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• Compiler error while compiling the RAPID library on VS2008

  - by Demi

  I've downloaded the RAPID library and tried to compile it on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. However, I'm getting the following compiler error: C4430 missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int at this code segment (the exact line that produces the error is int flag): class RAPID_model { public: box *b; int num_boxes_alloced; tri *tris; int num_tris; int num_tris_alloced; int build_state; int build_hierarchy(); friend RAPID_Collide(double R1[3][3], double T1[3], double s1, RAPID_model *RAPID_model1, double R2[3][3], double T2[3], double s2, RAPID_model *RAPID_model2, int flag); Can anyone please help me with this? Thank you

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• What will happen if I change the type of a column from int to year?

  - by MachinationX

  I have a table in MySQL 4.0 which currently has a year field as a smallint(6) type. What will happen if I convert it directly to a Year type with a query like the following: ALTER TABLE t MODIFY y YEAR(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP; When the current members of column y have values like 2010? I assume that because the year type is technically values from 1-255, values above that will be truncated or broken. So if MySQL isn't smart enough to realize that 2010(int) = 110(year), what would be the simplest query or queries to convert the values? Thanks for your help!

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• C++ pointer to functions, Beginner Question...

  - by BobAlmond

  Hi all, I want to ask about pointer in C++ I have some simple code: int add(int a, int b){ return a+b; } int runner(int x,int y, int (*functocall)(int, int)){ return (*functocall)(x,y); } now, suppose I call those functions using this way : cout<<runner(2,5,&add); or maybe cout<<runner(2,5,add); is there any difference? because when I tried, the result is the same and with no error. Thanks a lot

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• how to make this piece of code work in C++?

  - by cambr

  #include<stdio.h> void print(int *arr[], int s1, int s2) { int i, j; printf("\n"); for(i = 0; i<s1; i++) { for(j = 0; j<s2; j++) { printf("%d, ", *((arr+i)+j)); } } printf("\n"); } int main() { int a[4][4] = {{0}}; print(a,4,4); } This works in C, but not in C++. error: cannot convert `int (*)[4]' to `int**' for argument `1' to `void print(int**, int, int)' Why does it not work in C++? What change is needed to be made?

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• Shuffle array variables in a pre-specified order, without using extra memory of "size of input array"

  - by Eternal Learner

  Input : A[4] = {0,4,-1,1000} - Actual Array P[4] = {1,0,3,2} - Order to be reshuffled Output: A[4] = {4,0,1000,-1} Condition : Don't use an additional array as memory. Can use an extra variable or two. Problem : I have the below program in C++, but this fails for certain inputs of array P. #include<iostream> using namespace std; void swap(int *a_r,int *r) { int temp = *r; *r = *a_r; *a_r = temp; } int main() { int A[4] = {0,4,-1,1000}; int P[4] = {3,0,1,2}; int value = A[0] , dest = P[0]; for(int i=0; i<4;i++) { swap(&A[dest],&value); dest = P[dest]; } for(int i=0;i<4;i++) cout<<A[i]<<" "; }

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• Scala puts precedence on implicit conversion over "natural" operations... Why? Is this a bug? Or am

  - by Alex R

  This simple test, of course, works as expected: scala var b = 2 b: Int = 2 scala b += 1 scala b res3: Int = 3 Now I bring this into scope: class A(var x: Int) { def +=(y:Int) { this.x += y } } implicit def int2A(i:Int) : A = new A(i) I'm defining a new class and a += operation on it. I never expected this would affect the way my regular Ints behave. But it does: scala var b:Int = 0 b: Int = 0 scala b += 1 scala b res29: Int = 0 scala b += 2 scala b res31: Int = 0 Scala seems to prefer the implicit conversion over the natural += that is already defined to Ints. That leads to several questions... Why? Is this a bug? Is it by design? Is there a work-around (other than not using "+=")? Thanks

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• Stucture with array of pointers in C

  - by MVTCplusplus

  What's wrong with this? Can I have an array of pointers to SDL_Surfaces in a struct in C? typedef struct { int next_wheel; int pos_X; int pos_Y; int front_wheel_pos_X; int front_wheel_pos_Y; int velocity; int rear_wheel_pos_X; int rear_wheel_pos_Y; SDL_Surface* body; SDL_Surface* rear_wheel[9]; SDL_Surface* front_wheel[9]; } mars_rover; ... mars_rover* init_rover() { mars_rover* rover = (mars_rover*)malloc(sizeof(mars_rover) + sizeof(SDL_Surface) * 19); ... return rover; } int main() { mars_rover* rover = init_rover(); ... }

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• Functions without arguments, with unit as argument in scala

  - by scout

  def foo(x:Int, f:Unit=>Int) = println(f()) foo(2, {Unit => 3+4} //case1 def loop:Int = 7 foo(2, loop) //does not compile changing loop to //case 2 def loop():Int = 7 foo(2, loop) // does not compile changing loop to //case 3 def loop(x:Unit): Int = 7 //changing according to Don's Comments foo(2,loop) // compiles and works fine should'nt case 1 and case 2 also work? why are they not working? defining foo as def foo(x:Int, y:()=>Int) then case 2 works but not case 1. Arent they all supposed to work, defining the functions either way. //also i think ()=Int in foo is a bad style, y:=Int does not work, comments??

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• what is the accepted naming convention for int, string, array, list, object, etc...

