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• NetDiag + TCP Blocking?

  - by CrazyNick

  We are facing some issue with the sharepoint 2007 timer jobs everyday at a specific time, so decide to track the tcp blocking informartion during those hours using NetDiag tool. We are not able to find the required information if we uses "netdiag /test:ipsec", what is the command that can be used to pull the TCP blocking information and how to configure it? if i ran the command "netdiag /test:ipsec /debug" it is returning "IP Security test . . . . . . . . . : Skipped", what does it mean?

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• How can I automatically convert all source code files in a folder (recursively) to a single PDF with syntax highlighting?

  - by Bentley4

  I would like to convert source code of a few projects to one printable file to save on a usb and print out easily later. How can I do that? Edit First off I want to clarify that I only want to print the non-hidden files and directories(so no contents of .git e.g.). To get a list of all non-hidden files in non-hidden directories in the current directory you can run the find . -type f ! -regex ".*/\..*" ! -name ".*" command as seen as the answer in this thread. As suggested in that same thread I tried making a pdf file of the files by using the command find . -type f ! -regex ".*/\..*" ! -name ".*" ! -empty -print0 | xargs -0 a2ps -1 --delegate no -P pdf but unfortunately the resulting pdf file is a complete mess.

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• How To Export/Import a Website in IIS 7.x

  - by Tray Harrison

  IIS 6 had a great feature called ‘Save Configuration to a File’ which would allow you to easily export a website’s configuration, to be later used to import either on the same server or another box.  This came in handy anytime you wanted to duplicate a site in order to do some testing without impacting the existing application.  So naturally, Microsoft decided to do away with this feature in IIS 7. The process to export/import a site is still fairly simple, though not as obvious as it was in previous versions.  Here are the steps: 1. Open a command prompt and navigate to C:\Windows\System32\inetsrv and run the following command: appcmd list site /name:<sitename> /config /xml > C:\output.xml So if you were wanting to export a website named EAC, you would run the following: If you’ll be setting up another copy of the site on the same server, you’ll now need to edit the output.xml file before importing it.  This is necessary in order to avoid conflicts such as bindings, Site ID, etc.  To do this, edit the XML and change the values.  Go ahead and make a copy of the home directory, and rename it to whatever folder name you specified in the output – /EAC2 in this example.  If you decide to change the app pool, make sure you go ahead and create the new app pool as well. Once these edits have been made, we are now ready to import the site.  To do that run: appcmd add sites /in < c:\output.xml So for our example it would look like this: That’s it.  You should now see your site listed when opening up Inet Manager.  If for some reason the site fails to start, that’s probably because you forgot to create the new app pool or there is a problem with one of the other parameters you changed.  Look at the System log to identify any issues like this.

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• Background process and SIGHUP

  - by Charles Salvia

  My understanding is that a program that is associated with a terminal will receive the SIGHUP signal if that terminal is closed. This usually will terminate the program. I also know that you can use the nohup command along with the & symbol to run the program in the background, and disassociate it from the terminal so that the program is not terminated when the terminal closes (on log out.) However, suppose a program is run normally without nohup, but is then suspended using Cntl-Z. If the program is then resumed in the background using the bg command, will it receive the SIGHUP signal on log out? Or to put it another way: if I have a program which is already running, and I don't want to stop it but I'd like to log out, can I suspend it using Cntl-Z and run it in the background using bg? Or will the program be terminated when I log out?

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• Is it feasible and useful to auto-generate some code of unit tests?

