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• disk space error, cant use internet

  - by James

  after trying to install drivers using sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade, im faced with a message saying no space left on device, i ran disk usage analyzer as root and there was three folders namely, main volume, home folder, and my 116gb hard drive (which is practically empty) yet both other folders are full, which is stopping me installing drivers because of space, how do i get ubuntu to use this space on my hard drive? its causing problems because i cant gain access to the internet as i cant download drivers when i havnt got enough space, this happens every time i try it

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• How to Use Quick Toggles on Your Android Phone

  - by Chris Hoffman

  One of the big new features in Apple’s iOS 7 is Control Center, which allows you to quickly access and toggle common setting from anywhere. However, Android phones have had quick toggles for a long time. Android now has its own built-in quick toggles, while popular manufacturer-customized interfaces like Samsung’s TouchWiz have their own quick toggles, which work differently. You can also add custom quick toggles in different places.    

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• Introducing Windows Azure Mobile Services

  - by Clint Edmonson

  Today I’m excited to share that the Windows Azure Mobile Services public preview is now available. This preview provides a turnkey backend cloud solution designed to accelerate connected client app development. These services streamline the development process by enabling you to leverage the cloud for common mobile application scenarios such as structured storage, user authentication and push notifications. If you’re building a Windows 8 app and want a fast and easy path to creating backend cloud services, this preview provides the capabilities you need. You to take advantage of the cloud to build and deploy modern apps for Windows 8 devices in anticipation of general availability on October 26th. Subsequent preview releases will extend support to iOS, Android, and Windows Phone. Features The preview makes it fast and easy to create cloud services for Windows 8 applications within minutes. Here are the key benefits:  Rapid development: configure a straightforward and secure backend in less than five minutes. Create modern mobile apps: common Windows Azure plus Windows 8 scenarios that Windows Azure Mobile Services preview will support include:  Automated Service API generation providing CRUD functionality and dynamic schematization on top of Structured Storage Structured Storage with powerful query support so a Windows 8 app can seamlessly connect to a Windows Azure SQL database Integrated Authentication so developers can configure user authentication via Windows Live Push Notifications to bring your Windows 8 apps to life with up to date and relevant information Access structured data: connect to a Windows Azure SQL database for simple data management and dynamically created tables. Easy to set and manage permissions. Pricing One of the key things that we’ve consistently heard from developers about using Windows Azure with mobile applications is the need for a low cost and simple offer. The simplest way to describe the pricing for Windows Azure Mobile Services at preview is that it is the same as Windows Azure Websites during preview. What’s FREE? Run up to 10 Mobile Services for free in a multitenant environment Free with valid Windows Azure Free Trial 1GB SQL Database Unlimited ingress 165MB/day egress  What do I pay for? Scaling up to dedicated VMs Once Windows Azure Free Trial expires - SQL Database and egress     Getting Started To start using Mobile Services, you will need to sign up for a Windows Azure free trial, if you have not done so already.  If you already have a Windows Azure account, you will need to request to enroll in this preview feature. Once you’ve enrolled, this getting started tutorial will walk you through building your first Windows 8 application using the preview’s services. The developer center contains more resources to teach you how to: Validate and authorize access to data using easy scripts that execute securely, on the server Easily authenticate your users via Windows Live Send toast notifications and update live tiles in just a few lines of code Our pricing calculator has also been updated for calculate costs for these new mobile services. Questions? Ask in the Windows Azure Forums. Feedback? Send it to [email protected].

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• not detecting wireless networks

  - by pac

  i'm a new linux user and i cannot add or edit any network connections, nor is the system detecting any wireless networks when i try to access additional hardware from system, it doesn't even open...so i'm stuck. lspci | grep -i wireless comes out with 06:0a.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation PRO/Wireless 2200BG [Calexico2] Network connection (rev 05) lspci -n -s 06:0a.0 comes out with 8086:4220. i dont know if that info was relevant but any help on this would be appreciated.

