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• Challenge Accepted

  - by Chris Gardner

  Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/freestylecoding/archive/2014/05/20/challenge-accepted.aspxIt appears my good buddies in The Krewe have created The Krewe Summer Blogging Challenge. The challenge is to write at least two blog posts a week for 12 weeks over the summer. Consider this challenge accepted. So, what can we expect coming up? I still have the Kinect v2 Alpha kit. Some of you may have seen me use it in talks. I need to make some major API changes in The Krewe WP8 App. Plus, I may have Xamarin on board to help with getting the app to the other platforms. I am determined to learn F#, and I'm taking all of you with me. I am teaching a college course this summer. I want to post some commentary on that side of training. I am sure some biometric stuff will come up. Anything else you guys may want. I have created tasks on my schedule to get a new blog post up no later than every Tuesday and Friday. We'll see how that goes. Wish me luck.

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• Is 'Protection' an acceptable Java class name

  - by jonny

  This comes from a closed thread at stack overflow, where there are already some useful answers, though a commenter suggested I post here. I hope this is ok! I'm trying my best to write good readable, code, but often have doubts in my work! I'm creating some code to check the status of some protected software, and have created a class which has methods to check whether the software in use is licensed (there is a separate Licensing class). I've named the class 'Protection', which is currently accessed, via the creation of an appProtect object. The methods in the class allow to check a number of things about the application, in order to confirm that it is in fact licensed for use. Is 'Protection' an acceptable name for such a class? I read somewhere that if you have to think to long in names of methods, classes, objects etc, then perhaps you may not be coding in an Object Oriented way. I've spent a lot of time thinking about this before making this post, which has lead me to doubt the suitability of the name! In creating (and proof reading) this post, I'm starting to seriously doubt my work so far. I'm also thinking I should probably rename the object to applicationProtection rather than appProtect (though am open to any comments on this too?). I'm posting non the less, in the hope that I'll learn something from others views/opinions, even if they're simply confirming I've "done it wrong"!

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• Unity3D: How to make the camera focus a moving game object with ITween?

  - by nathan

  I'm trying to write a solar system with Unity3D. Planets are sphere game objects rotating around another sphere game object representing the star. What i want to achieve is let the user click on a planet and then zoom the camera on this planet and then make the camera follow and keep it centered on the screen while it keep moving around the star. I decided to use iTween library and so far i was able to create the zoom effect using iTween.MoveUpdate. My problem is that the focused planet does not say properly centered as it moves. Here is the relevant part of my script: void Update () { if (Input.GetButtonDown("Fire1")) { Ray ray = Camera.main.ScreenPointToRay(Input.mousePosition); RaycastHit hit; if (Physics.Raycast(ray, out hit, Mathf.Infinity, concernedLayers)) { selectedPlanet = hit.collider.gameObject; } } } void LateUpdate() { if (selectedPlanet != null) { Vector3 pos = selectedPlanet.transform.position; pos.z = selectedPlanet.transform.position.z - selectedPlanet.transform.localScale.z; pos.y = selectedPlanet.transform.position.y; iTween.MoveUpdate(Camera.main.gameObject, pos, 2); } } What do i need to add to this script to make the selected planet stay centered on the screen? I hosted my current project as a webplayer application so you see what's going wrong. You can access it here.

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• Koans, now available in Python flavor

  - by Greg Malcolm

  Recently a Python developer friend with whom I was pair programming with suggested that I show him how to write a little Ruby. I responded by telling him to check out Ruby Koans as a starting point. However I wanted to try that in reverse at the same time with me learning some Python. I did a bit of googling, and sure enough someone had started writing some Python Koans. It just needed finishing... So, a few weeks later Python Koans is now complete and ready for action! It is available through Mercurial on Bitbucket: http://bitbucket.org/gregmalcolm/python_koans/wiki/Home It is also mirrored on Github: http://wiki.github.com/gregmalcolm/python_koans/ Converting it was fairly easy. Aside from the differing philosophical approaches behind the two languages, Ruby and Python are fairly similar. We had to come up with completely new material for a few subjects like multiple inheritance and decorators, but for most features in Ruby there is something roughly comparable in Python. I highly recommend writing tests (or koans) as a means to lean a new language or framework. I've learned a lot from doing this.