  - by skiwi

  Earlier today I have come up with an idea, based upon a particular real use case, which I would want to have checked for feasability and usefulness. This question will feature a fair chunk of Java code, but can be applied to all languages running inside a VM, and maybe even outside. While there is real code, it uses nothing language-specific, so please read it mostly as pseudo code. The idea Make unit testing less cumbersome by adding in some ways to autogenerate code based on human interaction with the codebase. I understand this goes against the principle of TDD, but I don't think anyone ever proved that doing TDD is better over first creating code and then immediatly therafter the tests. This may even be adapted to be fit into TDD, but that is not my current goal. To show how it is intended to be used, I'll copy one of my classes here, for which I need to make unit tests. public class PutMonsterOnFieldAction implements PlayerAction { private final int handCardIndex; private final int fieldMonsterIndex; public PutMonsterOnFieldAction(final int handCardIndex, final int fieldMonsterIndex) { this.handCardIndex = Arguments.requirePositiveOrZero(handCardIndex, "handCardIndex"); this.fieldMonsterIndex = Arguments.requirePositiveOrZero(fieldMonsterIndex, "fieldCardIndex"); } @Override public boolean isActionAllowed(final Player player) { Objects.requireNonNull(player, "player"); Hand hand = player.getHand(); Field field = player.getField(); if (handCardIndex >= hand.getCapacity()) { return false; } if (fieldMonsterIndex >= field.getMonsterCapacity()) { return false; } if (field.hasMonster(fieldMonsterIndex)) { return false; } if (!(hand.get(handCardIndex) instanceof MonsterCard)) { return false; } return true; } @Override public void performAction(final Player player) { Objects.requireNonNull(player); if (!isActionAllowed(player)) { throw new PlayerActionNotAllowedException(); } Hand hand = player.getHand(); Field field = player.getField(); field.setMonster(fieldMonsterIndex, (MonsterCard)hand.play(handCardIndex)); } } We can observe the need for the following tests: Constructor test with valid input Constructor test with invalid inputs isActionAllowed test with valid input isActionAllowed test with invalid inputs performAction test with valid input performAction test with invalid inputs My idea mainly focuses on the isActionAllowed test with invalid inputs. Writing these tests is not fun, you need to ensure a number of conditions and you check whether it really returns false, this can be extended to performAction, where an exception needs to be thrown in that case. The goal of my idea is to generate those tests, by indicating (through GUI of IDE hopefully) that you want to generate tests based on a specific branch. The implementation by example User clicks on "Generate code for branch if (handCardIndex >= hand.getCapacity())". Now the tool needs to find a case where that holds. (I haven't added the relevant code as that may clutter the post ultimately) To invalidate the branch, the tool needs to find a handCardIndex and hand.getCapacity() such that the condition >= holds. It needs to construct a Player with a Hand that has a capacity of at least 1. It notices that the capacity private int of Hand needs to be at least 1. It searches for ways to set it to 1. Fortunately it finds a constructor that takes the capacity as an argument. It uses 1 for this. Some more work needs to be done to succesfully construct a Player instance, involving the creation of objects that have constraints that can be seen by inspecting the source code. It has found the hand with the least capacity possible and is able to construct it. Now to invalidate the test it will need to set handCardIndex = 1. It constructs the test and asserts it to be false (the returned value of the branch) What does the tool need to work? In order to function properly, it will need the ability to scan through all source code (including JDK code) to figure out all constraints. Optionally this could be done through the javadoc, but that is not always used to indicate all constraints. It could also do some trial and error, but it pretty much stops if you cannot attach source code to compiled classes. Then it needs some basic knowledge of what the primitive types are, including arrays. And it needs to be able to construct some form of "modification trees". The tool knows that it needs to change a certain variable to a different value in order to get the correct testcase. Hence it will need to list all possible ways to change it, without using reflection obviously. What this tool will not replace is the need to create tailored unit tests that tests all kinds of conditions when a certain method actually works. It is purely to be used to test methods when they invalidate constraints. My questions: Is creating such a tool feasible? Would it ever work, or are there some obvious problems? Would such a tool be useful? Is it even useful to automatically generate these testcases at all? Could it be extended to do even more useful things? Does, by chance, such a project already exist and would I be reinventing the wheel? If not proven useful, but still possible to make such thing, I will still consider it for fun. If it's considered useful, then I might make an open source project for it depending on the time. For people searching more background information about the used Player and Hand classes in my example, please refer to this repository. At the time of writing the PutMonsterOnFieldAction has not been uploaded to the repo yet, but this will be done once I'm done with the unit tests.