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• Minimizing Dependencies For GUIs

  - by tuba09

  I've been working on a project, and have been charged with designing the projects GUI front-end. I'm coding in Java and using the Swing toolkit. Usability-wise, the GUI front-end follows all of Nielsen's heuristics. Users can easily get to where they want to go through the click of a button / JComboBox. Essentially, in Swing terms, what happens is their actions drive the creation/deletion of custom panels. The GUI is coming along fine for the most part. However, I have to admit to being utterly dismayed at the tight web of dependencies my code is being smothered in. The main problem that I've encountered, that I haven't been able to fix as of yet, is how to keep a reference to the panels/buttons being changed. I'll give an example: Say there's a button A Say there's a panel B displaying picture C Say there's another picture D (not currently being displayed by panel B) When user clicks A, panel B should remove picture C and display picture D My question is, what's the best way of keeping track of panel B? Since I need a global point of access to panel B, my solution has so far been to just shoehorn it into a static variable, and access it through a series of static getters and setters. And this static variable is usually stored in the reference's original class. I.e. UserPanel has a static variable that stores a reference to itself. Is there an easy, tried-and-true way of dealing with these kinds of situations? Like my GUI works fine, but it is not modular and/or robust at all. To add to this, the dreaded 'cyclical dependencies' issue that's shunned by so many programmers is out here in full effect. I'm fairly new to development and just want to make sure that my code will be fairly extensible and won't cause much of a headache to the next person that decides to get a try at it. I know there's loads of books out there that probably have a nice elegant solution to this, but unfortunately I just don't have the time to leisure read right now. I need something that's quick and dirty. Thanks in advance

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• How to resolve canonical issue of a website hosted in yahoo small business (Shared Hosting)

  - by Vinay

  I have a website http://www.myapp.com hosted in yahoo small business, which is shared hosting and I don't have access to .htaccess file to modify. I called up yahoo team regarding the issue But It cannot be done. (It can be achieved in yahoo stores). Basically I want http://myapp.com and http://www.myapp.com/index.php must be redirected to http://www.myapp.com. So, What is the workaround for this.

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• Oracle OpenWorld 2012 - What's New

  - by Cinzia Mascanzoni

  Oracle OpenWorld 2012 is now over. Here a summary of major announcements on Hardware and Technology. Oracle Unveils Expanded Oracle Cloud Services Portfolio Oracle Unveils New Partner Cloud Programs Oracle Announces Latest Release of Oracle Exalogic Elastic Cloud Oracle Announces Oracle Exadata X3 Database In-Memory Machine Oracle Outlines Opportunity to Transform Industries from Device to Data Center with Embedded Java Oracle Announces Oracle Solaris 11.1 Latest Release of Oracle Exalytics In-Memory Machine Software Enables Customers to View and Analyze Data at the Speed of Business New Release of Oracle Business Intelligence Enables Users to Quickly Access and Analyze Key Business Information, Anytime, Anywhere

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• How to list pages in a category as bullet points in MediaWiki?

  - by Sandra Schlichting

  I'm using MediaWiki and I would like to list pages with a specific tag in alphabetical order. I.e. If the following 5 pages have the category "Backup" I would get a list similar to Printing Programming Remote Access Remote Sound Smartcard DynamicPageList with <DynamicPageList> category = Backup </DynamicPageList> gives me what I am looking for, but not in alphabetical order based on page title. Does anyone know how to do this?

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• cant connect to internet directly on ubuntu

  - by shubham

  I have dual booted machine windows 7 with ubuntu 12.10. I dont have direct internet access in ubuntu on wired network although direct connection works in windows7. I have to connect through a proxy on ubuntu, which works fine. This is not a ubuntu version related problem as i have been getting it from ubuntu 11.04. I want to know what difference is there in ubuntu and windows 7 which creates such results and how to fix it?

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• Bing flagging pages as Malware

  - by Vince Pettit

  Bing has flagged some pages on a site I manage as malware, these have been looked at and looks like there was some malware at some point but it's now since been removed. It's also pointing to some pages which no longer exist saying there is malware on those. Is there anything specific I need to do to get Bing to stop trying to access the removed pages and also deflag the pages that have been fixed.

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• Microsoft révèle les prix d'Office 365 University, la suite universitaire sera disponible pour 1,67 $ mensuel

  Microsoft révèle les prix d'Office 365 University La suite universitaire sera disponible pour 1,67 $ mensuel Word, PowerPoint, Excel, OneNote, Outlook, Publisher et Access, reviennent dans une nouvelle version intitulée « Office 365 University ». Une suite Office basée sur le Cloud et adaptée aux utilisateurs universitaires. [IMG]http://ftp-developpez.com/gordon-fowler/Office%20365/Office%20365%20logo%202.jpg[/IMG] Les étudiants de l'enseignement supérieur et professeurs pourront désormais souscrire pour un abonnement renouvelable de quatre ans pour Office 365 University pour 79,99 $, ce qui revient à un abonnement mensuel d'environ 1,67 $. ...

