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• Dead Linux server - need help and options

  - by Choi S.

  All, I have a Dell PE 1950 w/ 2 SATA drives in a software RAID1. OS is CentOS 5.5 (2.6.18.x). Starting this afternoon we received HW errors (something on the bus is bad, E171F) and the machine became unresponsive. We hard booted and it came back up for about 5 hours but then it happened again. I'm trying to figure out our options. Unfortunately we do not have similar hardware but I have a small desktop that I can use. I was contemplating putting one of the drives into the desktop and then starting it up. My goal was to then P2V it using Vmware converter but apparently the free v5.x doesn't support hot cloning/converting on a RAID volume, only the Enterprise 4.x version of Converter does. My questions are: 1.) Is putting a single drive out of a RAID1 pair into another piece of HW is safe? Based on my research and understanding it appears to be but would like confirmation. 2.) Is there any work around to the Vmware Converter not supporting RAID volumes during a hot clone/convert session? 3.) Are there other options I'm overlooking? Thanks in advance for reading and responding. --Choi S.

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• PHP-FPM processes holding onto MongoDB connection states

  - by Brendan

  For the relevant part of our server stack, we're running: NGINX 1.2.3 PHP-FPM 5.3.10 with PECL mongo 1.2.12 MongoDB 2.0.7 CentOS 6.2 We're getting some strange, but predictable behavior when the MongoDB server goes away (crashes, gets killed, etc). Even with a try/catch block around the connection code, i.e: try { $mdb = new Mongo('mongodb://localhost:27017'); } catch (MongoConnectionException $e) { die( $e->getMessage() ); } $db = $mdb->selectDB('collection_name'); Depending on which PHP-FPM workers have connected to mongo already, the connection state is cached, causing further exceptions to go unhandled, because the $mdb connection handler can't be used. The troubling thing is that the try does not consistently fail for a considerable amount of time, up to 15 minutes later, when -- I assume -- the php-fpm processes die/respawn. Essentially, the behavior is that when you hit a worker that hasn't connected to mongo yet, you get the die message above, and when you connect to a worker that has, you get an unhandled exception from $mdb->selectDB('collection_name'); because catch does not run. When PHP is a single process, i.e. via Apache with mod_php, this behavior does not occur. Just for posterity, going back to Apache/mod_php is not an option for us at this time. Is there a way to fix this behavior? I don't want the connection state to be inconsistent between different php-fpm processes.

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• How to make Thunderbird play nice with Google mail

  - by Christi

  Thunderbird and gmail aren't exactly the best of friends. Gmail's tags mean that Thunderbird often downloads multiple copies of a single mail. Anything tagged in gmail will appear in a folder related to that tag, the "all mail" folder, and possibly the "inbox" and "sent mail" folders too. Thus a mail with multiple tags could potentially be stored more than four times in a local Thunderbird cache. This can make searching difficult, and is obviously wasteful of disk space. The best solution I have come up with is as follows. Operate a zero inbox policy (i.e. use the inbox for processing live mail only and archive everything else) which eliminates an extra copy in the inbox. Secondly, configure Thunderbird not to sync the "Sent Mail" folder - this is a bit of a pain, since I actually find it quite useful to be able to look through just the mails I've sent, but a search can duplicate this functionality. In this way, most of the duplicates are removed, and only mail with tags is stored locally more than once. Ideally, however, I'd only like one copy of each mail to be stored locally. I am surprised Thunderbird doesn't store mail by some sort of hashing algorithm to prevent precisely this problem - but it wouldn't be compatible with the way the folders are mirrored in a local directory structure, I suppose. Can anyone think of a better way to get Thunderbird to cache a Google mail account locally efficiently.

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• Upgrading only certain packages via the getdeb repo

  - by intuited

  I'm a bit confused about how getdeb.net works now. The last time I got a package from there was a while ago; at that point the procedure was that you would just download a .deb for each package that you wanted to install/upgrade and then install it using dpkg -i. However the inexorable march of progress has lent its trumpets to this system as well, and getdeb installs are now done via their repo, which is registered with apt in /etc/apt/sources.list.d, after you install a single package that makes the changes to the apt database. I've installed that package, and I've discovered that aptitude dist-upgrade now wants to upgrade a lot of packages on my system that weren't ready for upgrades prior to the installation of the getdeb package. If I rename the file /etc/apt/sources.list.d/getdeb.list to something with a different extension, then do aptitude update && aptitude dist-upgrade, it stops wanting to upgrade packages. So I gather that the default behaviour is now to upgrade all packages to the version available at getdeb. This is not particularly appropriate, since these packages are not as well tested as the officially released versions. Is there a config setting somewhere that will prevent upgrading packages to versions from the getdeb repo unless this action is specifically selected? I'd like to be able to pick and choose what packages are upgraded via getdeb.