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• nut (UPS) and SSL certificates

  - by Mausy5043

  Today I installed nut on my Ubuntu server (14.03). $ uname -a Linux boson 3.13.0-24-generic #47-Ubuntu SMP Fri May 2 23:30:00 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux The UPS is connected to another server (called neutron), so I use nut-client to keep tabs on the UPS state. When I do sudo upsc [email protected] I get: Init SSL without certificate database battery.charge: 15 battery.charge.low: 10 battery.charge.warning: 50 battery.date: not set battery.mfr.date: 2012/11/27 : The first line of the output concerns me. I've not seen this on other installations of nut on Debian-based servers. What can I do to get rid of that line? EDIT: This "Init SSL without certificate database" is extra annoying because it is not part of the output of upsc and therefore I cannot grep it out.

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• Changes to myApp.js files are reverted back to normal when the project is build - Cocos2dx

  - by Mansoor

  I am trying to do some changes to my myApp.js file of coco2dx project for android in eclipse but I am not able to do it. I am actually trying to change the default background image of my app. But when I run my project all the changes goes back to before values For Eg: This is the default line wer we are setting our background image this.sprite = cc.Sprite.create("res/HelloWorld.png"); I am changing it to the following line: this.sprite = cc.Sprite.create("res/CloseNormal.png"); But when I run my project CloseNormal.png goes back to HelloWorld.png I am using: OS: Win7 Cocos2d Ver: cocos2dx 2.2.2 Why is this happening. Can anybody help me?

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• FTP Active vs passive mode

  - by Dan

  I have a FTP server and while doing testing I found an odd issue that I don't understand. I send a RETR command on file "/Folder1/file.txt" and it works fine. Then I send a RETR command on file "/Folder1/SubFolder1/file.txt" and it times out on transfering the data to the client. This was in active mode. When I switch to passive mode it works fine. I understand the difference between the two modes, but what I don't understand is why it worked for one file in active mode, but not the other. I tried it a dozen times and still got the same results. Any ideas? Thanks!

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• Locked out by changing file permissions

  - by Valeriy

  I just locked my root account (and all other accounts if it matters) completely out of the RHEL 5.4 by changing permissions on every file to 400. Now I have "Permission denied" on any command that I try to run, including chmod itself. Any idea on how to recover? The only access I have to the server is via terminal or SSH. (If anyone cares how it happened, I was running a hardening script and one of the lines was supposed to change permission on some config files in /etc directory. It has couple of variables that had not been set, so the command essentially evaluated to chmod -R 0400 /* Ouch! This is sure a great lesson on checking the scripts even more carefully in the future but what can I do now?

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• Is it possible to have my desktop loaded before login?

  - by Dims

  I am connecting to the system with Putty (this is Windows SSH client) then running some service in interactive personal mode. For example this is a script to run freeswitch: dims@nebulla:~$ cat freeswitch.sh #!/bin/sh cd ~/bin/freeswitch/bin gnome-terminal -e ./freeswitch & I.e. it is installed in user directory. Also DISPLAY is set to :0 The problem is that I can't use this script until login once. Script responds with dims@nebulla:~$ ./freeswitch.sh dims@nebulla:~$ No protocol specified Failed to parse arguments: Cannot open display: After login, I can do "Switch user" and see login screen but script will be able to run since desktop exists. My question is: is it possible to "preload" my desktop, so that initial situation was as if I loogged in and the went to switch user?