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• Error message when running OpenGL programs with bumblebee

  - by user170860

  X Error of failed request: BadDrawable (invalid Pixmap or Window parameter) Major opcode of failed request: 152 (DRI2) Minor opcode of failed request: 8 (DRI2SwapBuffers ) Resource id in failed request: 0x4200005 Serial number of failed request: 2166 Current serial number in output stream: 2167 primus: warning: timeout waiting for display worker Segmentation fault (core dumped) I don't get this on all OGL programs, but only particularly GPU intense ones. Also, I only get this using primusrun. optirun gives the same error no matter what I run: [VGL] NOTICE: Pixel format of 2D X server does not match pixel format of [VGL] Pbuffer. Disabling PBO readback. I don't know what either of these mean. Neither of them stop the programs from running, but I'd like to fix the problem if there is one. Also, I prefer to use primusrun because it is faster and it does a better job with vertical sync, however, it only supports OGL 4.2. This isn't a big issue because the programs I write are forward compatible, but it still seems odd to me. So basically I'd just like it if someone could explain to me what is happening and if there is something I can do about it. Thanks.

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• Goal Tracking data seems to be inaccurate?

  - by Khuram Malik

  I setup some Goal Tracking about one week ago. I had multiple goals in one set. The goal itself was the "send" button being pressed on the callback form (i did that by pushing a pageview to Google Analytics everytime the send button is pressed) For each goal, i listed the first step as a required step. So for example, the ILR Page was step 1 and set as required and the goal was "/CallbackFormFilled" Looking at the stats a week later i'm getting some very inflated numbers especially when comparing them to my manually filled excel spreadsheet and i'm struggling to understand the cause of this behaviour. I'm unable to attach screenshots unfortunately since my StackExchange account for this site is brand new My own thoughts My own thoughts were that maybe its because i have setup multiple goals with the same end goal URL, but i thought that was a valid setup since i want to track multiple routes so to speak(?) I've disabled all other goals for now to confirm this, but im waiting for stats to come in as i write this. I also wonder if the contact form im using in Wordpress is causing a problem, but i've simply added one javascript line on the send button that pushes a pageview so not sure if that should cause an issue. Here is a link to setting up analytics on this contact form plugin in wordpress for reference: (see javascript action hook section) - http://ideasilo.wordpress.com/2009/05/31/contact-form-7-1-10/

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• Slow performance over network (Ubuntu)

  - by Filipe Santos

  i did setup this NodeJs TCP Server and tested it with a message flooder. Just to see how the performance of the server is. While the message throughput is great if i run the server and the message flooder on the same computer (ubuntu), the throughput dramaticaly decreases if i start the server on computer1(ubuntu1) and the message flooder on computer2(also ubuntu). Both PC are on the same network. In fact, they are directly connected to each other. I started searching the internet for reasons and i suppose i need to tune TCP on both Ubuntu-pcs but until now i haven't been successfull at all. Has anyone experienced such problems, or could someone help me out? Thanks Here the flooding code: var net=require('net') var client = net.createConnection(5000, "10.0.0.2") client.addListener("connect", function(){ for(var i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { client.write("message "); } })

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• What is wrong with my specular phong shading

  - by Thijser

  I'm sorry if this should be placed on stackoverflow instead however seeing as this is graphics related I was hoping you guys could help me: I'm attempting to write a phong shader and currently working on the specular. I came acros the following formula: base*pow(dot(V,R),shininess) and attempted to implement it (V is the posion of the viewer and R the reflective vector). This gave the following result and code: Vec3Df phongSpecular(const Vec3Df & vertexPos, Vec3Df & normal, const Vec3Df & lightPos, const Vec3Df & cameraPos, unsigned int index) { Vec3Df relativeLightPos=(lightPos-vertexPos); relativeLightPos.normalize(); Vec3Df relativeCameraPos= (cameraPos-vertexPos); relativeCameraPos.normalize(); int DotOfNormalAndLight = Vec3Df::dotProduct(normal,relativeLightPos); Vec3Df reflective =(relativeLightPos-(2*DotOfNormalAndLight*normal))*-1; reflective.normalize(); float phongyness= Vec3Df::dotProduct(reflective,relativeCameraPos); if (phongyness<0){ phongyness=0; } float shininess= Shininess[index]; float speculair = powf(phongyness,shininess); return Ks[index]*speculair; } I'm looking for something more like this:

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• What's the proper way to calculate probability for a card game?

