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  • Incorrect data when passing pointer a list of pointers to a function. (C++)

    - by Phil Elm
    I'm writing code for combining data received over multiple sources. When the objects received (I'll call them MyPacket for now), they are stored in a standard list. However, whenever I reference the payload size of a partial MyPacket, the value shows up as 1 instead of the intended size. Here's the function code: MyPacket* CombinePackets(std::list<MyPacket*>* packets, uint8* current_packet){ uint32 total_payload_size = 0; if(packets->size() <= 0) return NULL; //For now. std::list<MyPacket*>::iterator it = packets->begin(); //Some minor code here, not relevant to the problem. for(uint8 index = 0; index < packets->size(); index++){ //(*it)->GetPayloadSize() returns 1 when it should show 1024. I've tried directly accessing the variable and more, but I just can't get it to work. total_payload_size += (*it)->GetPayloadSize(); cout << "Adding to total payload size value: " << (*it)->GetPayloadSize() << endl; std::advance(it,1); } MyPacket* packet = new MyPacket(); //Byte is just a typedef'd unsigned char. packet->payload = (byte) calloc(total_payload_size, sizeof(byte)); packet->payload_size = total_payload_size; it = packets->begin(); //Go back to the beginning again. uint32 big_payload_index = 0; for(uint8 index = 0; index < packets->size(); index++){ if(current_packet != NULL) *current_packet = index; for(uint32 payload_index = 0; payload_index < (*it)->GetPayloadSize(); payload_index++){ packet->payload[big_payload_index] = (*it)->payload[payload_index]; big_payload_index++; } std::advance(it,1); } return packet; } //Calling code std::list<MyPacket*> received = std::list<MyPacket*>(); //The code that fills it is here. std::list<MyPacket*>::iterator it = received.begin(); cout << (*it)->GetPayloadSize() << endl; // Outputs 1024 correctly! MyPacket* final = CombinePackets(&received,NULL); cout << final->GetPayloadSize() << endl; //Outputs 181, which happens to be the number of elements in the received list. So, as you can see above, when I reference (*it)-GetPayloadSize(), it returns 1 instead of the intended 1024. Can anyone see the problem and if so, do you have an idea on how to fix this? I've spent 4 hours searching and trying new solutions, but they all keep returning 1... EDIT:

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  • Managed c++ std::string not accessible in unmanaged c++

    - by Radhesham
    In unmanaged c++ dll i have a function which takes constant std::string as argument Prototype : void read ( const std::string &amp;imageSpec_ ) I call this function from managed c++ dll by passing a std::string. When i debug the unmanaged c++ code the parameter imageSpec_ shows the value correctly but does not allow me to copy that value in other variable. imageSpec_.copy( sFilename, 4052 ); It shows length of imageSpec_ as 0(zero). If i try copying like std::string sTempFileName(imageSpec_); this statement string new string is a empty string. But for std::string sTempFileName(imageSpec_.c_str()); this statement string gets copied correctly. i.e. with charpointer string is copied correctly. Copying this way will need a major change in unmanaged c++ code. I am building unmanaged code in Visual studio 6.0 and managed c++ in Visual studio 2008. Is there any specific setting or code change in managed c++ that will solve the issue?

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  • how to print std::map value in gdb

    - by Davit Siradeghyan
    Hi all I have a std::map< std::string, std::string cont; I want to see cont[ "some_key" ] in gdb. When I'm trying p cont[ "some_ket" ] I'm getting this message: One of the arguments you tried to pass to operator[] could not be converted to what the function wants. I'm using GNU gdb Red Hat Linux (6.3.0.0-1.162.el4rh). Thanks

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  • C++/STL: std::transform with given stride?

    - by Arman
    Hello, I have a 1d array containing Nd data, I would like to effectively traverse on it with std::transform or std::for_each. unigned int nelems; unsigned int stride=3;// we are going to have 3D points float *pP;// this will keep xyzxyzxyz... Load(pP); std::transform(pP, pP+nelems, strMover<float>(pP, stride));//How to define the strMover?? Kind Regards, Arman.