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• nginx with fail2ban and mod_security

  - by Mahesh

  I forgot to update my fail2ban config for nginx. I just moved to nginx from apache. Today, I got a lot of cals from a single IP. IP tried to access login pages with post and get methods IP tried to use nginx as a proxy (GET http:/...) IP searched images, js, css folders IP tried to inject -d url_allow_fopen =1 and something similar. Most of the calls ended with 404. http { limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=app:10m rate=5r/s; ... server { ... location / { limit_req zone=app burst=50; } I got approximately 50 requests from that ip for a second. So i updated my nginx like the above. Will it avoid too many connections per second now? I have updated my fail2ban jail.local to support nginx. I am confused with the nginx-noscript.conf [Definition] failregex = ^<HOST> -.*GET.*(\.php|\.asp|\.exe|\.pl|\.cgi|\scgi) ignoreregex = I am serving php with nginx. I checked apache's noscript.conf and which has .php extension on it too. I tested this above settings before restarting fail2ban and got thousands of ips matched. I removed php and nothing matched. Do i need .php| in nginx-noscript.conf? Using mod_security and fail2ban together bring any problem? When i was searching today, i came to know mod_security is available for nginx too. So i am planning to use it too.

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• What games work well on MacBook Pro (i7/GeForce GT 330M) within VMWare Fusion?

  - by webworm

  I have a 15" MacBook Pro (2.66 i7 with 8 GB RAM) with the GeForce GT 330M 512 MB graphics card. I use it primarily for development (Mac/Web/Windows) though I would like to play the occasional game with my son who uses a desktop PC system at home. I prefer to use VMWare Fusion for virtualization rather than BootCamp for a number of reasons. Heat/Fan issues with i7 under BootCamp Prefer to retain virtual machine as single file rather than dedicated partition (easier to move a nd backup) I have heard that Windows support of the GeForce GT 330 in BootCamp is not all that good. So that being said I was wondering what sort of games I would be able to play within the Fusion environment running Windows 7. I have 8 GB RAM and usually dedicate 4 GB to the virtual machine. I don't expect to be able to play the latest FPS games such as BattleField: Bad Company 2 or Call of Duty, rather I am looking at games such a Total War II, Civilizations IV, Supreme Commander, and other RTS type games. I should mention the native screen resolution of my MacBook Pro is 1680x1050, which is what I would be most likely running the VM at (fullscreen). Thank you for any advice.

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• How to delete a podcast from an iPod and not have it reappear after syncing with iTunes?

  - by Mike

  Hi everyone, Say I have subscribe to a single podcast and I have Episode 1 and Episode 2 on my iPod. Each episode is 30 minutes long. I listen to the entirety of Episode 1 and just the first 15 minutes of Episode 2. I delete Episode 1 using my iPod's menu. Say Episode 3 has just come out. I want to be able to sync with iTunes, and after doing so, have just Episodes 2 and 3 on my iPod (with Episode 2 "half listened to"). How can I do this? Ideal state... Episode 1 = deleted Episode 2 = 15 minutes played already Episode 3 = unplayed I've found that if I set the Sync Podcast option in iTunes to "all new", I get: "All new" Episode 1 = not on the iPod Episode 2 = not on the iPod Episode 3 = unplayed and if I set the Sync Podcast option in iTunes to "all unplayed" "All unplayed" Episode 1 = unplayed Episode 2 = 15 minutes played already Episode 3 = unplayedv neither option does what I want. Is there an option to get my "ideal state"?

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• Basic connectivity issues between Win 7 and XP mixed wired/wireless network.