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• postfix: force server to send mail outside of localhost

  - by LoneWolfPR

  I have a php file that sends mail using the mail() function. The problem is one of the forms sends to a domain that is registerred on my server while having the mail handled on a different server. Postfix looks locally only. When it doesn't find the email address is rejects the message. How can I configure postfix to send mail to all domains through the internet and not locally? Update Ok. So it wasn't a postfix issue at all. I simply needed to turn off mail to that domain from the command line. For anyone that needs that command it is (at least on my system): /usr/local/psa/bin/domain --update example.com -mail_service false

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• Programtically get the Wireless lan config of a machine and use netsh to setup new profile

  - by Maestro1024

  Programtically get the Wireless lan config of a machine and use netsh to setup new profile I am having trouble getting the netsh command to set the ssid of a new card. I installed the drivers and plugged it in. I see in ipconfig it says the "media is disconnected" (fair enough). I then send the following command netsh wlan connect name=profile1 ssid=myNetwork interface="Wireless Network Connection 2" problem is I get an error "There is no profile "profile1" assigned to the specified interface. What is a profile for a wireless card? What should I set it to? How Can I get my SSID set and connected for the card.

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• fwupd to update OCZ RevoDrive firmware gets a 'Permission denied' error

  - by Late

  Try as I might I just don't get it working (http://www.ocztechnology.com/ssd_tools/OCZ_RevoDrive_and_RevoDrive_X2/). There's another thread here with an similar issue here: Command is giving me "bash: ./fwupd: cannot execute binary file" I'm running command ./fwupd /dev/sdb which keeps returning me bash: ./fwupd: Permission denied I have tried running both bit versions available of fwupd with both of the latest 32- and 64-bit Ubunty 11.10, running the OS from an USB stick, but to no avail (could this be the problem?). In the other thread it was suggested that chmod +x fwupd (or chmod 0755 fwupd) should resolve this issue, but at least for me it has been for naught. It was also suggested to install certain libraries, but those were already included in the Ubunty build and I didn't have any luck after updating with apt-get. I also tried giving fwupd more privileges, r, x and w but same charade, run it in different ways from different places (where I'd have the fwupd present, ofc) among other things. What I also tried is giving the Ubunty 10.04 LTS a shot but it didn't even launch on either of my computers, though that's not the issue here. If anyone has any ideas on what the problem is and how I could get this working, it would be most appreciated!

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• Run Grunt task in Visual Studio Release Build with a bat file

  - by Aligned

  Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/Aligned/archive/2014/08/19/run-grunt-task-in-visual-studio-release-build-with-a.aspx 1. Add a BeforeBuild in your csproj file. Edit the xml with a text editor. <Target Name="BeforeBuild"> <Exec Condition="'$(Configuration)' == 'Release'" Command="script-optimize.bat" /> </Target> 2. Create the script-optimize.batREM "%~dp0" maps to the directory where this file exists cd %~dp0\..\YourProjectFolder call npm uninstall grunt call npm uninstall grunt call npm install --cache-min 604800 -g grunt-cli call npm install --cache-min 604800 grunt typescript requirejs copy less:compile less:mincompileThis grunt command will compile typescript, run the requireJs optimizer, complie and minimize less.3. Make it use the minified code when the Web.config compilation debug is set to false <!-- These CustomCollectFiles actions are used so that the Scripts-Release folder/files are included        when publishing even though they are not project references -->  <Target Name="CustomCollectFiles">    <ItemGroup>      <_CustomFiles Include="Scripts-Release\**\*" />  </ItemGroup>  </Target> That should be all you need to get a Grunt task to minify and combine JS (plus other tasks) in Visual Studio Release build with debug = false. This is a great video of Steve Sanderson talking about SPAs, npm, Knockout, Grunt, Gulp, ect. I highly recommend it.