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  • std::vector iterator or index access speed question

    - by Simone Margaritelli
    Just a stupid question . I have a std::vector<SomeClass *> v; in my code and i need to access its elements very often in the program, looping them forward and backward . Which is the fastest access type between those two ? Iterator access std::vector<SomeClass *> v; std::vector<SomeClass *>::iterator i; std::vector<SomeClass *>::reverse_iterator j; // i loops forward, j loops backward for( i = v.begin(), j = v.rbegin(); i != v.end() && j != v.rend(); i++, j++ ){ // some operations on v items } Subscript access (by index) std::vector<SomeClass *> v; unsigned int i, j, size = v.size(); // i loops forward, j loops backward for( i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size && j >= 0; i++, j-- ){ // some operations on v items } And, does const_iterator offer a faster way to access vector elements in case i do not have to modify them? Thank you in advantage.

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  • Function that prints something to std::ostream and returns std::ostream?

    - by dehmann
    I want to write a function that outputs something to a ostream that's passed in, and return the stream, like this: std::ostream& MyPrint(int val, std::ostream* out) { *out << val; return *out; } int main(int argc, char** argv){ std::cout << "Value: " << MyPrint(12, &std::cout) << std::endl; return 0; } It would be convenient to print the value like this and embed the function call in the output operator chain, like I did in main(). It doesn't work, however, and prints this: $ ./a.out 12Value: 0x6013a8 The desired output would be this: Value: 12 How can I fix this? Do I have to define an operator<< instead? UPDATE: Clarified what the desired output would be. UPDATE2: Some people didn't understand why I would print a number like that, using a function instead of printing it directly. This is a simplified example, and in reality the function prints a complex object rather than an int.

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  • Avoiding improper std::string initialization with NULL const char* using g++

    - by pachanga
    A there any g++ options which can detect improper initialization of std::string with NULL const char*? I was in the process of turning some int fields into std::string ones, i.e: struct Foo { int id; Foo() : id(0) {} }; ...turned into: struct Foo { std::string id; Foo() : id(0) {} //oooops! }; I completely overlooked bad 'id' initialization with 0 and g++ gave me no warnings at all. This error was detected in the run time(std::string constructor threw an exception) but I'd really like to detect such stuff in the compile time. Is there any way?

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  • std::list iterator: get next element

    - by sheepsimulator
    I'm trying to build a string using data elements stored in a std::list, where I want commas placed only between the elements (ie, if elements are {A,B,C,D} in list, result string should be "A,B,C,D". This code does not work: typedef std::list< shared_ptr<EventDataItem> > DataItemList; // ... std::string Compose(DataItemList& dilList) { std::stringstream ssDataSegment; for(iterItems = dilList.begin(); iterItems != dilList.end(); iterItems++) { // Lookahead in list to see if next element is end if((iterItems + 1) == dilList.end()) { ssDataSegment << (*iterItems)->ToString(); } else { ssDataSegment << (*iterItems)->ToString() << ","; } } return ssDataSegment.str(); } How do I get at "the-next-item" in a std::list using an iterator? I would expect that it's a linked-list, why can't I get at the next item?

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  • How to make std::vector's operator[] compile doing bounds checking in DEBUG but not in RELEASE

    - by Edison Gustavo Muenz
    I'm using Visual Studio 2008. I'm aware that std::vector has bounds checking with the at() function and has undefined behaviour if you try to access something using the operator [] incorrectly (out of range). I'm curious if it's possible to compile my program with the bounds checking. This way the operator[] would use the at() function and throw a std::out_of_range whenever something is out of bounds. The release mode would be compiled without bounds checking for operator[], so the performance doesn't degrade. I came into thinking about this because I'm migrating an app that was written using Borland C++ to Visual Studio and in a small part of the code I have this (with i=0, j=1): v[i][j]; //v is a std::vector<std::vector<int> > The size of the vector 'v' is [0][1] (so element 0 of the vector has only one element). This is undefined behaviour, I know, but Borland is returning 0 here, VS is crashing. I like the crash better than returning 0, so if I can get more 'crashes' by the std::out_of_range exception being thrown, the migration would be completed faster (so it would expose more bugs that Borland was hiding).

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  • Copying non null-terminated unsigned char array to std::string

    - by karlphillip
    If the array was null-terminated this would be pretty straight forward: unsigned char u_array[4] = { 'a', 's', 'd', '\0' }; std::string str = reinterpret_cast<char*>(u_array); std::cout << "-> " << str << std::endl; However, I wonder what is the most appropriate way to copy a non null-terminated unsigned char array, like the following: unsigned char u_array[4] = { 'a', 's', 'd', 'f' }; into a std::string. Is there any way to do it without iterating over the unsigned char array? Thank you all.