  - by Pulse

  Setup: Windows 7 x64 Ultimate desktop hard wired to Asus WL500gp router (WL500gpv2-1.9.2.7-d-r1445 firmware) Several Bridged VirtualBox VM's running XP, 7, ubuntu server 10.04, Mint 9 and SuSE 11.2 Win XP Pro SP3 notebook with D-Link Airplus wireless network card. No firewall or other security software currently running on either platform (at least for the duration of the test) Situation: Router is acting DHCP server Clients are receiving correct addresses and additional parameters Internet connectivity is available from all clients Windows 7 sharing is set to Network type = work (not home group) NetBT is disabled on all clients using smb over TCP What I can do: I can ping the router and internet addresses from the wireless XP notebook I can ping the Win 7 desktop and any VM from the XP wireless notebook I can ping all devices from the router All VM's and 7 can ping each other and the router as well as Internet addresses What I can't do: I cannot ping the XP wireless notebook from either The Win 7 desktop or the VM's it alwats returns a destination host unreachable. Tracert resolves the name or the XP notebook but also returns a destination host unreachable. From the above it would seem that something is blocking connectivity in a single direction (from the Win 7 box to the Win XP notebook) only but the router can ping the XP notebook. Some fresh input would be most welcome, as this is beginning to drive me batty. Thanks

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• Why does my simple Raid 1 backup storage perform really slow sometimes?

  - by randomguy

  I bought 2x Samsung F3 EcoGreen 2TB hard disks to make a backup storage. I put them in Raid 1 (mirror) mode. Made a single partition and formatted it to NTFS, running Windows 7. For some reason, accessing the drive's contents (simply by navigating folders) is sometimes really slow. Like opening D:/photos/ can sometimes take several seconds before it starts showing any of the folder's contents. Same applies for other folders. What could be causing this and what could I do to improve the performance? I remember that there was an option somewhere inside Windows to choose fast access but less reliable persistence operations (read/write). It was a tick inside some dialog. At the time, it felt like a good idea to take the tick away from the option and get more reliable persistence but slower access, but now I'm regretting. I'm unable to find this dialog.. I've looked hard. I don't know, if it would make any difference. Oh, and I've ran scan disk and defrag on the drive. No errors and speed isn't improved.

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• Linux Software RAID1: How to boot after (physically) removing /dev/sda? (LVM, mdadm, Grub2)

  - by flight

  A server set up with Debian 6.0/squeeze. During the squeeze installation, I configured the two 500GB SATA disks (/dev/sda and /dev/sdb) as a RAID1 (managed with mdadm). The RAID keeps a 500 GB LVM volume group (vg0). In the volume group, there's a single logical volume (lv0). vg0-lv0 is formatted with extfs3 and mounted as root partition (no dedicated /boot partition). The system boots using GRUB2. In normal use, the systems boots fine. Also, when I tried and removed the second SATA drive (/dev/sdb) after a shutdown, the system came up without problem, and after reconnecting the drive, I was able to --re-add /dev/sdb1 to the RAID array. But: After removing the first SATA drive (/dev/sda), the system won't boot any more! A GRUB welcome message shows up for a second, then the system reboots. I tried to install GRUB2 manually on /dev/sdb ("grub-install /dev/sdb"), but that doesn't help. Appearently squeeze fails to set up GRUB2 to launch from the second disk when the first disk is removed, which seems to be quite an essential feature when running this kind of Software RAID1, isn't it? At the moment, I'm lost whether this is a problem with GRUB2, with LVM or with the RAID setup. Any hints?

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• What can prevent a Server 2008 machine accessing its OWN UNC shares?

  - by Simon

  I need to set up a UNC share for my hosted dedicated server to access a share on itself. Unfortunately TFS requires a UNC share. I am on a Windows Server 2008 Standard SP2 64bit dedicated server behind a PIX 501 firewall hosted with GoDaddy. I just cannot get the server to access itself and get this error: Windows cannot access \\SERVER\SHARE Check the spelling of the name.. etc. I've found numerous questions about this but no answer to my problem. Server 2008 Standard x64 SP2 Workgroup - not domain Windows Firewall is off Computer browser service is on I am trying to access \\MYMACHINE\TFS-BUILDS by typing in - or double clicking. Neither works. Machine has single network card Filesharing wizard says share was ok Share was showing under 'Computer management' Permissions are set to 'everyone' full control No obvious errors in eventlog Reboot didn't fix it Unfortunately I cannot try to access other shares in or out of this machine because it is a hosted dedicated server and the only machine behind a hardware firewall. The only thing left i can think of is that the hardware firewall needs to be configured. I don't think it is this because we have a 2003 Server machine behind a different hardware firewall and that one works fine. What on earth is left?!