  - by Milan Babuškov

  I'm creating AI for a card game, and I run into problem calculating the probability of passing/failing the hand when AI needs to start the hand. Cards are A, K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7 (with A being the strongest) and AI needs to play to not take the hand. Assuming there are 4 cards of the suit left in the game and one is in AI's hand, I need to calculate probability that one of the other players would take the hand. Here's an example: AI player has: J Other 2 players have: A, K, 7 If a single opponent has AK7 then AI would lose. However, if one of the players has A or K without 7, AI would survive. Now, looking at possible distribution, I have: P1 P2 AI --- --- --- AK7 loses AK 7 survives A7 K survives K7 A survives A 7K survives K 7A survives 7 KA survives AK7 loses Looking at this, it seems that there is 75% chance of survival. However, I skipped the permutations that mirror the ones from above. It should be the same, but somehow when I write them all down, it seems that chance is only 50%: P1 P2 AI --- --- --- AK7 loses A7K loses K7A loses KA7 loses 7AK loses 7KA loses AK 7 survives A7 K survives K7 A survives KA 7 survives 7A K survives 7K A survives A K7 survives A 7K survives K 7A survives K A7 survives 7 AK survives 7 KA survives AK7 loses A7K loses K7A loses KA7 loses 7AK loses 7KA loses 12 loses, 12 survivals = 50% chance. Obviously, it should be the same (shouldn't it?) and I'm missing something in one of the ways to calculate. Which one is correct?

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• Installing packages in R path[1]="\file/users/bernard/R/win-library/2.15": Access is denied

  - by user1812210

  I recently attended an R training course and was happily working with a laptop in RStudio. On my return to the office I installed RStudio and I tried to run some scripts I had gathered from the course. However, these scripts required me to install packages and when I tried to install the packages the result was an error. Error in install.packages : path[1]="\file/users/bernard/R/win-library/2.15": Access is denied In my firm we write to a server drive refferred to as the U: drive rather than the hard disk on the desktop for security reasons. Any ideas what is going on? I have checked the properties of the folder in windows and it says I have permission but still it fails. I have tried creating a folder on the C drive and directing R_LIBS_USER to it but no luck.

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• Problem in listening to multicast in multihomed Linux server

  - by Lior

  I am trying to write a multicast client on a machine with two NICs, and I can't make it work. I can see with a sniffer that once I start the program the NIC (eth4) start receiving the multicast datagrams: y.y.y.y. (some ip) - z.z.z.z (multicast ip, not my eth4 NIC IP) UDP Source port: kkk (some other port) Destination port: xxx (multicast port) However, I can't get those packets using my program (listening to port xxx on eth4). I also added: route add 224.0.0.0 netmask 240.0.0.0 dev eth4 Searched the web for some examples/explanations, but it seems like I do what everybody else does. Any help will be appreciated. is there anything else to do with route/iptables?

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• How to securely delete files stored on a SSD?

  - by Chris Neuroth

  From a (very long, but definitely worth to read) article on SSDs: When you delete a file in your OS, there is no reaction from either a hard drive or SSD. It isn’t until you overwrite the sector (on a hard drive) or page (on a SSD) that you actually lose the data. File recovery programs use this property to their advantage and that’s how they help you recover deleted files. The key distinction between HDDs and SSDs however is what happens when you overwrite a file. While a HDD can simply write the new data to the same sector, a SSD will allocate a new (or previously used) page for the overwritten data. The page that contains the now invalid data will simply be marked as invalid and at some point it’ll get erased. So, what would be the best way to securely erase files stored on a SSD? Overwriting with random data as we are used to from hard disks (e.g. using the "shred" utility) won't work unless you overwrite the WHOLE drive...

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• Thanks All the readers and community and Happy new year to all of you.