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  • std::list : get next element

    - by sheepsimulator
    I'm trying to build a string using data elements stored in a std::list, where I want commas placed only between the elements (ie, if elements are {A,B,C,D} in list, result string should be "A,B,C,D". This code does not work: typedef std::list< shared_ptr<EventDataItem> > DataItemList; // ... std::string Compose(DataItemList& dilList) { std::stringstream ssDataSegment; for(iterItems = dilList.begin(); iterItems = dilList.end(); iterItems++) { // Lookahead in list to see if next element is end if((iterItems + 1) == dilList.end()) { ssDataSegment << (*iterItems)->ToString(); } else { ssDataSegment << (*iterItems)->ToString() << ","; } } return ssDataSegment.str(); } How do I get at "the-next-item" in a std::list using an iterator? I would expect that it's a linked-list, why can't I get at the next item?

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  • Compile error with initializer_list when trying to use it to initialize member value of class

    - by ilektron
    I am trying to make a class initializable from an initialization_list in a class constructor's constructor's initialization list. It works for a std::map, but not for my custom class. I don't see any difference other than templates are used in std::map. #include <iostream> #include <initializer_list> #include <string> #include <sstream> #include <map> using std::string; class text_thing { private: string m_text; public: text_thing() { } text_thing(text_thing& other); text_thing(std::initializer_list< std::pair<const string, const string> >& il); text_thing& operator=(std::initializer_list< std::pair<const string, const string> >& il); operator string() { return m_text; } }; class static_base { private: std::map<string, string> m_test_map; text_thing m_thing; static_base(); public: static static_base& getInstance() { static static_base instance; return instance; } string getText() { return (string)m_thing; } }; typedef std::pair<const string, const string> spair; text_thing::text_thing(text_thing& other) { m_text = other.m_text; } text_thing::text_thing(std::initializer_list< std::pair<const string, const string> >& il) { std::stringstream text_gen; for (auto& apair : il) { text_gen << "{" << apair.first << ", " << apair.second << "}" << std::endl; } } text_thing& text_thing::operator=(std::initializer_list< std::pair<const string, const string> >& il) { std::stringstream text_gen; for (auto& apair : il) { text_gen << "{" << apair.first << ", " << apair.second << "}" << std::endl; } return *this; } static_base::static_base() : m_test_map{{"test", "1"}, {"test2", "2"}}, // Compiler fine with this m_thing{{"test", "1"}, {"test2", "2"}} // Compiler doesn't like this { } int main() { std::cout << "Starting the program" << std::endl; std::cout << "The text thing: " << std::endl << static_base::getInstance().getText(); } I get this compiler output g++ -O0 -g3 -Wall -c -fmessage-length=0 -std=c++11 -MMD -MP -MF"static_base.d" -MT"static_base.d" -o "static_base.o" "../static_base.cpp" Finished building: ../static_base.cpp Building file: ../test.cpp Invoking: GCC C++ Compiler g++ -O0 -g3 -Wall -c -fmessage-length=0 -std=c++11 -MMD -MP -MF"test.d" -MT"test.d" -o "test.o" "../test.cpp" ../test.cpp: In constructor ‘static_base::static_base()’: ../test.cpp:94:40: error: no matching function for call to ‘text_thing::text_thing(<brace-enclosed initializer list>)’ m_thing{{"test", "1"}, {"test2", "2"}} ^ ../test.cpp:94:40: note: candidates are: ../test.cpp:72:1: note: text_thing::text_thing(std::initializer_list<std::pair<const std::basic_string<char>, const std::basic_string<char> > >&) text_thing::text_thing(std::initializer_list< std::pair<const string, const string> >& il) ^ ../test.cpp:72:1: note: candidate expects 1 argument, 2 provided ../test.cpp:67:1: note: text_thing::text_thing(text_thing&) text_thing::text_thing(text_thing& other) ^ ../test.cpp:67:1: note: candidate expects 1 argument, 2 provided ../test.cpp:23:2: note: text_thing::text_thing() text_thing() ^ ../test.cpp:23:2: note: candidate expects 0 arguments, 2 provided make: *** [test.o] Error 1 Output of gcc -v Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=gcc COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/lto-wrapper Target: x86_64-linux-gnu Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 4.8.1-2ubuntu1~13.04' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --program-suffix=-4.8 --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --with-gxx-include-dir=/usr/include/c++/4.8 --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --with-sysroot=/ --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-plugin --with-system-zlib --disable-browser-plugin --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-gtk-cairo --with-java-home=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.8-amd64/jre --enable-java-home --with-jvm-root-dir=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.8-amd64 --with-jvm-jar-dir=/usr/lib/jvm-exports/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.8-amd64 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-ecj-jar=/usr/share/java/eclipse-ecj.jar --enable-objc-gc --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu Thread model: posix gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu 4.8.1-2ubuntu1~13.04) It compiles fine with the std::map constructed this way, and if I modify the static_base to return the strings from the maps, all is fine and dandy. Please help me understand what is going on here.