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• What is the correct way to use g_signal_connect() in C++ for dynamic unity quicklists?

  - by hakermania

  I want to make my application use dynamic unity quicklists. For building my application I am using C++ and the QtCreator IDE. When a menu action is triggered I want to be able to have access to a non-static function of my MainWindow class so as to be able to update the Graphical User Interface which can be accessed from inside 'normal' MainWindow's functions. So, I am building up my quicklist like this (mainwindow.cpp): void MainWindow::enable_unity_quicklist(){ Unity_Menu = dbusmenu_menuitem_new(); dbusmenu_menuitem_property_set_bool (Unity_Menu, DBUSMENU_MENUITEM_PROP_VISIBLE, FALSE); Unity_Stop = dbusmenu_menuitem_new(); dbusmenu_menuitem_property_set(Unity_Stop, DBUSMENU_MENUITEM_PROP_LABEL, "Stop"); dbusmenu_menuitem_child_append (Unity_Menu, Unity_Stop); g_signal_connect (Unity_Stop, DBUSMENU_MENUITEM_SIGNAL_ITEM_ACTIVATED, G_CALLBACK(&fake_callback), (gpointer)this); if(!unity_entry) unity_entry = unity_launcher_entry_get_for_desktop_id("myapp.desktop"); unity_launcher_entry_set_quicklist(unity_entry, Unity_Menu); dbusmenu_menuitem_property_set_bool(Unity_Menu, DBUSMENU_MENUITEM_PROP_VISIBLE, true); dbusmenu_menuitem_property_set_bool(Unity_Stop, DBUSMENU_MENUITEM_PROP_VISIBLE, true); } void MainWindow::fake_callback(gpointer data){ MainWindow* m = (MainWindow*)data; m->on_stopButton_clicked(); } void MainWindow::on_stopButton_clicked(){ //stopping the process... } mainwindow.h: private slots: void enable_unity_quicklist(); void on_stopButton_clicked(); public slots: static void fake_callback(gpointer data); This suggestion was taken from http://old.nabble.com/Using-g_signal_connect-in-class-td18461823.html The program crashes immediately after I choose the 'Stop' action from the Unity Quicklist. Debugging the program shows that I am not able to access anything MainWindow related inside the on_stopButton_clicked() without crashing. For example, it crashes when doing this check (which is the first 2 lines of code inside this function): if (!ui->stopButton->isEnabled()) return; I have also tested lots of other things that I found at the internet, but nothing of them worked. One interesting solution would be to use gtkmm (http://developer.gnome.org/gtkmm-tutorial/stable/sec-connecting-signal-handlers.html.en) but I am not used at all working on GTK applications (I work solely in Qt) and I don't know if this even suits to my occasion. A compilable example indicating what the problem is can be found at: http://ubuntuone.com/7iKA3wnPmWVp8YNNDLlVQI (3.2Kb) If you are not familiar with the QtCreator IDE, you can compile with the following commands, as long as you have all the needed libraries: cd dynamic_unity_quicklists_test; qmake -project; qmake; make

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• Special Reminder for Oracle OpenWorld Attendees: Oracle Account Credentials

  - by Bob Rhubart

  A special reminder from the event organizers for those attending Oracle OpenWorld: "Please make sure you have your Oracle.com account log in details with you when you arrive onsite in San Francisco. This is the username and password you used/created for your Oracle OpenWorld San Francisco 2012 registration. These details will be required to check-in and receive your badge as well as to gain access to My Account and Schedule Builder onsite at the event."

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• bumblebee does not work with metacity and KWin, but works with compiz

  - by cpu2

  If I try to launch something with optirun under compiz, it works. If I try to launch something with optirun under KDE or metacity, it gives me: [ 247.384077] [ERROR]Cannot access secondary GPU - error: [XORG] (EE) [ 247.384117] [ERROR]Aborting because fallback start is disabled. If it matters, I'm trying to launch Portal 2 with wine I have: Nvidia GeForce GT540M with optimus Acer Aspire Timeline X Intel core i5 and 3000 Integrated Graphics

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• Atheros AR928X wireless connection makes neighbourhood machine drop off line