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• LAMP Stack Version Help -- Is there a website or version tracker source to help suggest the right versions of each part of a platform stack?

  - by Chris Adragna

  Taken singly, it's easy to research versions and compatibility. Version information is readily available on each single part of a platform stack, such as MySQL. You can find out the latest version, stable version, and sometimes even the percentage of people adopting it by version (personally, I like seeing numbers on adoption rates). However, when trying to find the best possible mix of versions, I have a harder time. For example, "if you're using MySQL 5.5, you'll need PHP version XX or higher." It gets even more difficult to mitigate when you throw higher level platforms into the mix such as Drupal, Joomla, etc. I do consider "wizard" like installers to be beneficial, such as the Bitnami installers. However, I always wonder if those solutions cater more to the least common denominator -- be all to many -- and as such, I think I'd be better to install things on my own. Such solutions do seem kind of slow to adopt new versions, slower than necessary, I suspect. Is there a website or tool that consolidates versioning data in order to help a webmaster choose which versions to deploy or which upgrades to install, in consideration of all the other parts of the stack?

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• 3 Monitor PCI-e Graphics card on Linux (without tremendous pain)?

  - by N Rahl

  As we are all painfully aware, the only way to get multiple monitors AND compositing (Compiz) on Linux is to use a single graphics card that can drive both (or in my case all three) screens. I bought a Radeon 5750 specifically because it claims to able to drive 3 monitors. I can plug in 3 monitors (2 DVI, 1 HDMI) and the Catalyst Control Center shows all 3, but only 2 can be enabled at a time. The exact message is: The current settings cannot be applied. Possible issues may include: - Display(s) cannot be enabled. - Setting(s) cannot be applied due to insufficient video memory. So I'm going to assume that either the 5750 doesn't support 3 monitors, OR, more likely, ATI couldn't be bothered to add that support to their Linux drivers. So this is a multipart question: First, can anyone suggest a PCI Express Graphics card that can run 3 screens on linux without tremendous pain? I'm looking for something where you install the driver and all three screens "just work". Does such a card exist? Second, if you have a 5750, have you been able to get it to do 3 monitors? I'm running Ubuntu 10.04 at the moment.

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• file read performance degrades as number of files increases

  - by bfallik-bamboom

  We're observing poor file read IO results that we'd like to better understand. We can use fio to write 100 files with a sustained aggregate throughput of ~700MB/s. When we switch the test to read instead of write, the aggregate throughput is only ~55MB/s. The drop seems related to the number of files since the throughput for read and write are comparable for a single file then diverge proportionally as we increase the number of files. The test server has 24 CPU cores, 48GB of memory, and is running CentOS 6.0. The disk hardware is a RAID 6 array with 12 disks and a Dell H800 controller. This device is partitioned with ext4 using the default settings. Increasing the readahead (using blockdev) improves the read throughput significantly but it still doesn't match write speed. For instance, increasing the readahead from 128KB to 1M improved the read throughput to ~145MB/s. Is this a known performance issue in our OS/disk/filesystem configuration? If so, how can we tell? If not, what tools or tests can we use to further isolate the issue? Thanks.

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• Drive security settings in Windows 8 Pro

  - by Donotalo

  My PC OS is Windows 8 Pro x64. Windows 8 seems confusing. D:\ drive is supposed to be used solely by a single user, who is in Users group of the PC. The requirement is... that user will have full control of D drive. Admins will have full control of D drive. All other users can only list drive contents. No file could be opened. My account is admin account. From D drive's property Security tab, I've set the following: Allow "List folder contents" for Authenticated Users group. Allow "Full control" for SYSTEM. Allow "Full control" to specific user, who's supposed to use the drive. Allow "Full control" for Administrators group of the computer. Allow "List folder contents" for Users group. After setting this up, the specific user have full control of D drive. No other user can open any file on D drive. But though my account is an admin account, no file on D drive could be opened from my account! Why is this happening and how files can be opened from my account? Note: All accounts in this PC are local accounts.