  - by RJ

  The company I work for now uses a set naming convention for their C# variables such as iSomeName for int, sSomeName for string, aSomeName for arrays, bSomeName for boolean, dSomeName for datetime and so on. My previous employer did not use the i, s, a, b and d prefixes and just named the variables a good understandable name. My impression is that these prefixes lost favor a while ago and from what I read it is not the current trend. It seems fine to me either way as long as the variable is descriptive enough to understand what it is doing but I was wondering what the now-a-day accepted practice is for naming variables?

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• Why do dicts of defaultdict(int)'s use so much memory? (and other simple python performance question

  - by dukhat

  import numpy as num from collections import defaultdict topKeys = range(16384) keys = range(8192) table = dict((k,defaultdict(int)) for k in topKeys) dat = num.zeros((16384,8192), dtype="int32") print "looping begins" #how much memory should this use? I think it shouldn't use more that a few #times the memory required to hold (16384*8192) int32's (512 mb), but #it uses 11 GB! for k in topKeys: for j in keys: dat[k,j] = table[k][j] print "done" What is going on here? Furthermore, this similar script takes eons to run compared to the first one, and also uses an absurd quantity of memory. topKeys = range(16384) keys = range(8192) table = [(j,0) for k in topKeys for j in keys] I guess python ints might be 64 bit ints, which would account for some of this, but do these relatively natural and simple constructions really produce such a massive overhead? I guess these scripts show that they do, so my question is: what exactly is causing the high memory usage in the first script and the long runtime and high memory usage of the second script and is there any way to avoid these costs?

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• Quick C Style Question

  - by LearningC

  Which is considered better style? int set_int(int *source){ *source = 5; return 0; } int main(){ int x*; set_int(x); } OR int *set_int(){ int *temp = NULL; temp = malloc(sizeof (int)); *temp = 5; return temp; } int main(){ int *x = set_int(); } Coming for a higher level programming background I gotta say I like the second version more. Any, tips would be very helpful. Still learning C.

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• Java Basics: create class object

  - by user1767853

  In C++: class Rectangle { int x, y; public: void set_values (int,int); int area () {return (x*y);} }; int main () { Rectangle rect; rect.set_values (3,4); } In Java: class Rectangle { int x, y; void set_values (int x,int y); int area () {return (x*y);} } public static void main(String[] args) { Rectangle rect=new Rectangle(3,4); } In C++ compiler will create rect object & reserve memory 4 bytes. I want to know How Java is creating object?

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• Getting Service Tag from Dell Machine using .net?

  - by JonH

  Hello folks I've got a class that pulls model information (hardware info) for a local machine code is like so: Imports System.Management Public Class clsWMI Private objOS As ManagementObjectSearcher Private objCS As ManagementObjectSearcher Private objMgmt As ManagementObject Private m_strComputerName As String Private m_strManufacturer As String Private m_StrModel As String Private m_strOSName As String Private m_strOSVersion As String Private m_strSystemType As String Private m_strTPM As String Private m_strWindowsDir As String Public Sub New() objOS = New ManagementObjectSearcher("SELECT * FROM Win32_OperatingSystem") objCS = New ManagementObjectSearcher("SELECT * FROM Win32_ComputerSystem") For Each objMgmt In objOS.Get m_strOSName = objMgmt("name").ToString() m_strOSVersion = objMgmt("version").ToString() m_strComputerName = objMgmt("csname").ToString() m_strWindowsDir = objMgmt("windowsdirectory").ToString() Next For Each objMgmt In objCS.Get m_strManufacturer = objMgmt("manufacturer").ToString() m_StrModel = objMgmt("model").ToString() m_strSystemType = objMgmt("systemtype").ToString m_strTPM = objMgmt("totalphysicalmemory").ToString() Next End Sub Public ReadOnly Property ComputerName() Get ComputerName = m_strComputerName End Get End Property Public ReadOnly Property Manufacturer() Get Manufacturer = m_strManufacturer End Get End Property Public ReadOnly Property Model() Get Model = m_StrModel End Get End Property Public ReadOnly Property OsName() Get OsName = m_strOSName End Get End Property Public ReadOnly Property OSVersion() Get OSVersion = m_strOSVersion End Get End Property Public ReadOnly Property SystemType() Get SystemType = m_strSystemType End Get End Property Public ReadOnly Property TotalPhysicalMemory() Get TotalPhysicalMemory = m_strTPM End Get End Property Public ReadOnly Property WindowsDirectory() Get WindowsDirectory = m_strWindowsDir End Get End Property End Class Any possibility to get a service tag from WMI ? From the client side form I display values like so: Dim objWMI As New clsWMI() With objWMI Debug.WriteLine("Computer Name = " & .ComputerName) Me.Label1.Text = "Name: " & .ComputerName Debug.WriteLine("Computer Manufacturer = " & .Manufacturer) Me.Label2.Text = "Manufacturer: " & .Manufacturer Debug.WriteLine("Computer Model = " & .Model) Me.Label3.Text = "Model: " & .Model Debug.WriteLine("OS Name = " & .OsName) Me.Label4.Text = "OS Name: " & .OsName Debug.WriteLine("OS Version = " & .OSVersion) Me.Label5.Text = "OS VERSION: " & .OSVersion Debug.WriteLine("System Type = " & .SystemType) Me.Label6.Text = "System type = " & .SystemType Debug.WriteLine("Total Physical Memory = " & .TotalPhysicalMemory) Me.Label7.Text = "Memory: " & .TotalPhysicalMemory Debug.WriteLine("Windows Directory = " & .WindowsDirectory) Me.Label8.Text = "Win Directory: " & .WindowsDirectory End With

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• How can i optimize this c# code?