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• Screen brightness dull after upgrade to Ubuntu 14.04

  - by user288426

  After upgrading to Ubuntu 14.04 I found that I could not increase screen brightness. I'm using a Samsung NC110 netbook. Initially the function key to modify brightness did not respond at all. After implementation of the first part of the fix, the key came alive and the brightness bar could be modified. Yet at maximum brightness indicated the screen still remained very dull. The 2nd part of the fix cures that problem, at least for this type of machine. First part of the fix was copied and modified in line with my experience from following post: How to control Brightness Open a terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T). Then type sudo nano /etc/default/grub. It will ask for your password. Type it in. Around the 11th line, there will be something like: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash". Change it to: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_osi=Linux acpi_backlight=vendor" Save the file by Ctrl+O followed by Ctrl+X. Then run sudo update-grub in the terminal. Reboot and see if backlight adjustment works. Then I needed to modify the rc.local file. Therefore read below fix to understand the procedure: problem with adjusting brightness Ubuntu 14.04 In my case I had 2 folders listed under /sys/class/backlight which were: intel_backlight samsung I realized that the samsung folder is governing. I had to modify the check for max brightness to: cat /sys/class/backlight/samsung/max_brightness In my case the max value obtained is 8. Besides putting this into rc.local, I also had to uncomment the first line to get this working. My rc.local under /etc/ now looks as follows: !/bin/sh -e # # rc.local # # This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel. # Make sure that the script will "exit 0" on success or any other # value on error. # # In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution # bits. # # By default this script does nothing. echo 8 > /sys/class/backlight/samsung/brightness exit 0 Now I can modify brightness on my netbook and also can get the screen up to its maximum brightness. Hope this is helpful.

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• solaris + EMC + power-path

  - by yael

  please advice - when I run powercf command on my Solaris machine , which changes this command do on the EMC storage , or on Solaris file system ? from maanual page: DESCRIPTION During system boot on Solaris hosts, the powercf utility configures PowerPath devices by scanning the HBAs for both single-ported and multiported storage system logical dev- ices. (A multiported logical device shows up on two or more HBAs with the same storage system subsystem/device identity. The identity comes from the serial number for the logical device.) For each storage system logical device found in the scan of the HBAs, powercf creates a corresponding emcpower device entry in the emcp.conf file, and it saves a primary path and an alternate primary path to that device.

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• Backtrack 5 R2 Dual-Boot w/Windows 7 No Longer Loads

  - by dstars5

  A while back, I installed Backtrack 5 R2 to Dual Boot on a Windows 7 PC. It worked fine for a while, but now when I try to load it, the screen gets all messed up (tried to get a picture with my phone, but it wasn't working too well). The last line before it freezes says: fb: conflicting fb hw usage: nouveaufb vs VESA VGA - removing generic driver Since it last worked, the only changes I can think of are that the computer is now connected via ethernet cable to the router, and I upgraded the graphics card (to nvidia). Because of the last line, I personally would put my money on the latter, but I still have no clue how to fix this. Can someone help me? Thanks!

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• Is there a NVIDIA driver (for a 7-series card) that will actually work for 12.10?

  - by DS13

  I see many similar topics on this, but I've tried all their suggestions, and nothing has worked. ISSUE: I do a clean install of Ubuntu 12.10. Boots fine with the “nouveau” graphics driver – graphics are very slow and choppy. The three other driver options in Ubuntu (official NVIDIA drivers), all result in a variation of the black screen on boot up. There will be NO access to a command line/GUI in anyway what-so-ever (tried every option recommended out there, but the system is unusable at this stage). I can only reinstall, and try different drivers…and I only ever get one shot at it. QUESTIONS: Does anyone know of a NVIDIA driver that will actually work with a Nvidia GeForce 7350LE? Or a 7-series card in general? This is my second computer, and I’m just trying to get a working install of Ubuntu on it. I don’t want to put much money into it, as I have seen Ubuntu run great on much older/less capable machines. I’ve got a decent Intel processor (2.3Ghz), 2GB of RAM, 320GB hard drive, 32-bit architecture, and there is no other O/S installed. It appears as if the graphics card is holding me back. Should I just buy a cheap graphics card (non-NVIDIA) to put in as a replacement? TRIED SO FAR: -all drivers available in Ubuntu *all fail -manual install of some different NVIDIA drivers *all fail -also tried installing the generic kernel, Nvidia driver doesn't work in 12.10 *no difference -every method suggested to at least get a command line after switching to a NVIDIA driver *all fail

