.net/Articles/249460/), I get the impression, that I'd waste my time learning C++. I some wrote network routing algorithm in C++ for a simulator, and it was a pain (as expected, especially coming from a perl/python/Java background ...). I'm never happy about giving up on some technology, but I would be happy, if I could limit my knowledge of C-family languages to just C, C# and Objective-C (even OS Xs Cocoa, which is huge and takes a lot of time to learn looks like joy compared to C++ ...). Do I need to consider myself dumb or unwilling, just because I'm not partial to the pain involved learning this stuff? Technologies advance and there will be options other than C++, when deciding on implementation languages, or not? And for speed: If speed were that critical, I'd go for a plain C implementation instead, or write C extensions for much more productive languages like ruby or python ... The one-line version of the above: Will C++ stay such a relevant language that every committed programmer should be familiar with it? [ edit / thank you very much for your interesting and useful answers so far .. ] [ edit / .. i am accepting the top-rated answer; thanks again for all answers! ]

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• lightweight/portable VCS for server-hopping DBA?

  - by Aaron

  I'm looking for a VCS that'll help me keep all of my work scripts in-sync. Requirements: Portable (as in flash drive, not code-level) Run on Windows XP and Server 2003+ No installation dependencies (Cygwin, perl, Python) I use Mercurial on my work machine for version control of the various T-SQL, ksh, perl, and CMD/BAT scripts that I maintain as a MS SQL Server DBA and Unix sysadmin. So far, hg has worked for my AIX boxes- I mount my home directory as I login, and deal with the repo as if it were local. I haven't been able to find a similar solution for the Windows machines I use. Most of them I do not have Local Admin rights; even if I did, I'd rather not install (and maintain) Python + Mercurial on all of them. I can't get to my home directory on them remotely, which leaves a client running on each machine as the only option. Bonus points for an answer that would let me use a single repo for both the Windows and Unix machines. :) I'm running WinXP, with heavy use of Cygwin and a CrunchBang VM.

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• How do I optimize this postfix expression tree for speed?

  - by Peter Stewart

  Thanks to the help I received in this post: I have a nice, concise recursive function to traverse a tree in postfix order: deque <char*> d; void Node::postfix() { if (left != __nullptr) { left->postfix(); } if (right != __nullptr) { right->postfix(); } d.push_front(cargo); return; }; This is an expression tree. The branch nodes are operators randomly selected from an array, and the leaf nodes are values or the variable 'x', also randomly selected from an array. char *values[10]={"1.0","2.0","3.0","4.0","5.0","6.0","7.0","8.0","9.0","x"}; char *ops[4]={"+","-","*","/"}; As this will be called billions of times during a run of the genetic algorithm of which it is a part, I'd like to optimize it for speed. I have a number of questions on this topic which I will ask in separate postings. The first is: how can I get access to each 'cargo' as it is found. That is: instead of pushing 'cargo' onto a deque, and then processing the deque to get the value, I'd like to start processing it right away. I don't yet know about parallel processing in c++, but this would ideally be done concurrently on two different processors. In python, I'd make the function a generator and access succeeding 'cargo's using .next(). But I'm using c++ to speed up the python implementation. I'm thinking that this kind of tree has been around for a long time, and somebody has probably optimized it already. Any Ideas? Thanks

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• Installing Mercurial on Windows Apache XAMPP Tutorial

  - by Tim Dellas

  After asking this question (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2675764/xampp-mercurial-installation-on-windows-apache-hgwebdir-cgi-script-error) and reading though the whole internet including this question (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/644322/how-do-i-get-mercurials-hgwebdir-working-on-windows) and all its links for about 10 hours, I seem to not be able to find a solution. I begun with this tutorial http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/HgWebDirStepByStep ... and I really don't want to install ancient versions of Mercurial. I got my windows-apache to run Python scripts, CGI-Scripts, publish them in the wild, but hgwebdir just won't work. Question 1: Can someone please enrich his personal blog with a tutorial on how to install MERCURIAL on a WINDOWS XAMPP installation and make it visible to the world? I guarantee a lot of pageviews, as this is not a trivial problem. And this would sincerely help a lot of other people I guess. Question 2: For example, even after browsing half a day through everywhere, I just cannot find out, which version of python I need to pair with the freshest version of mercurial, and I get the "magic number is wrong"-error. This would be my question, if noone has time to make up a nice blogpost. Sorry for being a bit frustrated.