  - by Jalpesh P. Vadgama

  This is my first blog post for new year 2011 and I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the readers for making my blog very successful and accepting me a community member. As year 2010 has lots of up down in IT filed it was recession period and now we almost recovered from it. Personally year 2010 has been very successful to me as I have been awarded as Microsoft Most Valuable Professional for visual C#. And It was one of the greatest achievement of my life. I would like to take this opportunity to thanks Microsoft for this and thanks all friends specially Jacob Sebastian who has given me guidance any time I required it. I have been also awarded dzone most valuable blogger this year and it was a nice surprise from dzone. I would like thanks dzone for this. Once again I am wishing you happy new year and may this year will bring success to all of you. One more thing I have found that I have met lots of people who is quite intelligent and exceptional developers and IT professionals but they are not blogging their stuff. I would say please my blog post a why a developer should write blog and Start blogging immediately because unless and until you don’t blog community will not know what you are doing.  Till then happy blogging and programming ... Stay tuned for more..

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• distributed, fault-tolerant network block device

  - by gucki

  I'm looking for a distributed, fault-tolerant network storage system which exposes block devices (not filesystems) on the clients. A client's block device should write simultaneously to several storage nodes A client's block device should not fail as long as not all storage nodes backing it went down The master should automatically redistribute storages' data when a storage node fails or gets added/ removed A single master (which is for metadata only) is fine So ideally the architecture would be very similar to moosefs (http://www.moosefs.org/) but instead of exposing a real filesystem mounted using a fuse client it'd expose block devices on the clients. I know of iscsi and drbd but both don't seem to offer what I'm looking for. Or am I missing something?

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• Debugging Windows Service Timeout Error 1053

  - by Joe Mayo

  If you ever receive an Error 1053 for a timeout when starting a Windows Service you've written, the underlying problem might not have anything to do with a timeout.  Here's the error so you can compare it to what you're seeing: --------------------------- Services --------------------------- Windows could not start the Service1 service on Local Computer.   Error 1053: The service did not respond to the start or control request in a timely fashion. --------------------------- OK   --------------------------- Searching the Web for a solution to this error in your Windows Service will result in a lot of wasted time and advice that won't help.  Sometimes you might get lucky if your problem is exactly the same as someone else's, but this isn't always the case.  One of the solutions you'll see has to do with a known error on Windows Server 2003 that's fixed by a patch to the .NET Framework 1.1, which won't work.  As I write this blog post, I'm using the .NET Framework 4.0, which is a tad bit past that timeframe. Most likely, the basic problem is that your service is throwing an exception that you aren't handling.  To debug this, wrap your service initialization code in a try/catch block and log the exception, as shown below: using System; using System.Diagnostics; using System.ServiceProcess; namespace WindowsService { static class Program { static void Main() { try { ServiceBase[] ServicesToRun; ServicesToRun = new ServiceBase[] { new Service1() }; ServiceBase.Run(ServicesToRun); } catch (Exception ex) { EventLog.WriteEntry("Application", ex.ToString(), EventLogEntryType.Error); } } } } After you uninstall the old service, redeploy the service with modifications, and receive the same error message as above; look in the Event Viewer/Application logs.  You'll see what the real problem is, which is the underlying reason for the timeout. Joe

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• Where are task scheduler event files stored on Windows Server 2008?

  - by MacGyver

  I tried setting up triggers in Task Scheduler Windows Server 2008, but Microsoft needs to fix a bug that I documented on Stack Overflow. So I can't use triggers until they fix this bug. Basically the Task Scheduler doesn't trigger an event that has a Result Code of 2147942402. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10933033/windows-server-2008-task-scheduler-trigger-xml-syntax-for-email-notification-ta In the mean time, I'd like to write a task that runs .NET code that queries the log/event files programmatically every 15 minutes and sends success/failure emails based on the events that occured for the given tasks in task scheduler. Here's where the XPath is stored for the Task Trigger XML tab (that I can't rely on): C:\Windows\System32\Tasks\ I cannot find where the events (or log files containing the event ids) of each task are stored. Does anyone know where to find these log files? The log name is "Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational".

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• How to "translate" interdependent object states in code?