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• What can I do to encourage teams to lighten up? [closed]

  - by Rahul

  I work with a geographically distributed team (different timezones) with people from various cultures and background. Some of us have never met each other in person but we communicate with each other over phone, chat and email almost on an hourly basis. Most of our meetings and discussions are dead serious and boring. What's worse, any attempt at humor is not very well received because of cultural differences. I feel that we are all taking our work a bit too seriously. We don't shy away from painful arguments, nasty emails and heated discussions when things go wrong but never attempt to develop camaraderie or friendships in better times. I would like to know your experiences with such situations and what, if anything, did you do to lighten things up at workplace.

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• Change Win7 taskbar position (overriding GPO, Registry Editor, Admin. Rights)

  - by diegocavazos53

  I run the computer center of my Faculty and the problem is that users manage to change the Win7 taskbar position. I don't really know how they do this as far as I have applied many group policies that are specific to the taskbar (like locking it). I have also disallowed users from entering new registry keys or executing the command prompt (or employing scripts). They have regular user rights and many Win7 tweaking programs need administrator rights to make changes to the GUI. So in other words, the taskbar is locked, there is a policy that sets its position to the lower part of the screen, users can't see the control panel, add registry keys, use the command prompt and don't have admin. rights. How do they keep moving the taskbar position to the upper part of the screen? Any ideas would be greatly appreciated. Thank you.

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• What are the steps taken by this GLSL code?

  - by user827992

  1 void main(void) 2 { 3 vec2 pos = mod(gl_FragCoord.xy, vec2(50.0)) - vec2(25.0); 4 float dist_squared = dot(pos, pos); 5 6 gl_FragColor = (dist_squared < 400.0) 7 ? vec4(.90, .90, .90, 1.0) 8 : vec4(.20, .20, .40, 1.0); 9 } taken from http://people.freedesktop.org/~idr/OpenGL_tutorials/03-fragment-intro.html Now, this looks really trivial and simple, but my problem is with the mod function. This function is taking 2 vec2 as inputs but is supposed to take just 2 atomic arguments according to the official documentation, also this function makes an implicit use of the floor function that only accepts, again, 1 atomic argument. Can someone explain this to me step by step and point out what I'm not getting here? It's some kind of OpenGL trick? OpenGL Math trick? in the GLSL docs i always find and explicit reference to the type accepted by the function and vec2 it's not there.

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• Samba users not added untill they logon first? Edit: How do I add users to tdbsam without a password prompt?

  - by glisignoli

  I add users to my server with the command useradd -m -p PASS_HASH -s /usr/sbin/nologin USERNAME Then I try to access their samba home share, but it never shows up until I login with the user: root:~$sudo login failtest Password:###### Added user failtest. Is there some way of added the user without logging in? Edit: The problem is that the user is added with the useradd command, but ubuntu seems to run an initalisation script when the user logs on for the first time. This script then adds that user to the tdbsam user database. Finding the initalisation script or the method it uses to add a user to the tdbsam database without requiring any user input (as smbpasswd -a USER prompts the user for a password). So all I need is a way to add a user+pass to the tdbsam database without prompting a user for a password (eg: samaba-add-user.sh USERNAME PASSWORD).

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• How to use psexec without admin privileges on target machine?

  - by HighCommander4

  Is it possible to use psexec to execute a command on a remote machine without having admin privileges on the remote machine? I tried running psexec \\<machine> -u <username> -p <password>, where <username> and <password> are non-admin credentials, but I get an "access denied" error I can remote desktop into the remote machine with the same credentials without any problems. My local machine is running Windows 7 Enterprise 64-bit, and the remote machine is running Windows Server 2008 64-bit. I do have admin privileges on the local machine. EDIT: To all the people who are downvoting this question: I am not trying to circumvent any sort of security measure. I can already run the process on the remote machine by remote desktop-ing into the remote machine and running it. I'm simply looking for a command-line way to do something I can already do through a GUI.