  - by Pandiya Chendur

  I have converted my Datatable to json string use the following method... public string GetJSONString(DataTable Dt) { string[] StrDc = new string[Dt.Columns.Count]; string HeadStr = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < Dt.Columns.Count; i++) { StrDc[i] = Dt.Columns[i].Caption; HeadStr += "\"" + StrDc[i] + "\" : \"" + StrDc[i] + i.ToString() + "¾" + "\","; } HeadStr = HeadStr.Substring(0, HeadStr.Length - 1); StringBuilder Sb = new StringBuilder(); Sb.Append("{\"" + Dt.TableName + "\" : ["); for (int i = 0; i < Dt.Rows.Count; i++) { string TempStr = HeadStr; Sb.Append("{"); for (int j = 0; j < Dt.Columns.Count; j++) { if (Dt.Rows[i][j].ToString().Contains("'") == true) { Dt.Rows[i][j] = Dt.Rows[i][j].ToString().Replace("'", ""); } TempStr = TempStr.Replace(Dt.Columns[j] + j.ToString() + "¾", Dt.Rows[i][j].ToString()); } Sb.Append(TempStr + "},"); } Sb = new StringBuilder(Sb.ToString().Substring(0, Sb.ToString().Length - 1)); Sb.Append("]}"); return Sb.ToString(); } Is this fair enough or still there is margin for optimization to make it execute faster.... Any suggestion...

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• How to Display a Bmp in a RTF control in VB.net

  - by Gerolkae

  I Started with this C# Question I'm trying to Display a bmp image inside a rtf Box for a Bot program I'm making. This function is supposed to convert a bitmap to rtf code whis is inserted to another rtf formatter srtring with additional text. Kind of like Smilies being used in a chat program. For some reason the output of this function gets rejected by the RTF Box and Vanishes completly. I'm not sure if it the way I'm converting the bmp to a Binary string or if its tied in with the header tags 'returns the RTF string representation of our picture Public Shared Function PictureToRTF(ByVal Bmp As Bitmap) As String Dim stream As New MemoryStream() Bmp.Save(stream, System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Bmp) Dim bytes As Byte() = stream.ToArray() Dim str As String = BitConverter.ToString(bytes, 0).Replace("-", String.Empty) 'header to string we want to insert Using g As Graphics = Main.CreateGraphics() xDpi = g.DpiX yDpi = g.DpiY End Using Dim _rtf As New StringBuilder() ' Calculate the current width of the image in (0.01)mm Dim picw As Integer = CInt(Math.Round((Bmp.Width / xDpi) * HMM_PER_INCH)) ' Calculate the current height of the image in (0.01)mm Dim pich As Integer = CInt(Math.Round((Bmp.Height / yDpi) * HMM_PER_INCH)) ' Calculate the target width of the image in twips Dim picwgoal As Integer = CInt(Math.Round((Bmp.Width / xDpi) * TWIPS_PER_INCH)) ' Calculate the target height of the image in twips Dim pichgoal As Integer = CInt(Math.Round((Bmp.Height / yDpi) * TWIPS_PER_INCH)) ' Append values to RTF string _rtf.Append("{\pict\wbitmap0") _rtf.Append("\picw") _rtf.Append(Bmp.Width.ToString) ' _rtf.Append(picw.ToString) _rtf.Append("\pich") _rtf.Append(Bmp.Height.ToString) ' _rtf.Append(pich.ToString) _rtf.Append("\wbmbitspixel24\wbmplanes1") _rtf.Append("\wbmwidthbytes40") _rtf.Append("\picwgoal") _rtf.Append(picwgoal.ToString) _rtf.Append("\pichgoal") _rtf.Append(pichgoal.ToString) _rtf.Append("\bin ") _rtf.Append(str.ToLower & "}") Return _rtf.ToString End Function

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• Dynamic Table CheckBoxes not having a "Checked" true value

  - by LuvlyOvipositor

  I have been working on a web app using ASP.NET with the code base as C#. I have a dynamic table that resizes based on a return from a SQL query; with a check box added in the third cell of each row. The checkbox is assigned an ID according to an index and the date. When users hit the submit button, the code is supposed to get a value from each row that is checked. However, when looping through the rows, none of the check boxes ever have a value of true for the Checked property. The ID persists, but the value of the checkbox seems to be lost. Code for adding the Checkboxes: cell = new TableCell(); CheckBox cb = new CheckBox(); cell.ApplyStyle(TS); cb.ID = index.ToString() + " " + lstDate.SelectedItem.Text.ToString(); if (reader["RestartStatus"].ToString() == "0") { cb.Checked = false; cb.Enabled = true; } else { cb.Checked = true; } cell.Controls.Add(cb); The code for getting the checkbox value: for (int i = 0; i < CompTable.Rows.Count; i++) { int t3 = CompTable.Rows[i].Cells[2].Controls.Count; Control temp = null; if (t3 0) { temp = CompTable.Rows[i].Cells[2].Controls[0]; } string t2 = i.ToString() + " " + lstDate.SelectedItem.Text.ToString(); if ( temp != null && ((CheckBox)temp).ID == i.ToString() + " " + lstDate.SelectedItem.Text.ToString()) { //Separated into 2 if statements for debugging purposes //ID is correct, but .Checked is always false (even if all of the boxes are checked) if (((CheckBox)temp).Checked == true) { tlist.Add(CompTable.Rows[i].Cells[0].Text.ToString()); } } }

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• How to perform Linq select new with datetime in SQL 2008