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• VB.NET Syntax Coding

  - by Yiu Korochko

  I know many people ask how some of these are done, but I do not understand the context in which to use the answers, so... I'm building a code editor for a subversion of Python language, and I found a very decent way of highlighting keywords in the RichTextBox through this: bluwords.Add(KEYWORDS GO HERE) If scriptt.Text.Length > 0 Then Dim selectStart2 As Integer = scriptt.SelectionStart scriptt.Select(0, scriptt.Text.Length) scriptt.SelectionColor = Color.Black scriptt.DeselectAll() For Each oneWord As String In bluwords Dim pos As Integer = 0 Do While scriptt.Text.ToUpper.IndexOf(oneWord.ToUpper, pos) >= 0 pos = scriptt.Text.ToUpper.IndexOf(oneWord.ToUpper, pos) scriptt.Select(pos, oneWord.Length) scriptt.SelectionColor = Color.Blue pos += 1 Loop Next scriptt.SelectionStart = selectStart2 End If (scriptt is the richtextbox) But when any decent amount of code is typed (or loaded via OpenFileDialog) chunks of the code go missing, the syntax selection falls apart, and it just plain ruins it. I'm looking for a more efficient way of doing this, maybe something more like visual studio itself...because there is NO NEED to highlight all text, set it black, then redo all of the syntaxing, and the text begins to over-right if you go back to insert characters between text. Also, in this version of Python, hash (#) is used for comments on comment only lines and double hash (##) is used for comments on the same line. Now I saw that someone had asked about this exact thing, and the working answer to select to the end of the line was something like: ^\'[^\r\n]+$|''[^\r\n]+$ which I cannot seem to get into practice. I also wanted to select text between quotes and turn it turquoise, such as between the first quotation mark and the second, the text is turquoise, and the same between the 3rd and 4th etcetera... Any help is appreciated!

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• R plotting multiple histograms on single plot to .pdf as a part of R batch script

  - by Bryce Thomas

  I am writing R scripts which play just a small role in a chain of commands I am executing from a terminal. Basically, I do much of my data manipulation in a Python script and then pipe the output to my R script for plotting. So, from the terminal I execute commands which look something like $python whatever.py | R CMD BATCH do_some_plotting.R. This workflow has been working well for me so far, though I have now reached a point where I want to overlay multiple histograms on the same plot, inspired by this answer to another user's question on Stackoverflow. Inside my R script, my plotting code looks like this: pdf("my_output.pdf") plot(hist(d$original,breaks="FD",prob=TRUE), col=rgb(0,0,1,1/4),xlim=c(0,4000),main="original - This plot is in beta") plot(hist(d$minus_thirty_minutes,breaks="FD",prob=TRUE), col=rgb(1,0,0,1/4),add=T,xlim=c(0,4000),main="minus_thirty_minutes - This plot is in beta") Notably, I am using add=T, which is presumably meant to specify that the second plot should be overlaid on top of the first. When my script has finished, the result I am getting is not two histograms overlaid on top of each other, but rather a 3-page PDF whose 3 individual plots contain the titles: i) Histogram of d$original ii) original - This plot is in beta iii) Histogram of d$minus_thirty_minutes So there's two points here I'm looking to clarify. Firstly, even if the plots weren't overlaid, I would expect just a 2-page PDF, not a 3-page PDF. Can someone explain why I am getting a 3-page PDF? Secondly, is there a correction I can make here somewhere to get just the two histograms plotted, and both of them on the same plot (i.e. 1-page PDF)? The other Stackoverflow question/answer I linked to in the first paragraph did mention that alpha-blending isn't supported on all devices, and so I'm curious whether this has anything to do with it. Either way, it would be good to know if there is a R-based solution to my problem or whether I'm going to have to pipe my data into a different language/plotting engine.

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• Analyzing an IronPython Scope

  - by Vercinegetorix

  I'm trying to write C# code with an embedded IronPython script. Then want to analyze the contents of the script, i.e. list all variables, functions, class and their members/methods. There's an easy way to start, assuming I've got a scope defined and code executed in it already: dynamic variables=pyScope.GetVariables(); foreach (string v in variables) { dynamic dynamicV=pyScope.GetVariable(); /*seems to return everything. variables, functions, classes, instances of classes*/ } But how do I figure out what the type of a variable is? For the following python 'objects', dynamicV.GetType() will return different values: x=5 --system.Int32 y="asdf" --system.String def func():... --IronPython.Runtime.PythonFunction z=class() -- IronPython.Runtime.Types.OldInstance, how can I identify what the actual python class is? class NewClass -- throws an error, GetType() is unavailable. This is almost what I'm looking for. I could capture the exception thrown when unavailable and assume it's a class declaration, but that seems unclean. Is there a better approach? To discover the members/methods of a class it looks like I can use: ObjectOperations op = pyEngine.Operations; object instance = op.Call("className"); foreach (string j in op.GetMemberNames("className")) { object member=op.GetMember(instance, j); Console.WriteLine(member.GetType()); /*once again, GetType() provides some info about the type of the member, but returns null sometimes*/ } Also, how do I get the parameters to a method? Thanks!