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  • std::map insert segmentation fault

    - by Jakub Czaplicki
    Why does this code stop with segmentation fault : class MapFile { public: /* ... */ std::map <unsigned int, unsigned int> inToOut; }; bool MapFile::LoadMapFile( const wxString& fileName ) { /* ... */ inToOut.insert( std::make_pair(input,output) ); } but this one works fine : class MapFile { public: /* ... */ }; bool MapFile::LoadMapFile( const wxString& fileName ) { /* ... */ std::map <unsigned int, unsigned int> inToOut; inToOut.insert( std::make_pair(input,output) ); } ?

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  • "Right" way to deallocate an std::vector object

    - by Jacob
    The first solution is: std::vector<int> *vec = new std::vector<int>; assert(vec != NULL); // ... delete vec; An alternative is: std::vector<int> v; //... vec.clear(); vec.swap(std::vector<int>(vec)); The second solution's a bit of a trick --- what's the "right" way to do it?

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  • std::string constructor corrupts pointer

    - by computergeek6
    I have an Entity class, which contains 3 pointers: m_rigidBody, m_entity, and m_parent. Somewhere in Entity::setModel(std::string model), it's crashing. Apparently, this is caused by bad data in m_entity. The weird thing is that I nulled it in the constructor and haven't touched it since then. I debugged it and put a watchpoint on it, and it comes up that the m_entity member is being changed in the constructor for std::string that's being called while converting a const char* into an std::string for the setModel call. I'm running on a Mac, if that helps (I think I remember some problem with std::string on the Mac). Any ideas about what's going on?

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  • how to structure code that uses std::rel_ops

    - by R Samuel Klatchko
    I was working on some code and wanted to make use of std::rel_ops. From what I can tell, you need to do using std::rel_ops to your source code to make use of them. But I'm not sure where the best place to put that is. Let's say I have a header file with a class that only defines the minimal operator== and operator<: // foo.h class foo { public: bool operator==(const foo &other) const; bool operator<(const foo &other) const; }; I'm not sure where to put using std::rel_ops. If I leave it out of the foo.h, then every user of foo.h needs to know the implementation detail that foo is not defining all the operators itself. But putting using std::rel_ops inside foo.h breaks the rule of thumb about not having a using in a header file. How do other people resolve this issue?

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  • std::vector elements initializing

    - by Chameleon
    std::vector<int> v1(1000); std::vector<std::vector<int>> v2(1000); std::vector<std::vector<int>::const_iterator> v3(1000); How elements of these 3 vectors initialized? About int, I test it and I saw that all elements become 0. Is this standard? I believed that primitives remain undefined. I create a vector with 300000000 elements, give non-zero values, delete it and recreate it, to avoid OS memory clear for data safety. Elements of recreated vector were 0 too. What about iterator? Is there a initial value (0) for default constructor or initial value remains undefined? When I check this, iterators point to 0, but this can be OS When I create a special object to track constructors, I saw that for first object, vector run the default constructor and for all others it run the copy constructor. Is this standard? Is there a way to completely avoid initialization of elements? Or I must create my own vector? (Oh my God, I always say NOT ANOTHER VECTOR IMPLEMENTATION) I ask because I use ultra huge sparse matrices with parallel processing, so I cannot use push_back() and of course I don't want useless initialization, when later I will change the value.

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  • Is there a way to intersect/diff a std::map and a std::set?