  - by kd7iwp

  In our C# code I recently changed a line from inside a linq-to-sql select new query as follows: OrderDate = (p.OrderDate.HasValue ? p.OrderDate.Value.Year.ToString() + "-" + p.OrderDate.Value.Month.ToString() + "-" + p.OrderDate.Value.Day.ToString() : "") To: OrderDate = (p.OrderDate.HasValue ? p.OrderDate.Value.ToString("yyyy-mm-dd") : "") The change makes the line smaller and cleaner. It also works fine with our SQL 2008 database in our development environment. However, when the code deployed to our production environment which uses SQL 2005 I received an exception stating: Nullable Type must have a value. For further analysis I copied (p.OrderDate.HasValue ? p.OrderDate.Value.ToString("yyyy-mm-dd") : "") into a string (outside of a Linq statement) and had no problems at all, so it only causes an in issue inside my Linq. Is this problem just something to do with SQL 2005 using different date formats than from SQL 2008? Here's more of the Linq: dt = FilteredOrders.Where(x => x != null).Select(p => new { Order = p.OrderId, link = "/order/" + p.OrderId.ToString(), StudentId = (p.PersonId.HasValue ? p.PersonId.Value : 0), FirstName = p.IdentifierAccount.Person.FirstName, LastName = p.IdentifierAccount.Person.LastName, DeliverBy = p.DeliverBy, OrderDate = p.OrderDate.HasValue ? p.OrderDate.Value.Date.ToString("yyyy-mm-dd") : ""}).ToDataTable(); This is selecting from a List of Order objects. The FilteredOrders list is from another linq-to-sql query and I call .AsEnumerable on it before giving it to this particular select new query. Doing this in regular code works fine: if (o.OrderDate.HasValue) tempString += " " + o.OrderDate.Value.Date.ToString("yyyy-mm-dd");

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• unexplained spacing in horizontal panel in GWT

  - by special0ne

  hi, i am adding widgets to a horizontal panel, and i want them to be all once next to the other on the left corner. even though i have set the spacing=0 and alignment= left the widgets still have space between them. they are spread evenly in the panel. please see the code here for the widget C'tor and the function that adds a new tab (toggle button) tabsPanel is a horizontalPanel, that you can see is aligned to left/right according to the locale any advise would be appreciated thanks.... public TabsWidgetManager(int width, int height, int tabs_shift_direction){ DecoratorPanel decorContent = new DecoratorPanel(); DecoratorPanel decorTitle = new DecoratorPanel(); widgetPanel.setSize(Integer.toString(width), Integer.toString(height)); tabsPanel.setSize(Integer.toString(UIConst.USER_CONTENT_WIDTH), Integer.toString(UIConst.TW_DEFAULT_TAB_HEIGHT)); tabsPanel.setSpacing(0); if (tabs_shift_direction==1) tabsPanel.setHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalPanel.ALIGN_LEFT); else tabsPanel.setHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalPanel.ALIGN_RIGHT); decorTitle.add(tabsPanel); contentPanel.setSize(Integer.toString(UIConst.USER_CONTENT_WIDTH), Integer.toString(UIConst.USER_CONTENT_MINUS_TABS_HEIGHT)); decorContent.add(contentPanel); widgetPanel.add(decorTitle, 0, 0); widgetPanel.add(decorContent, 0, UIConst.TW_DEFAULT_TAB_HEIGHT+15); initWidget(widgetPanel); } public void addTab(String title, Widget widget){ widget.setVisible(false); ToggleButton tab = new ToggleButton(title); tabsList.add(tab); tab.setSize(Integer.toString(UIConst.TW_TAB_DEFAULT_WIDTH), Integer.toString(UIConst.TW_TAB_DEFAULT_HEIGHT)); tab.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() { @Override public void onClick(ClickEvent event) { handleTabClick((ToggleButton)event.getSource()); } }); //adding to the map tabToWidget.put(tab, widget); // adding to the tabs bar tabsPanel.add(tab); //adding to the content contentPanel.add(widget); }

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• How to get the value of an XML element using Linq even when empty.

  - by Yeodave

  Please excuse my stupidity, I tend to find the traversing XML overly complicated. I am using ASP.NET in VB. I have an XML document which contains all the details of staff in my company... <staff> <staffName>Test Staff</staffName> <staffTitle>Slave</staffTitle> <staffDepartmentName>Finance</staffDepartmentName> <staffOffice>London</staffOffice> <staffEmail>[email protected]</staffEmail> <staffPhone>0207 123 456</staffPhone> <staffNotes>Working hours Mon to Thurs 9.15 - 5.15</staffNotes> <staffBio></staffBio> </staff> As you can see, some nodes do not always contain data for ever member of staff; only Directors have biographies. I access the values like this... For Each staff In ( _ From matches In myXMLFile.Descendants("staff").Descendants("staffName") _ Where matches.Nodes(0).ToString.ToLower.Contains(LCase(search)) _ Order By matches.Value _ Select matches) staffName = staff.Descendants("staffName").Nodes(0).ToString) staffTitle = staff.Descendants("staffTitle").Nodes(0).ToString) staffOffice = staff.Descendants("staffOffice").Nodes(0).ToString) staffEmail = staff.Descendants("staffEmail").Nodes(0).ToString) staffPhone = staff.Descendants("staffPhone").Nodes(0).ToString) staffNotes = staff.Descendants("staffNotes").Nodes(0).ToString) staffBio = staff.Descendants("staffBio").Nodes(0).ToString) ' Do something with that data... Next Once it gets to staffBio I get an error saying "Object reference not set to an instance of an object." obviously because that node does not exist. My question is how can I assign the value to a variable even when it is empty without having to do a conditional check before each assignment?