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• Can I charge USB devices from a powered hub that isn't connected to a PC?

  - by Anodyne

  This will probably sound familiar to most of you... In my home, we have a whole bunch of devices that can be charged via USB (two iPhones, a BlackBerry, an iPod Touch, etc ad nauseam). We also have a bunch of USB chargers, each of which has a single USB port on it. I'd like to have something permanently connected to AC power with at least 4 USB ports on it, so we can just plug devices in and don't need to go looking for a free outlet. So here's the question: if I buy a powered USB hub, will that do the job even if I don't connect it to a PC? Ideally if you have a hub that you can personally verify will be suitable, let me know the manufacturer and model :-) Thanks in advance! EDIT: The solution I eventually went for was this: Kensington 4-Port USB Charger for Mobile Devices (Europe) There's also a US version here: Kensington 4-Port USB Charger for Mobile Devices (USA) It arrived yesterday, so I used it to charge the following devices, all at the same time, overnight last night: 32GB iPhone 3GS 16GB iPhone 3G First-generation iPod Touch Kensington Portable Power Pack for Mobile Devices I can't say anything about the charging speed (as I left it overnight) but all devices were fully charged this morning.

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• Display errors using VMWare Player and Remote Desktop on Windows XP

  - by Tim

  I've come up against a weird display issue that I can't seem to find any "fix" for. When I first boot up my computer, everything behaves normally. If I start to use VMWare Player and/or Remote Desktop, my desktop starts having some odd video issues. The frames for some windows aren't drawn at all, if I move windows around rapidly, the area under where the window used to be isn't cleared (still shows artifacts of the content of the window), etc. In some cases, the minimize / restore / maximize buttons aren't drawn (but are click-able if you can guess where they are). I've tried the usual stuff - current drivers all around, using a single monitor, etc.. none of it seems to have any bearing. If I try to disable hardware acceleration, it tends to crash the computer. As I said earlier, it's running Windows XP, dual monitors, an NVidia en8400GS video card, asus p7p55d motherboard. Not sure what other pertinent details are needed. I would appreciate any help or suggestions!

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• SBS DC DNS entries going missing?

  - by Chris W

  I've been looking at a problem on a friends SBS (2003) server where the client PC's aren't able to connect to the server with a variety of errors reported. Checking the server itself the only indicator of an issue is an error 5782: Dynamic registration or deregistration of one or more DNS records failed with the following error: No DNS servers configured for the local system. Running a dcdiag reports that there are no DNS records registered for the DC so I fixed the problem by doing a netdiag /fix after which the dcdiag comes back clean and clients are ok again. It happened a few weeks ago as well and the same fix solved it. What are the possible causes of the DC DNS entries going missing? Is this a config option that needs tweaking or could it be solved by something simple like scheduling the SBS server to re-boot periodically? The only change they can think of that was made near to the time of the first instance of this problem occurring is that RRAS was started up to allow for a VPN connection from a home user. NB - The server is setup with a pair of NICs in a team so the server has a single virtual NIC providing both LAN/WAN connections to it. An external hardware firewall is in use rather than the windows firewall.

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• Local user vs. domain user? What is the right way here?

  - by ebeeb

  I'm a software developer in a company with 6 employees. Everyone has a machine for him-/herself, so none of the machines is shared. I'm currently setting up my machine with Windows 8 and was experimenting a bit with domain and local user accounts. Correct me please if I'm wrong, but I think the idea behind is, that domain users generally should not be able to modify the configuration of a machine (like installing software), since they are able to login on every single machine in the domain. The local user (usually just one local administrator per machine) is the one who cares about the configuration of the machine. But in my case the login into the domain is just for being able to access directories/servers in the domain (I do not really know the details, all I know is, that loggin into the domain user account is necessary). So overall I've got a local admin account and a domain account used on my machine. While working I'm logged in to my domain user account. But it annoys me, that I always need to enter the credentials of my local user account when I'm about to update/install something, which happens quite often as a software developer. I fixed this with adding the domain account into the user accounts in my control panel and putting it into the Administrators group. The only thing I wanted to know about this: is there something REALLY bad about doing this? Or is there maybe a more common way to be able to act like a local admin, while logged in as a domain user? PS: I'm sorry about the tags, but I don't know the proper ones. I'd be glad if some of the superuser experts could fix this :-)

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• Anyone have real world experience with Rackspace Cloud Sites at high scale?