    - by Jack
    I'm wondering if there a way to intersect or make the differences between two structures defined as std::set<MyData*> and std::map<MyData*, MyValue> with standard algorithms (like std::set_intersect) The problem is that I need to compute the difference between the set and the keyset of the map but I would like to avoid reallocating it (since it's something that is done many times per second with large data structures). Is there a way to obtain a "key view" of the std::map? After all what I'm looking is to consider just the keys when doing the set operation so from an implementation point it should be possible but I haven't been able to find anything.

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  • C++, overloading std::swap, compiler error, VS 2010

    - by Ian
    I would like to overload std::swap in my template class. In the following code (simplified) #ifndef Point2D_H #define Point2D_H template <class T> class Point2D { protected: T x; T y; public: Point2D () : x ( 0 ), y ( 0 ) {} Point2D( const T &x_, const T &y_ ) : x ( x_ ), y ( y_ ) {} .... public: void swap ( Point2D <T> &p ); }; template <class T> inline void swap ( Point2D <T> &p1, Point2D <T> &p2 ) { p1.swap ( p2 ); } namespace std { template <class T> inline void swap ( Point2D <T> &p1, Point2D <T> &p2 ) { p1.swap ( p2 ); } } template <class T> void Point2D <T>::swap ( Point2D <T> &p ) { using (std::swap); swap ( x, p.x ); swap ( y, p.y ); } #endif there is a compiler error (only in VS 2010): error C2668: 'std::swap' : ambiguous call to overloaded I do not know why, std::swap should be overoaded... Using g ++ code works perfectly. Without templates (i.e. Point2D is not a template class) this code also works.. Thanks for your help.

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  • Boost tuple + transform

    - by JH
    Is it possible to do the following. Say my boost tuple has <String, int> I would like to use std::transform + mem_fun to insert only the String element in a corresponding vector. Is it possible or are we required to use a loop and push_back(get<0) Ie the following doesn't like to compile... (unknown types...) result.resize(storage.size()) std::transform(storage.begin(), storage.end(), result.begin(), std::mem_fun(&boost::get<0>)); Here is an example (trying one of the comments): #include <boost/tuple/tuple.hpp> #include <vector> #include <string> #include <algorithm> int main(int argc, char**argv) { std::vector< boost::tuple<std::string, int> > storage; std::vector< std::string> result; result.resize(storage.size()); std::transform(storage.begin(), storage.end(), result.begin(), &boost::get<0, boost::tuple<std::string, int> >); return 0; } Output: g++ test.cpp /usr/include/boost/tuple/detail/tuple_basic.hpp: In instantiation of `boost::tuples::cons<boost::tuples::tuple<std::string, int, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type>, TT>': /usr/include/boost/tuple/detail/tuple_basic.hpp:151: instantiated from `boost::tuples::element<0, boost::tuples::cons<boost::tuples::tuple<std::string, int, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type>, TT> >' test.cpp:14: instantiated from here /usr/include/boost/tuple/detail/tuple_basic.hpp:329: error: `boost::tuples::cons<HT, TT>::tail' has incomplete type /usr/include/boost/tuple/detail/tuple_basic.hpp:329: error: invalid use of template type parameter test.cpp: In function `int main(int, char**)': test.cpp:14: error: no matching function for call to `transform(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<boost::tuples::tuple<std::string, int, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type>*, std::vector<boost::tuples::tuple<std::string, int, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type>, std::allocator<boost::tuples::tuple<std::string, int, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<boost::tuples::tuple<std::string, int, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type>*, std::vector<boost::tuples::tuple<std::string, int, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type>, std::allocator<boost::tuples::tuple<std::string, int, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type, boost::tuples::null_type> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::string*, std::vector<std::string, std::allocator<std::string> > >, <unresolved overloaded function type>)'

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  • Partial string search in boost::multi_index_container