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• Tile map collision is not working properly

  - by Sigh-AniDe

  I am having problems setting collision between my sprite and the tiles. I have only done the code for colision for moving upwards but some places on the map it moves up and some places it doesn't. Here is what I have so far: Vector2 position; private static float scalingFactor = 32; static int tileWidth = 32; static int tileHeight = 32; int[ , ] map = { {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, }; // This is in turtle.update if ( keyboardState.IsKeyDown( Keys.Up ) ) { if ( position.Y > screenHeight / 4 ) { //// current position of the turtle on the tiles int mapX = ( int )( position.X / scalingFactor ); int mapY = ( int )( position.Y / scalingFactor ) - 1; if ( isMovable( mapX , mapY , map ) ) { position.Y = position.Y - scalingFactor; } } else { MoveUp(); } } private void MoveUp() { motion.Y = -1; } public bool isMovable( int mapX , int mapY , int[ , ] map ) { if ( mapX < 0 || mapX > 19 || mapY < 0 || mapY > 20 ) { return false; } int tile = map[ mapX , mapY ]; if ( tile == 0 ) { return false; } return true; } protected override void Update( GameTime gameTime ) { turtle.Update( screenHeight , scalingFactor , map ); base.Update( gameTime ); }

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• How can I have multiple layers in my map array?

  - by Manl400

  How do I load Levels in my game, as in Layer 1 would be Objects, Layer 2 would be Characters and so on. I only need 3 layers, and they will all be put on top of each other. i.e having a flower with a transparent background to be put on grass or dirt on the layer below.I would like to Read From the same file too. How would i go about doing this? Any help would be appreciated. I load the map from a level file which are just numbers corresponding to a tile in the tilesheet. Here is the level file [Layer1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [Layer2] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [Layer3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 And here is the code that interprets it void LoadMap(const char *filename, std::vector< std::vector <int> > &map) { std::ifstream openfile(filename); if(openfile.is_open()) { std::string line, value; int space; while(!openfile.eof()) { std::getline(openfile, line); if(line.find("[TileSet]") != std::string::npos) { state = TileSet; continue; } else if (line.find("[Layer1]") != std::string::npos) { state = Map; continue; } switch(state) { case TileSet: if(line.length() > 0) tileSet = al_load_bitmap(line.c_str()); break; case Map: std::stringstream str(line); std::vector<int> tempVector; while(!str.eof()) { std::getline(str, value, ' '); if(value.length() > 0) tempVector.push_back(atoi(value.c_str())); } map.push_back(tempVector); break; } } } else { } } and this is how it draws the map. Also the tile sheet is 1280 by 1280 and the tilesizeX and tilesizeY is 64 void DrawMap(std::vector <std::vector <int> > map) { int mapRowCount = map.size(); for(int i, j = 0; i < mapRowCount; i ++) { int mapColCount = map[i].size(); for (int j = 0; j < mapColCount; ++j) { int tilesetIndex = map[i][j]; int tilesetRow = floor(tilesetIndex / TILESET_COLCOUNT); int tilesetCol = tilesetIndex % TILESET_COLCOUNT; al_draw_bitmap_region(tileSet, tilesetCol * TileSizeX, tilesetRow * TileSizeY, TileSizeX, TileSizeY, j * TileSizeX, i * TileSizeX, NULL); } } } EDIT: http://i.imgur.com/Ygu0zRE.jpg

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• Collision 2D Quads

  - by Vico Pelaez

  I want to detect collision between two 2D squares, one square is static and the other one moves according to keyboard arrows. I have implemented some code, however nothing happens when they overlap each other and what I tried to achieve in the code was to detect an overlapping between them. I think I am either not understanding the concept really well or that because one of the squares is moving this is not working. Please I would really appreciate your help. Thank you! float x1=0.05 ,Y1=0.05; float x2=0.05 ,Y2=0.05; float posX1 =0.5, posY1 = 0.5; float movX2 = 0.0 , movY2 = 0.0; struct box{ int width=0.1; int heigth=0.1; }; void init(){ glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0); glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0); } void quad1(){ glTranslatef(posX1, posY1, 0.0); glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glColor3f(0.5, 1.0, 0.5); glVertex2f(-x1, -Y1); glVertex2f(-x1, Y1); glVertex2f(x1,Y1); glVertex2f(x1,-Y1); glEnd(); } void quad2(){ glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); glPushMatrix(); glTranslatef(movX2, movY2, 0.0); glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glColor3f(1.5, 1.0, 0.5); glVertex2f(-x2, -Y2); glVertex2f(-x2, Y2); glVertex2f(x2,Y2); glVertex2f(x2,-Y2); glEnd(); glPopMatrix(); } void reset(){ //Reset position of square??? movX2 = 0.0; movY2 = 0.0; collisionB = false; } bool collision(box A, box B){ int leftA, leftB; int rightA, rightB; int topA, topB; int bottomA, bottomB; //Calculate the sides of box A leftA = x1; rightA = x1 + A.width; topA = Y1; bottomA = Y1 + A.heigth; //Calculate the sides of box B leftB = x2; rightB = x2 + B.width; topB = Y1; bottomB = Y1+ B.heigth ; if( bottomA <= topB ) return false; if( topA >= bottomB ) return false; if( rightA <= leftB ) return false; if( leftA >= rightB ) return false; return true; } float move_unit = 0.1; void keyboardown(int key, int x, int y) { switch (key){ case GLUT_KEY_UP: movY2 += move_unit; break; case GLUT_KEY_RIGHT: movX2 += move_unit; break; case GLUT_KEY_LEFT: movX2 -= move_unit; break; case GLUT_KEY_DOWN: movY2 -= move_unit; break; default: break; } glutPostRedisplay(); } void display(){ glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); cuad1(); if (!collision) { cuad2(); } else{ reset(); } glFlush(); } int main(int argc, char** argv){ glutInit(&argc, argv); glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB); glutInitWindowSize(500,500); glutInitWindowPosition(0, 0); glutCreateWindow("Collision Practice"); glutSpecialFunc(keyboardown); glutDisplayFunc(display); init(); glutMainLoop(); }