  - by Allara

  I have a pure web service application layer using .NET. I was originally planning to use Amazon EC2, but rolling my own autoscaling procedures is a bit intimidating, and the scaling isn't very granular from a cost perspective. If the app is successful, we could be looking at relatively high scale (millions of requests per month). The app uses Amazon SimpleDB as the database layer. As a test, I have the app running successfully in Rackspace Cloud Sites. Performance seems to be equal to (if not better than) a standard EC2 instance, even with the added latency of the SimpleDB requests travelling to the Rackspace network. However, testing at this stage is at a very low scale. My question is this: has anyone had real-world experience running a high scale application on Rackspace Cloud Sites? Moreover, once you pass the "included" 10,000 compute cycles per month, does the overall cost seem to be lower than rolling lots of EC2 instances? My assumption would be that with completely smooth scaling (i.e. only adding compute resources as needed), the cost could be lower on average. However, their stated goal of calibrating 10,000 CCs as a single 1.2 Ghz CPU seems on average to be much more expensive than EC2. I like the idea of no-touch scaling, but is it too good to be true?

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• pam_ldap.so before pam_unix.so? Is it ever possible?

  - by user1075993

  we have a couple of servers with PAM+LDAP. The configuration is standard (see http://arthurdejong.org/nss-pam-ldapd/setup or http://wiki.debian.org/LDAP/PAM). For example, /etc/pam.d/common-auth contains: auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok_secure auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 1000 quiet auth sufficient pam_ldap.so use_first_pass auth requiered pam_deny.so And, of course, it works for both ldap and local users. But every login goes first to pam_unix.so, fails, and only then tries pam_ldap.so successfully. As a result, we have a well-known failure message for every single ldap user login: pam_unix(<some_service>:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=<some_host> user=<some_user> I have up to 60000 of such log messages per day and I want to change the configuration so, that PAM will try ldap authentication first, and only if it fails - try pam_unix.so (I think it can improve the i/o performance of the server). But if I change common-auth to the following: auth sufficient pam_ldap.so use_first_pass auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok_secure auth requiered pam_deny.so Then I simply can't login anymore with local (non-ldap) user (e.g., via ssh). Does somebody knows the right configuration? Why Debian and nss-pam-ldapd have pam_unix.so at first by default? Is there really no way to change it? Thank you in advance. P.S. I don't want to disable logs, but want to set ldap authentication on the first place.

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• Router(s) Issue: DNS quries sporadically fail with multiple computers hooked in

  - by bob-the-destroyer

  Basically, after anywhere from 5-60 minutes, DNS queries fail for a few minutes, then slowly begin to resolve correctly. Then the cycle repeats. This occurs only when more than one computer is on the network. All computers on the network experiences the same sporadic DNS outage at the same time. Wireless or wired, Linux or Windows, fresh OS install or old, browser or ping, same symptoms. Duplicated on 3 routers (not chained together, mind you) and 3 ISP's and 3 separate locations over the past several months. The only common theme is a single 5-yo WIN XP laptop which has been in use on the network throughout all this. There also may be anywhere between 1 - 10 devices hooked up wired or wirelessly at a time. The only reprieve I have from this torture is by using any VPN to an outside source - always smooth sailing. I typically set up any router to a) use WPA2/etc security; b) MAC whitelist; c) UPNP OFF (if available); d) always update firmware when available; e) obtain DNS from ISP automatically; f) set the router to act as DHCP server for the internal network. Adjusting channels has no effect. Any ideas?

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• optimal folder structure for storing 100k files on a USB drive

  - by cherouvim

  I need to store 100k files (around 40GB) in a USB drive. Each file has a unique int id (e.g 45000). Option one is to put all files in a single folder: root/ root/1.pdf root/2.pdf root/3.pdf ... root/567.pdf root/568.pdf root/569.pdf ... root/10001.pdf root/10002.pdf root/10003.pdf ... root/99998.pdf root/99999.pdf root/100000.pdf Option two is to create a [1-9][0-9]* folder hierarchy based on that id: root/ root/1/file.pdf root/2/file.pdf root/3/file.pdf ... root/5/6/7/file.pdf root/5/6/8/file.pdf root/5/6/9/file.pdf ... root/1/0/0/0/1/file.pdf root/1/0/0/0/2/file.pdf root/1/0/0/0/3/file.pdf ... root/9/9/9/9/8/file.pdf root/9/9/9/9/9/file.pdf root/1/0/0/0/0/0/file.pdf Which option will scale better? I can understand that the second option will require tons of folders but each folder will at most contain 10 folders and 1 file. Maintenance will not be an issue since everything will be controlled by an application. Note that this is a USB drive on linux and based on the above I'd also like to know whether I should go with FAT32 or NTFS.