  - by Earl Grey

  I have the following problem. My UI interace contains several buttons, labels, and other visual information. I am able to describe every possible workflow scenario that should be be allowed on that UI. That means I can describe it like this - when button A is pressed, the following should follow - In the case of that A button, there are three independent factors that influence the possible result when pushing the A button. The state of the session (blank, single, multi, multi special), the actual work that is being done by the system at the moment of pressing the A button (nothing was happening, work was being done, work was paused) and a separate UI element that has two states (on , off)..This gives me a 3 dimensional cube with 24 possible outcomes. I could write code for this using if cycles, switch cycles etc....but the problem is, I have another 7 buttons on that ui, I can enter this UI from different states..some buttons change the state, some change parameters... To sum up, the combinations are mindbogling and I am not able come up with a methodology that scales and is systematically reliable. I am able to describe EVERY workflow with words, I am sure my description is complete and without logical errors. But I am not able to translate that into code. I was trying to draw flowcharts but it soon became visually too complicated due to too many if "emafors". Can you advice how to proceeed?

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• Software for formatting / web-publishing tutorial-type, technical articles

  - by gojira

  I want to put some of my own technical writing on the web: tutorials, how-to's, conceptual articles about programming etc. I write mostly for myself yet, but think others can benefit from it so I want to put it online, and I also have plans of making everything more coherent and turning it into a book. My articles are not meant as a blog, they're just meant as a collection of tutorials and how-to's, but I think a blog-type software would probably be the most appropriate mode of formatting that kind of stuff. Right now I am using the blog feature of cite u like, which is very low tech and I really need something better. On my wish list is, among other things: code snippets in scrollable boxes syntax highlighting for source code snippets tagging articles with graphical icons according to topic, like in slashdot of course users (i.e. readers) should be able to comment on articles Also, just more options than a super-simple blog should look slick! should not look wikipedia-like Is there any software you can recommend for this purpose?

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• Can I use wildcards is puppet package ensure to cover multiple releaseversion

  - by Rob van den Eijnde

  Using puppet I want to update packages on my (CentOS 5 & 6 servers) in a controlled way. Therefore I don't want to use ensure=>latest but rather ensure=>3.0.1-1. Example: class puppet::installation inherits puppet { package { "puppet": ensure => "3.0.1-1", } } The update works alright but puppet agent keeps complaining that there is a difference: /Stage[main]/Puppet::Installation/Package[puppet]/ensure: current_value 3.0.1-1.el6, should be 3.0.1-1 (noop) I can solve this by changing the ensure rule to 3.0.1-1.el6 but than that won't work on CentOS 5. Is there a short/clean way to solve this or do I have to write to seperate, os-releaseversion dependant rules. I have been googling for a solution but didn't find anything pertaining to this particular question. Any suggestion or reference to a relevant example would be appreciated.

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• Linux PCIE Physical Bus Address

  - by Without me Its just Aweso

  I am working on designing a custom PCIexpress card. I am trying to write a kernel module that will DMA my custom card. Right now when i plug the card into linux no valid PCI device shows up (meaning I probably have a error on my end, i know) however, If I halt the system at startup in the bootloader (uboot) I am able to directly access the card as I know in uboot the physical memory address that is mapped to my device. Is there a way I can access the card in a simliar fashion in linux? Thanks, Stephanie

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• Web application and remote storage of files

  - by Matt

  Hi have a web application that can store lots and lots of files on the server. i.e. users upload data to it. The files are stored below a particular storage path. The web host will be an IBM xseries 345. However, the disks are really expensive so we would like to put the files onto a less expensive server. Now here is the question. Should I use an NFS mount on the IBM server of a path on the storage server? Or should I write some scripts to upload the files to the storage server instead. Both the storage server and the web host are on the same network. Only the web server is visible to the world. Is NFS performance suitable for an expected low to moderately loaded server?

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• How do I prevent my filesystems from being mounted read-only after suspending?