    - by user361699
    I have a struct to store info about persons and multi_index_contaider to store such objects struct person { std::string m_first_name; std::string m_last_name; std::string m_third_name; std::string m_address; std::string m_phone; person(); person(std::string f, std::string l, std::string t = "", std::string a = DEFAULT_ADDRESS, std::string p = DEFAULT_PHONE) : m_first_name(f), m_last_name(l), m_third_name(t), m_address(a), m_phone(p) {} }; typedef multi_index_container , ordered_non_unique, member, member persons_set; operator< and operator<< implementation for person bool operator<(const person &lhs, const person &rhs) { if(lhs.m_last_name == rhs.m_last_name) { if(lhs.m_first_name == rhs.m_first_name) return (lhs.m_third_name < rhs.m_third_name); return (lhs.m_first_name < rhs.m_first_name); } return (lhs.m_last_name < rhs.m_last_name); } std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &s, const person &rhs) { s << "Person's last name: " << rhs.m_last_name << std::endl; s << "Person's name: " << rhs.m_first_name << std::endl; if (!rhs.m_third_name.empty()) s << "Person's third name: " << rhs.m_third_name << std::endl; s << "Phone: " << rhs.m_phone << std::endl; s << "Address: " << rhs.m_address << std::endl; return s; } Add several persons into container: person ("Alex", "Johnson", "Somename"); person ("Alex", "Goodspeed"); person ("Petr", "Parker"); person ("Petr", "Goodspeed"); Now I want to find person by lastname (the first member of the second index in multi_index_container) persons_set::nth_index<1::type &names_index = my_set.get<1(); std::pair::type::const_iterator, persons_set::nth_index<1::type::const_iterator n_it = names_index.equal_range("Goodspeed"); std::copy(n_it.first ,n_it.second, std::ostream_iterator(std::cout)); It works great. Both 'Goodspeed' persons are found. Now lets try to find person by a part of a last name: std::pair::type::const_iterator, persons_set::nth_index<1::type::const_iterator n_it = names_index.equal_range("Good"); std::copy(n_it.first ,n_it.second, std::ostream_iterator(std::cout)); This returns nothing, but partial string search works as a charm in std::set. So I can't realize what's the problem. I only wraped strings by a struct. May be operator< implementation? Thanks in advance for any help.

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  • How to declare a(n) vector/array of reducer objects in Cilk++?

    - by Jin
    Hi All, I had a problem when I am using Cilk++, an extension to C++ for parallel computing. I found that I can't declare a vector of reducer objects: typedef cilk::reducer_opadd<int> T_reducer; vector<T_reducer> bitmiss_vec; for (int i = 0; i < 24; ++i) { T_reducer r; bitmiss_vec.push_back(r); } However, when I compile the code with Cilk++, it complains at the push_back() line: cilk++ geneAttack.cilk -O1 -g -lcilkutil -o geneAttack /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h: In member function ‘void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<_Tp>::construct(_Tp*, const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>]’: /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:601: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:229: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::reducer_opadd(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/ext/new_allocator.h:107: error: within this context /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h: In member function ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::_M_insert_aux(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<typename std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::_Tp_alloc_type::pointer, std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc> >, const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’: /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:605: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:229: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::reducer_opadd(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/vector.tcc:252: error: within this context /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:605: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:230: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>& cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::operator=(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/vector.tcc:256: error: within this context /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h: In static member function ‘static _BI2 std::__copy_backward<_BoolType, std::random_access_iterator_tag>::__copy_b(_BI1, _BI1, _BI2) [with _BI1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _BI2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, bool _BoolType = false]’: /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_algobase.h:465: instantiated from ‘_BI2 std::__copy_backward_aux(_BI1, _BI1, _BI2) [with _BI1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _BI2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_algobase.h:474: instantiated from ‘static _BI2 std::__copy_backward_normal<<anonymous>, <anonymous> >::__copy_b_n(_BI1, _BI1, _BI2) [with _BI1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _BI2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, bool <anonymous> = false, bool <anonymous> = false]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_algobase.h:540: instantiated from ‘_BI2 std::copy_backward(_BI1, _BI1, _BI2) [with _BI1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _BI2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/vector.tcc:253: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::_M_insert_aux(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<typename std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::_Tp_alloc_type::pointer, std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc> >, const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:605: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:230: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>& cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::operator=(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_algobase.h:433: error: within this context /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h: In function ‘void std::_Construct(_T1*, const _T2&) [with _T1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _T2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>]’: /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_uninitialized.h:87: instantiated from ‘_ForwardIterator std::__uninitialized_copy_aux(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _ForwardIterator, std::__false_type) [with _InputIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _ForwardIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_uninitialized.h:114: instantiated from ‘_ForwardIterator std::uninitialized_copy(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _ForwardIterator) [with _InputIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _ForwardIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_uninitialized.h:254: instantiated from ‘_ForwardIterator std::__uninitialized_copy_a(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _ForwardIterator, std::allocator<_Tp>) [with _InputIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _ForwardIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/vector.tcc:275: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::_M_insert_aux(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<typename std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::_Tp_alloc_type::pointer, std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc> >, const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:605: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:229: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::reducer_opadd(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_construct.h:81: error: within this context make: *** [geneAttack] Error 1 jinchen@galactica:~/workspace/biometrics/genAttack$ make cilk++ geneAttack.cilk -O1 -g -lcilkutil -o geneAttack geneAttack.cilk: In function ‘int cilk cilk_main(int, char**)’: geneAttack.cilk:670: error: expected primary-expression before ‘,’ token geneAttack.cilk:670: error: expected primary-expression before ‘}’ token geneAttack.cilk:674: error: ‘bitmiss_vec’ was not declared in this scope make: *** [geneAttack] Error 1 The Cilk++ manule says it supports array/vector of reducers, although there are performance issues to consider: "If you create a large number of reducers (for example, an array or vector of reducers) you must be aware that there is an overhead at steal and reduce that is proportional to the number of reducers in the program. " Anyone knows what is going on? How should I declare/use vector of reducers? Thank you