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• How do you use indent in vim for web development?

  - by Somebody still uses you MS-DOS

  I'm starting to use Linux and Vim at work. I'm starting to read vims documentation and creating my own .vimrc file and such. I'm a web developer working with HTML, XML, CSS, JS, Python, PHP, ZPT, DTML and SQL. I would like to have an indent feature like this one: for each language/set, a corresponding indent solution. So, in js, writing function test(){|} would turn in function test(){ | } If php, writing <?php function test(){|}: <?php function test(){ | } <?php> ...and such. Writing a function definition in Python, and then creating a for loop sentece, it would automatically create an indent. I'm starting with autoindent, smartindent, cindent but I'm a little confused about their differences. How do the indent in vim works? Am I supposed to download plugins for each language? Is the behavior I described possible with already existing plugins you're used to or do I have to create it? I keep seeing people using Vim and I'm trying to do this as well since the machine I'm using is too limited, but I'm afraid I won't be able to have a decent auto indenting solution in it. (I have used autoindenting in a little small project in Visual Studio, and really liked their approach. Is there a plugin for that?)

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• How can I get swig to wrap a linked list-type structure?

  - by bk

  Here's what I take to be a pretty standard header for a list. Because the struct points to itself, we need this two-part declaration. Call it listicle.h: typedef struct _listicle listicle; struct _listicle{ int i; listicle *next; }; I'm trying to get swig to wrap this, so that the Python user can make use of the listicle struct. Here's what I have in listicle.i right now: %module listicle %{ #include "listicle.h" %} %include listicle.h %rename(listicle) _listicle; %extend listicle { listicle() {return malloc (sizeof(listicle));} } As you can tell by my being here asking, it doesn't work. All the various combinations I've tried each fail in their own special way. [This one: %extend defined for an undeclared class listicle. Change it to %extend _listicle (and fix the constructor) and loading in Python gives type object '_listicle' has no attribute '_listicle_swigregister'. And so on.] Suggestions?

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• Build system for multi-language project

  - by Epcylon

  I am getting ready to embark on a project mainly for experimenting with languages, but also with a hint of usefulness. It will consist of a server-application, written in Erlang, and client-libraries in a number of languages. Initially I will want to write clients in Java, Ruby and Python. The actual protocol for communication will be Thrift. I'm looking for a build system that will allow me to build the server and all the client libraries in one go, running unit-tests in each language, then packaging up a releasable artifact of some sort in whatever way is the "standard" for each language. That means a Jar for Java, a RubyGem and a distribute/setuptools tarball for Python. Erlang probably has something too, but I'm not yet familiar with that. It should also be able to run the Thrift compiler to generate the various Thrift-stubs in each language. On the pad at the start is Maven. I'm fairly certain Maven can do all I need, but I fear it's too Java-centric, and leaves me with a ton of work for every new language I need to add.

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• Best (functional?) programming language to learn coming from Mathematica

  - by Will Robertson

  As a mechanical engineering PhD student, I haven't had a great pedigree in programming as part of my “day job”. I started out in Matlab (having written some Hypercard and Applescript back in the day, and being introduced to Ada, of all things, in my 1st undergrad year), learned to program—if you can call it that—in (La)TeX; and finally discovered and fell for Mathematica. Now I'm interested in learning a "real" programming language that I can enjoy in the same sort of style as Mathematica, which tries to stress functional programming since it seems to map more nicely to how certain kinds of mathematics can be written algorithmically. So which functional language should I learn? I guess the obvious answer is “as many as possible”, but let's start out humble and give a single, well-considered option a good crack. I've heard good things about, say, Haskell and Scala, but I wonder if (given my non–computer science background) I'd be better off starting in more “grounded” territory and going with Ruby or Python (the latter having the big advantage of being used for Sage, which I'd also like to investigate…after my PhD). Well, I guess this is pretty subjective, so perhaps I could rephrase: would it be better to start looking at Haskell (say) straight after an ad-hoc education to functional programming in Mathematica, or will I get more out of learning Python (say) first? In reference to the question "what do I want to do with it?", I guess my answer is "fun, and learning more". I've got this list of languages that I'd like to look at, and I don't know how to trim them down. And I'd rather start with something a little higher-level than C simply so that I can be somewhat productive without having to re-invent many wheels for any code I'd like to write.

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