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• Refactoring FizzBuzz

  - by MarkPearl

  A few years ago I blogger about FizzBuzz, at the time the post was prompted by Scott Hanselman who had podcasted about how surprized he was that some programmers could not even solve the FizzBuzz problem within a reasonable period of time during a job interview. At the time I thought I would give the problem a go in F# and sure enough the solution was fairly simple – I then also did a basic solution in C# but never posted it. Since then I have learned that being able to solve a problem and how you solve the problem are two totally different things. Today I decided to give the problem a retry and see if I had learnt anything new in the last year or so. Here is how my solution looked after refactoring… Solution 1 – Cheap and Nasty public class FizzBuzzCalculator { public string NumberFormat(int number) { var numDivisibleBy3 = (number % 3) == 0; var numDivisibleBy5 = (number % 5) == 0; if (numDivisibleBy3 && numDivisibleBy5) return String.Format("{0} FizzBuz", number); else if (numDivisibleBy3) return String.Format("{0} Fizz", number); else if (numDivisibleBy5) return String.Format("{0} Buz", number); return number.ToString(); } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var fizzBuzz = new FizzBuzzCalculator(); for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { Console.WriteLine(fizzBuzz.NumberFormat(i)); } } } My first attempt I just looked at solving the problem – it works, and could be an acceptable solution but tonight I thought I would see how far  I could refactor it… The section I decided to focus on was the mass of if..else code in the NumberFormat method. Solution 2 – Replacing If…Else with a Dictionary public class FizzBuzzCalculator { private readonly Dictionary<Tuple<bool, bool>, string> _mappings; public FizzBuzzCalculator(Dictionary<Tuple<bool, bool>, string> mappings) { _mappings = mappings; } public string NumberFormat(int number) { var numDivisibleBy3 = (number % 3) == 0; var numDivisibleBy5 = (number % 5) == 0; var mappedKey = new Tuple<bool, bool>(numDivisibleBy3, numDivisibleBy5); return String.Format("{0} {1}", number, _mappings[mappedKey]); } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var mappings = new Dictionary<Tuple<bool, bool>, string> { { new Tuple<bool, bool>(true, true), "- FizzBuzz"}, { new Tuple<bool, bool>(true, false), "- Fizz"}, { new Tuple<bool, bool>(false, true), "- Buzz"}, { new Tuple<bool, bool>(false, false), ""} }; var fizzBuzz = new FizzBuzzCalculator(mappings); for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { Console.WriteLine(fizzBuzz.NumberFormat(i)); } Console.ReadLine(); } } In my second attempt I looked at removing the if else in the NumberFormat method. A dictionary proved to be useful for this – I added a constructor to the class and injected the dictionary mapping. One could argue that this is totally overkill, but if I was going to use this code in a large system an approach like this makes it easy to put this data in a configuration file, which would up its OC (Open for extensibility, closed for modification principle). I could of course take the OC principle even further – the check for divisibility by 3 and 5 is tightly coupled to this class. If I wanted to make it 4 instead of 3, I would need to adjust this class. This introduces my third refactoring. Solution 3 – Introducing Delegates and Injecting them into the class public delegate bool FizzBuzzComparison(int number); public class FizzBuzzCalculator { private readonly Dictionary<Tuple<bool, bool>, string> _mappings; private readonly FizzBuzzComparison _comparison1; private readonly FizzBuzzComparison _comparison2; public FizzBuzzCalculator(Dictionary<Tuple<bool, bool>, string> mappings, FizzBuzzComparison comparison1, FizzBuzzComparison comparison2) { _mappings = mappings; _comparison1 = comparison1; _comparison2 = comparison2; } public string NumberFormat(int number) { var mappedKey = new Tuple<bool, bool>(_comparison1(number), _comparison2(number)); return String.Format("{0} {1}", number, _mappings[mappedKey]); } } class Program { private static bool DivisibleByNum(int number, int divisor) { return number % divisor == 0; } public static bool Divisibleby3(int number) { return number % 3 == 0; } public static bool Divisibleby5(int number) { return number % 5 == 0; } static void Main(string[] args) { var mappings = new Dictionary<Tuple<bool, bool>, string> { { new Tuple<bool, bool>(true, true), "- FizzBuzz"}, { new Tuple<bool, bool>(true, false), "- Fizz"}, { new Tuple<bool, bool>(false, true), "- Buzz"}, { new Tuple<bool, bool>(false, false), ""} }; var fizzBuzz = new FizzBuzzCalculator(mappings, Divisibleby3, Divisibleby5); for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { Console.WriteLine(fizzBuzz.NumberFormat(i)); } Console.ReadLine(); } } I have taken this one step further and introduced delegates that are injected into the FizzBuzz Calculator class, from an OC principle perspective it has probably made it more compliant than the previous Solution 2, but there seems to be a lot of noise. Anonymous Delegates increase the readability level, which is what I have done in Solution 4. Solution 4 – Anon Delegates public delegate bool FizzBuzzComparison(int number); public class FizzBuzzCalculator { private readonly Dictionary<Tuple<bool, bool>, string> _mappings; private readonly FizzBuzzComparison _comparison1; private readonly FizzBuzzComparison _comparison2; public FizzBuzzCalculator(Dictionary<Tuple<bool, bool>, string> mappings, FizzBuzzComparison comparison1, FizzBuzzComparison comparison2) { _mappings = mappings; _comparison1 = comparison1; _comparison2 = comparison2; } public string NumberFormat(int number) { var mappedKey = new Tuple<bool, bool>(_comparison1(number), _comparison2(number)); return String.Format("{0} {1}", number, _mappings[mappedKey]); } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var mappings = new Dictionary<Tuple<bool, bool>, string> { { new Tuple<bool, bool>(true, true), "- FizzBuzz"}, { new Tuple<bool, bool>(true, false), "- Fizz"}, { new Tuple<bool, bool>(false, true), "- Buzz"}, { new Tuple<bool, bool>(false, false), ""} }; var fizzBuzz = new FizzBuzzCalculator(mappings, (n) => n % 3 == 0, (n) => n % 5 == 0); for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { Console.WriteLine(fizzBuzz.NumberFormat(i)); } Console.ReadLine(); } }   Using the anonymous delegates I think the noise level has now been reduced. This is where I am going to end this post, I have gone through 4 iterations of the code from the initial solution using If..Else to delegates and dictionaries. I think each approach would have it’s pro’s and con’s and depending on the intention of where the code would be used would be a large determining factor. If you can think of an alternative way to do FizzBuzz, add a comment!