  - by Chas. Owens

  I have Ubuntu 12.04 installed on an SDHC card (only one ext2 partition, no swap). When I suspend using pm-suspend, my root filesystem is mounted read-only. I am currently "fixing" this with the following file: /etc/pm/sleep.d/99_make_disk_rw: #!/bin/sh mount -o remount,rw / But the disk is marked as needing an fsck on reboot. How can I prevent the filesystem from being mounted read-only or whatever is going wrong here. Update: It looks like it is getting mounted read-only because an error occurred. I have changed the mount options for / in /etc/fstab to noatime,nodiratime,errors=continue and it no longer mounts the SDHC card as read-only after it resumes. So the problem is happening when it suspends, not when it resumes as I had thought. I checked /sys/bus/usb/devices/1-4/power/persist and it is set to 1. So the SDHC card shouldn't appear disconnected to the OS (or more accurately it should recover from the disconnection without error). Here seems to be the relevant section of the syslog Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit kernel: [ 748.246226] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Media Changed Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit kernel: [ 748.246234] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit kernel: [ 748.246243] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Sense Key : Unit Attention [current] Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit kernel: [ 748.246253] Info fld=0x0 Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit kernel: [ 748.246258] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Add. Sense: Not ready to ready change, medium may have changed Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit kernel: [ 748.246271] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 5d 3e f0 00 00 08 00 Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit kernel: [ 748.246291] end_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 6110960 Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit kernel: [ 748.247027] EXT2-fs (sdb1): error: ext2_fsync: detected IO error when writing metadata buffers Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit anacron[6954]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2012-09-10 Sep 10 10:34:23 iubit anacron[6954]: Normal exit (0 jobs run) Sep 10 10:34:24 iubit laptop-mode: Laptop mode Sep 10 10:34:24 iubit laptop-mode: enabled, not active Sep 10 10:34:24 iubit kernel: [ 749.055376] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] No Caching mode page present Sep 10 10:34:24 iubit kernel: [ 749.055387] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through Sep 10 10:34:25 iubit anacron[7555]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2012-09-10 Sep 10 10:34:25 iubit anacron[7555]: Normal exit (0 jobs run) Sep 10 10:34:31 iubit kernel: [ 756.090861] EXT2-fs (sdb1): previous I/O error to superblock detected

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• windows php curl install : recommend a good site?

  - by phill

  So I'm struggling to get php curl installed on my windows xp professional machine and I've probably tried 5 different sites which either dont' work or refers to missing file references like the ca certificates and such. I'm looking to write a php script which logs into a site ssl, captures the page data using regex and emailing it to me. Before I can get there, I need ssl curl. I was wondering if someone can recommend a better site or tutorial which effectively walks me through that step by step. thanks in advance.

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• Should I have seperate business and personal websites?

  - by Thomas Clowes

  I have my business website - I am a web designer and developer, and also buy/sell websites/domain names. As such my website links to 'Our sites' = the websites which we design and run as well as a variety of tools such as a domain whois tool. These are obviously relevant to the business. As an individual, I like to travel and do white water kayaking as a hobby. I also have a degree in economics. I have thus created a blog on my business website where I write about domain names, web design, kayaking, travelling and economics. I've just begun researching SEO and am looking into optimizing my business website. I don't actually directly offer any services to clients at the moment, my main aim is to have a business website which supports my websites. If for example a potential advertise on one of my sites checks out the business website, I want them to think professional, down to earth, quirky. Given this is having my business/personal interests intertwined a problem? For SEO.. on my homepage for example when I'm writing a headline and a paragraph about what we do.. what do I put? and how do I optimize for SEO with keywords and the like? Further to the above, my company sponsors me and a group of accquantances as a kayaking team.. as such my personal interests do sort of overlap (just to add a complexity :))

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• Were the first assemblers written in machine code?

  - by The111

  I am reading the book The Elements of Computing Systems: Building a Modern Computer from First Principles, which contains projects encompassing the build of a computer from boolean gates all the way to high level applications (in that order). The current project I'm working on is writing an assembler using a high level language of my choice, to translate from Hack assembly code to Hack machine code (Hack is the name of the hardware platform built in the previous chapters). Although the hardware has all been built in a simulator, I have tried to pretend that I am really constructing each level using only the tools available to me at that point in the real process. That said, it got me thinking. Using a high level language to write my assembler is certainly convenient, but for the very first assembler ever written (i.e. in history), wouldn't it need to be written in machine code, since that's all that existed at the time? And a correlated question... how about today? If a brand new CPU architecture comes out, with a brand new instruction set, and a brand new assembly syntax, how would the assembler be constructed? I'm assuming you could still use an existing high level language to generate binaries for the assembler program, since if you know the syntax of both the assembly and machine languages for your new platform, then the task of writing the assembler is really just a text analysis task and is not inherently related to that platform (i.e. needing to be written in that platform's machine language)... which is the very reason I am able to "cheat" while writing my Hack assembler in 2012, and use some preexisting high level language to help me out.

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