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  • How to declare a vector or array of reducer objects in Cilk++?

    - by Jin
    Hi All, I had a problem when I am using Cilk++, an extension to C++ for parallel computing. I found that I can't declare a vector of reducer objects: typedef cilk::reducer_opadd<int> T_reducer; vector<T_reducer> bitmiss_vec; for (int i = 0; i < 24; ++i) { T_reducer r; bitmiss_vec.push_back(r); } However, when I compile the code with Cilk++, it complains at the push_back() line: cilk++ geneAttack.cilk -O1 -g -lcilkutil -o geneAttack /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h: In member function ‘void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<_Tp>::construct(_Tp*, const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>]’: /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:601: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:229: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::reducer_opadd(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/ext/new_allocator.h:107: error: within this context /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h: In member function ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::_M_insert_aux(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<typename std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::_Tp_alloc_type::pointer, std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc> >, const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’: /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:605: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:229: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::reducer_opadd(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/vector.tcc:252: error: within this context /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:605: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:230: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>& cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::operator=(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/vector.tcc:256: error: within this context /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h: In static member function ‘static _BI2 std::__copy_backward<_BoolType, std::random_access_iterator_tag>::__copy_b(_BI1, _BI1, _BI2) [with _BI1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _BI2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, bool _BoolType = false]’: /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_algobase.h:465: instantiated from ‘_BI2 std::__copy_backward_aux(_BI1, _BI1, _BI2) [with _BI1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _BI2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_algobase.h:474: instantiated from ‘static _BI2 std::__copy_backward_normal<<anonymous>, <anonymous> >::__copy_b_n(_BI1, _BI1, _BI2) [with _BI1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _BI2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, bool <anonymous> = false, bool <anonymous> = false]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_algobase.h:540: instantiated from ‘_BI2 std::copy_backward(_BI1, _BI1, _BI2) [with _BI1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _BI2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/vector.tcc:253: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::_M_insert_aux(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<typename std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::_Tp_alloc_type::pointer, std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc> >, const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:605: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:230: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>& cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::operator=(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_algobase.h:433: error: within this context /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h: In function ‘void std::_Construct(_T1*, const _T2&) [with _T1 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _T2 = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>]’: /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_uninitialized.h:87: instantiated from ‘_ForwardIterator std::__uninitialized_copy_aux(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _ForwardIterator, std::__false_type) [with _InputIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _ForwardIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_uninitialized.h:114: instantiated from ‘_ForwardIterator std::uninitialized_copy(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _ForwardIterator) [with _InputIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _ForwardIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_uninitialized.h:254: instantiated from ‘_ForwardIterator std::__uninitialized_copy_a(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _ForwardIterator, std::allocator<_Tp>) [with _InputIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _ForwardIterator = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>*, _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/vector.tcc:275: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::_M_insert_aux(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<typename std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::_Tp_alloc_type::pointer, std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc> >, const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_vector.h:605: instantiated from ‘void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const _Tp&) [with _Tp = cilk::reducer_opadd<int>, _Alloc = std::allocator<cilk::reducer_opadd<int> >]’ geneAttack.cilk:667: instantiated from here /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/cilk++/reducer_opadd.h:229: error: ‘cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>::reducer_opadd(const cilk::reducer_opadd<Type>&) [with Type = int]’ is private /usr/local/cilk/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.2.4/../../../../include/c++/4.2.4/bits/stl_construct.h:81: error: within this context make: *** [geneAttack] Error 1 jinchen@galactica:~/workspace/biometrics/genAttack$ make cilk++ geneAttack.cilk -O1 -g -lcilkutil -o geneAttack geneAttack.cilk: In function ‘int cilk cilk_main(int, char**)’: geneAttack.cilk:670: error: expected primary-expression before ‘,’ token geneAttack.cilk:670: error: expected primary-expression before ‘}’ token geneAttack.cilk:674: error: ‘bitmiss_vec’ was not declared in this scope make: *** [geneAttack] Error 1 The Cilk++ manule says it supports array/vector of reducers, although there are performance issues to consider: "If you create a large number of reducers (for example, an array or vector of reducers) you must be aware that there is an overhead at steal and reduce that is proportional to the number of reducers in the program. " Anyone knows what is going on? How should I declare/use vector of reducers? Thank you