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• Tuning up a MySQL server

  - by NinjaCat

  I inherited a mysql server, and so I've started with running the MySQLTuner.pl script. I am not a MySQL expert but I can see that there is definitely a mess here. I'm not looking to go after every single thing that needs fixing and tuning, but I do want to grab the major, low hanging fruit. Total Memory on the system is: 512MB. Yes, I know it's low, but it's what we have for the time being. Here's what the script had to say: General recommendations: Run OPTIMIZE TABLE to defragment tables for better performance MySQL started within last 24 hours - recommendations may be inaccurate Enable the slow query log to troubleshoot bad queries When making adjustments, make tmp_table_size/max_heap_table_size equal Reduce your SELECT DISTINCT queries without LIMIT clauses Increase table_cache gradually to avoid file descriptor limits Your applications are not closing MySQL connections properly Variables to adjust: query_cache_limit (> 1M, or use smaller result sets) tmp_table_size (> 16M) max_heap_table_size (> 16M) table_cache (> 64) innodb_buffer_pool_size (>= 326M) For the variables that it recommends that I adjust, I don't even see most of them in the mysql.cnf file. [client] port = 3306 socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock [mysqld_safe] socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock nice = 0 [mysqld] innodb_buffer_pool_size = 220M innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 innodb_file_per_table = 1 innodb_thread_concurrency = 32 skip-locking big-tables max_connections = 50 innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 600 slave_transaction_retries = 10 innodb_table_locks = 0 innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 20M user = mysql socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock port = 3306 basedir = /usr datadir = /var/lib/mysql tmpdir = /tmp skip-external-locking bind-address = localhost key_buffer = 16M max_allowed_packet = 16M thread_stack = 192K thread_cache_size = 4 myisam-recover = BACKUP query_cache_limit = 1M query_cache_size = 16M log_error = /var/log/mysql/error.log expire_logs_days = 10 max_binlog_size = 100M skip-locking innodb_file_per_table = 1 big-tables [mysqldump] quick quote-names max_allowed_packet = 16M [mysql] [isamchk] key_buffer = 16M !includedir /etc/mysql/conf.d/

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• How to back up initial state of external backup drive?

  - by intuited

  I've picked up an HP Simplesave external drive. It comes with some fancy software that is of no use to me because I don't use Windows. Like many current consumer-targeted backup drives, the backup software is actually contained on the drive itself. I'd like to save the drive's initial state so that I can restore it if I decide to sell it. The backup box itself is somewhat customized: in addition to the hard drive device, it presents a CDROM-like device on /dev/sr0. I gather that the purpose of this cdrom device is to bootstrap via Windows autoplay the backup application which lives on the disk itself. I wouldn't suppose any guarantees about how it does this, so it seems important to preserve the exact state of the disk. The drive is formatted with a single 500GB NTFS partition. My initial thought was to use dd to dump the disk (/dev/sdb) itself, but this proved impractical, as the resulting file was not sparse. This seemed to be because the NTFS empty space is not filled with zeroes, but with a repeating series of 16 bytes. I tried gzipping the output of dd. This reduced to the file to a manageable size — the first 18GB was compressed to 81MB, versus 47MB to tarball the contents of the mounted filesystem — but it was very slow on my admittedly somewhat derelict Pentium M processor. The time to do that first 18GB was about 30 minutes. So I've resorted to dumping the disk state and partition data separately. I've dumped the partition state with sfdisk -d /dev/sdb > sfdisk.-d.out I've also created a compressed image of the NTFS partition (the only one on the disk) with ntfsclone --save-image --output - /dev/sdb1 | gzip -c > ntfsclone.img.gz Is there anything else I should do to ensure that I can restore the precise original state of the drive?

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