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• Recursion in the form of a Recursive Func&lt;T, T&gt;

  - by ToStringTheory

  I gotta admit, I am kind of surprised that I didn’t realize I could do this sooner.  I recently had a problem which required a recursive function call to come up with the answer.  After some time messing around with a recursive method, and creating an API that I was not happy with, I was able to create an API that I enjoy, and seems intuitive. Introduction To bring it to a simple example, consider the summation to n: A mathematically identical formula is: In a .NET function, this can be represented by a function: Func<int, int> summation = x => x*(x+1)/2 Calling summation with an input integer will yield the summation to that number: var sum10 = summation(4); //sum10 would be equal to 10 But what if I wanted to get a second level summation…  First some to n, and then use that argument as the input to the same function, to find the second level summation: So as an easy example, calculate the summation to 3, which yields 6.  Then calculate the summation to 6 which yields 21. Represented as a mathematical formula - So what if I wanted to represent this as .NET functions.  I can always do: //using the summation formula from above var sum3 = summation(3); //sets sum3 to 6 var sum3_2 = summation(sum3); //sets sum3 to 21 I could always create a while loop to perform the calculations too: Func<int, int> summation = x => x*(x+1)/2; //for the interests of a smaller example, using shorthand int sumResultTo = 3; int level = 2; while(level-- > 0) { sumResultTo = summation(sumResultTo); } //sumResultTo is equal to 21 now. Or express it as a for-loop, method calls, etc…  I really didn’t like any of the options that I tried.  Then it dawned on me – since I was using a Func<T, T> anyways, why not use the Func’s output from one call as the input as another directly. Some Code So, I decided that I wanted a recursion class.  Something that I would be generic and reusable in case I ever wanted to do something like this again. It is limited to only the Func<T1, T2> level of Func, and T1 must be the same as T2. The first thing in this class is a private field for the function: private readonly Func<T, T> _functionToRecurse; So, I since I want the function to be unchangeable, I have defined it as readonly.  Therefore my constructor looks like: public Recursion(Func<T, T> functionToRecurse) { if (functionToRecurse == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("functionToRecurse", "The function to recurse can not be null"); } _functionToRecurse = functionToRecurse; } Simple enough.  If you have any questions, feel free to post them in the comments, and I will be sure to answer them. Next, I want enough. If be able to get the result of a function dependent on how many levels of recursion: private Func<T, T> GetXLevel(int level) { if (level < 1) { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("level", level, "The level of recursion must be greater than 0"); } if (level == 1) return _functionToRecurse; return _GetXLevel(level - 1, _functionToRecurse); } So, if you pass in 1 for the level, you get just the Func<T,T> back.  If you say that you want to go deeper down the rabbit hole, it calls a method which accepts the level it is at, and the function which it needs to use to recurse further: private Func<T, T> _GetXLevel(int level, Func<T, T> prevFunc) { if (level == 1) return y => prevFunc(_functionToRecurse(y)); return _GetXLevel(level - 1, y => prevFunc(_functionToRecurse(y))); } That is really all that is needed for this class. If I exposed the GetXLevel function publicly, I could use that to get the function for a level, and pass in the argument..  But I wanted something better.  So, I used the ‘this’ array operator for the class: public Func<T,T> this[int level] { get { if (level < 1) { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("level", level, "The level of recursion must be greater than 0"); } return this.GetXLevel(level); } } So, using the same example above of finding the second recursion of the summation of 3: var summator = new Recursion<int>(x => (x * (x + 1)) / 2); var sum_3_level2 = summator[2](3); //yields 21 You can even find just store the delegate to the second level summation, and use it multiple times: var summator = new Recursion<int>(x => (x * (x + 1)) / 2); var sum_level2 = summator[2]; var sum_3_level2 = sum_level2(3); //yields 21 var sum_4_level2 = sum_level2(4); //yields 55 var sum_5_level2 = sum_level2(5); //yields 120 Full Code Don’t think I was just going to hold off on the full file together and make you do the hard work…  Copy this into a new class file: public class Recursion<T> { private readonly Func<T, T> _functionToRecurse; public Recursion(Func<T, T> functionToRecurse) { if (functionToRecurse == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("functionToRecurse", "The function to recurse can not be null"); } _functionToRecurse = functionToRecurse; } public Func<T,T> this[int level] { get { if (level < 1) { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("level", level, "The level of recursion must be greater than 0"); } return this.GetXLevel(level); } } private Func<T, T> GetXLevel(int level) { if (level < 1) { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("level", level, "The level of recursion must be greater than 0"); } if (level == 1) return _functionToRecurse; return _GetXLevel(level - 1, _functionToRecurse); } private Func<T, T> _GetXLevel(int level, Func<T, T> prevFunc) { if (level == 1) return y => prevFunc(_functionToRecurse(y)); return _GetXLevel(level - 1, y => prevFunc(_functionToRecurse(y))); } } Conclusion The great thing about this class, is that it can be used with any function with same input/output parameters.  I strived to find an implementation that I found clean and useful, and I finally settled on this.  If you have feedback – good or bad, I would love to hear it!