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  • compile time if && return string reference optimization

    - by Truncheon
    Hi. I'm writing a series classes that inherit from a base class using virtual. They are INT, FLOAT and STRING objects that I want to use in a scripting language. I'm trying to implement weak typing, but I don't want STRING objects to return copies of themselves when used in the following way (instead I would prefer to have a reference returned which can be used in copying): a = "hello "; b = "world"; c = a + b; I have written the following code as a mock example: #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cstdio> #include <cstdlib> std::string dummy("<int object cannot return string reference>"); struct BaseImpl { virtual bool is_string() = 0; virtual int get_int() = 0; virtual std::string get_string_copy() = 0; virtual std::string const& get_string_ref() = 0; }; struct INT : BaseImpl { int value; INT(int i = 0) : value(i) { std::cout << "constructor called\n"; } INT(BaseImpl& that) : value(that.get_int()) { std::cout << "copy constructor called\n"; } bool is_string() { return false; } int get_int() { return value; } std::string get_string_copy() { char buf[33]; sprintf(buf, "%i", value); return buf; } std::string const& get_string_ref() { return dummy; } }; struct STRING : BaseImpl { std::string value; STRING(std::string s = "") : value(s) { std::cout << "constructor called\n"; } STRING(BaseImpl& that) { if (that.is_string()) value = that.get_string_ref(); else value = that.get_string_copy(); std::cout << "copy constructor called\n"; } bool is_string() { return true; } int get_int() { return atoi(value.c_str()); } std::string get_string_copy() { return value; } std::string const& get_string_ref() { return value; } }; struct Base { BaseImpl* impl; Base(BaseImpl* p = 0) : impl(p) {} ~Base() { delete impl; } }; int main() { Base b1(new INT(1)); Base b2(new STRING("Hello world")); Base b3(new INT(*b1.impl)); Base b4(new STRING(*b2.impl)); std::cout << "\n"; std::cout << b1.impl->get_int() << "\n"; std::cout << b2.impl->get_int() << "\n"; std::cout << b3.impl->get_int() << "\n"; std::cout << b4.impl->get_int() << "\n"; std::cout << "\n"; std::cout << b1.impl->get_string_ref() << "\n"; std::cout << b2.impl->get_string_ref() << "\n"; std::cout << b3.impl->get_string_ref() << "\n"; std::cout << b4.impl->get_string_ref() << "\n"; std::cout << "\n"; std::cout << b1.impl->get_string_copy() << "\n"; std::cout << b2.impl->get_string_copy() << "\n"; std::cout << b3.impl->get_string_copy() << "\n"; std::cout << b4.impl->get_string_copy() << "\n"; return 0; } It was necessary to add an if check in the STRING class to determine whether its safe to request a reference instead of a copy: Script code: a = "test"; b = a; c = 1; d = "" + c; /* not safe to request reference by standard */ C++ code: STRING(BaseImpl& that) { if (that.is_string()) value = that.get_string_ref(); else value = that.get_string_copy(); std::cout << "copy constructor called\n"; } If was hoping there's a way of moving that if check into compile time, rather than run time.

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