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• Windows 7 losing one of my displays after restart

  - by j_kubik

  I have an Intel DZ68BC motherboard with Intel HD graphics card using two monitors (on DVI and on HDMI » VGA). My friend asked me to test if his NVIDIA graphics card works well on my computer (at his it was doing some trouble), so I inserted it in my computer, installed the NVIDIA driver and it worked quite well. Then I removed it, uninstalled everything NVIDIA-related I could find and switched monitors back to my Intel card. Since then after every system start/restart, the system sees only monitor on HDMI » VGA connector, completely ignoring the DVI monitor. I noticed that installing the Intel video drivers causes the system to recognize the second monitor if I don't immediately reboot. After a reboot, the system recognizes only the HDMI » VGA monitor. I also tried starting in safe-mode and using DriveSweeper to remove the remains of NVIDIA drivers. While it seems that some drivers were removed, the situation didn't change. Now I am out of ideas and I really wouldn't like to reinstall the system (again...). I also tried restoring the system to the state before this whole story, but it also didn't change anything. EDIT: I am still trying to troubleshoot this problem. The only point that I could start was driver re-instalation. I traced down the part that restores right settings to a call: C:\Users\Jarek\Desktop\GFX_Win7_64_8.15.10.2696\x64\Drv64.exe -driverinf "C:\Users\Jarek\Desktop\GFX_Win7_64_8.15.10.2696\Graphics\igdlh64.inf" -flags 20 -keypath "Software\Intel\Difx64" This call fixes my displays, and as workaround, I will add it for now to my autorun. I am still looking for better solution anyway... EDIT2: Using DriverView i made a list of currently used drivers both before and after fixing my display using above command. Then i compared logs: No drivers were removed by fixing command. Drivers added by fixing command: MS Remote Access serial network driver (asyncmac.sys) security processor (spsys.sys) Drivers that changed base address (indicates driver-reload?) Canonical Display Driver (cdd.dll) Intel Graphics Kernel Mode Driver (igdkmd64.sys) Monitor Driver (monitor.sys) Added drivers seem rather unrelated to the problem to me, reloaded drivers are just a cnsequence of installing new driver file so there is not much to go here... I really cannot make heads or tails out of it...

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• Trying to grok Linux quotas, where is the data stored?

  - by CarpeNoctem

  So all the tutorials and documentation for the Linux quota system has left me confused. For each filesystem with quotas enabled/on where is the actual quota information stored? Is it filesystem metadata or is it in a file? Say user foo creates a new file on /home. How does the kernel determine whether user foo is below their hard limit? Does the kernel have to tally up quota information on that filesystem each time or is it in the superblock or somewhere else? As far as I understand, the kernel consults the aquota.user file for the actual rules, but where is the current quota usage data stored? Can this be viewed with any tools outside repquota and the like? TIA!! Update: Thanks for the help. I had already read that mini-HOWTO. I am pretty clear on the usage of the user space tools. What I was unclear on is whether the usage data was ALSO in the file that stored per-user limits and you answered this with a yes. From what I can tell, rc.sysinit runs quotacheck and quotaon on startup. The quotacheck program analyzes the filesystem, updates the aquota.* files. It then makes use of quota.h and the quotactl() syscall to inform the kernel of quota info. From this point forward the kernel hashes that information and increments/decrements quota stats as changes occur. Upon shutdown, the init.d/halt script runs the quotaoff command RIGHT before the filesystems are unmounted. The quotaoff command does not appear to update the aquota.* files with the information the kernel has in memory. I say this because the {a,c,m}times for the aquota.user file are only updated upon a reboot of the system or by manual running the quotacheck command. It appears - as far as I can tell - that the kernel just drops it's up-to-date usage data on the floor at shutdown. This information is never used to update the aquota.* files. They are updated during startup by quotacheck(rc.sysinit). Seems silly to me since that updated info had already been collected by the kernel. So...in conclusion I am still not entirely clear on the methods. ;)

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