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• What's the best/most efficent way to create a semi-intelligent AI for a tic tac toe game?

  - by Link

  basically I am attempting to make a a efficient/smallish C game of Tic-Tac-Toe. I have implemented everything other then the AI for the computer so far. my squares are basically structs in an array with an assigned value based on the square. For example s[1].value = 1; therefore it's a x, and then a value of 3 would be a o. My question is whats the best way to create a semi-decent game playing AI for my tic-tac-toe game? I don't really want to use minimax, since It's not what I need. So how do I avoid a a lot of if statments and make it more efficient. Here is the rest of my code: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <time.h> struct state{ // defined int state; // 0 is tie, 1 is user loss, 2 is user win, 3 is ongoing game int moves; }; struct square{ // one square of the board int value; // 1 is x, 3 is o char sign; // no space used }; struct square s[9]; //set up the struct struct state gamestate = {0,0}; //nothing void setUpGame(){ // setup the game int i = 0; for(i = 0; i < 9; i++){ s[i].value = 0; s[i].sign = ' '; } gamestate.moves=0; printf("\nHi user! You're \"x\"! I'm \"o\"! Good Luck :)\n"); } void displayBoard(){// displays the game board printf("\n %c | %c | %c\n", s[6].sign, s[7].sign, s[8].sign); printf("-----------\n"); printf(" %c | %c | %c\n", s[3].sign, s[4].sign, s[5].sign); printf("-----------\n"); printf(" %c | %c | %c\n\n", s[0].sign, s[1].sign, s[2].sign); } void getHumanMove(){ // get move from human int i; while(1){ printf(">>:"); char line[255]; // input the move to play fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin); while(sscanf(line, "%d", &i) != 1) { //1 match of defined specifier on input line printf("Sorry, that's not a valid move!\n"); fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin); } if(s[i-1].value != 0){printf("Sorry, That moves already been taken!\n\n");continue;} break; } s[i-1].value = 1; s[i-1].sign = 'x'; gamestate.moves++; } int sum(int x, int y, int z){return(x*y*z);} void getCompMove(){ // get the move from the computer } void checkWinner(){ // check the winner int i; for(i = 6; i < 9; i++){ // check cols if((sum(s[i].value,s[i-3].value,s[i-6].value)) == 8){printf("The Winner is o!\n");gamestate.state=1;} if((sum(s[i].value,s[i-3].value,s[i-6].value)) == 1){printf("The Winner is x!\n");gamestate.state=2;} } for(i = 0; i < 7; i+=3){ // check rows if((sum(s[i].value,s[i+1].value,s[i+2].value)) == 8){printf("The Winner is o!\n");gamestate.state=1;} if((sum(s[i].value,s[i+1].value,s[i+2].value)) == 1){printf("The Winner is x!\n");gamestate.state=2;} } if((sum(s[0].value,s[4].value,s[8].value)) == 8){printf("The Winner is o!\n");gamestate.state=1;} if((sum(s[0].value,s[4].value,s[8].value)) == 1){printf("The Winner is x!\n");gamestate.state=2;} if((sum(s[2].value,s[4].value,s[6].value)) == 8){printf("The Winner is o!\n");gamestate.state=1;} if((sum(s[2].value,s[4].value,s[6].value)) == 1){printf("The Winner is x!\n");gamestate.state=2;} } void playGame(){ // start playing the game gamestate.state = 3; //set-up the gamestate srand(time(NULL)); int temp = (rand()%2) + 1; if(temp == 2){ // if two comp goes first temp = (rand()%2) + 1; if(temp == 2){ s[4].value = 2; s[4].sign = 'o'; gamestate.moves++; }else{ s[2].value = 2; s[2].sign = 'o'; gamestate.moves++; } } displayBoard(); while(gamestate.state == 3){ if(gamestate.moves<10); getHumanMove(); if(gamestate.moves<10); getCompMove(); checkWinner(); if(gamestate.state == 3 && gamestate.moves==9){ printf("The game is a tie :p\n"); break; } displayBoard(); } } int main(int argc, const char *argv[]){ printf("Welcome to Tic Tac Toe\nby The Elite Noob\nEnter 1-9 To play a move, standard numpad\n1 is bottom-left, 9 is top-right\n"); while(1){ // while game is being played printf("\nPress 1 to play a new game, or any other number to exit;\n>>:"); char line[255]; // input whether or not to play the game fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin); int choice; // user's choice about playing or not while(sscanf(line, "%d", &choice) != 1) { //1 match of defined specifier on input line printf("Sorry, that's not a valid option!\n"); fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin); } if(choice == 1){ setUpGame(); // set's up the game playGame(); // Play a Game }else {break;} // exit the application } printf("\nThank's For playing!\nHave a good Day!\n"); return 0; }

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