  - by funicorn

  I have an Acer laptop with Atheros AR928X wireless card installed, supported by ath9k driver in the linux kernel. There are other 5 computers sharing wireless connection via a TPLink 150Mbit/s wireless router. At first I found the network is a little bit slower than it's in Windows7, which I accepted as it should be. However a very strange thing is, each time I connected to the router and downloaded stuff for a while, one of the computers running Windows7 in my local network dropped off from the router. And if I run my laptop under Windows7, everything is fine. What's even stranger is although the network becomes slower, only the certain computer drops and totally freezes in connection with the router. I'm not willing to conclude it's due to the unhealthy connection from my laptop to the router, however we have confirmed this for more than one times and there is no problem with the network when I'm running WIndows7. I'm extremely confused about what's going on. As a Linux user running Ubuntu over 5 years, I am awared that wireless driver in Linux is badly notorious of lack of stability and slow speed. But is it so bad that the unhealthy wireless connection can do damage to another computer in the same local network? I do see a lot of "Tx excessive retries" in iwconfig output. But how exactly does this happen ? Thanks for your help. I guess I have to use this answer box to show the outputs $ sudo iwconfig wlan0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"TP-LINK111" Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: E0:05:C5:E8:A9:92 Bit Rate=121.5 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Encryption key:off Power Management:off Link Quality=47/70 Signal level=-63 dBm Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:2 Invalid misc:23 Missed beacon:0 To show what's wrong with the wireless connection, I ran iwconfig again within 3 minutes, during which time I hardly did anything and the network was not much busy than being nearly idle $ sudo iwconfig wlan0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"TP-LINK111" Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: E0:05:C5:E8:A9:92 Bit Rate=121.5 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Encryption key:off Power Management:off Link Quality=48/70 Signal level=-62 dBm Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:9 Invalid misc:28 Missed beacon:0 You can see Tx excessive retires and Invalid misc increase very quickly. $ sudo iwlist wlan0 modu wlan0 unknown modulation information. $ sudo iwlist wlan0 channel wlan0 13 channels in total; available frequencies : Channel 01 : 2.412 GHz Channel 02 : 2.417 GHz Channel 03 : 2.422 GHz Channel 04 : 2.427 GHz Channel 05 : 2.432 GHz Channel 06 : 2.437 GHz Channel 07 : 2.442 GHz Channel 08 : 2.447 GHz Channel 09 : 2.452 GHz Channel 10 : 2.457 GHz Channel 11 : 2.462 GHz Channel 12 : 2.467 GHz Channel 13 : 2.472 GHz Current Frequency:2.427 GHz (Channel 4)

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• What is the difference between development and R&D?

  - by MainMa

  I was asked by a colleague to explain clearly the difference between ordinary development and research and development (R&D) and was unable to do it. After reading Wikipedia, I still don't have the precise answer. According to Wikipedia (slightly modified): There are two primary models: In one model, the primary function is to develop new products; in the other model, the primary function is to discover and create new knowledge about scientific and technological topics for the purpose of uncovering and enabling development of valuable new products, processes, and services. The first model is confusing. Does it mean that development (not R&D) consists exclusively in adding new features to a product, solving bugs and doing maintenance? What if something which was previously developed as a new feature becomes a separate product? The second model is less confusing, but still, how to qualify whether something is new knowledge or existent knowledge which is just rediscovered? Later, Wikipedia adds that ordinary development is different from R&D because of its: nearly immediate profit or immediate improvement. It's still not clear enough. How to qualify "nearly immediate profit"? What if a task has an immediate profit but requires heavy research? Or if it is basic but has uncertain profit, like the enforcement of a common style over the codebase? For example, does it belong to development or R&D to: Develop an engine which abstracts the access to the database, simplifying and shortening enormously the code of other applications (existent or ones which will be written in future) which should access to the database? Establish a new service-oriented architecture for the entire organization of company resources, in order to move from a bunch of separate and autonomous applications to a set of well-organized, interconnected web services, like what is used by Amazon? Design a new communication protocol to allow faster replication of data between two data centers of the company? Conceive a new type of software testing while working on a specific product, knowing that this type of testing will improve/simplify the testing process? Prove that Functional programming is more appropriate than OOP for a specific application, based on evidence, logic and previous experience? Enhance the existent application by adding gestures on tactile screens, after doing studies and testing that shows that those gestures improve the productivity of the users by a ratio of at least 1.4 for a precise set of tasks? Find a way to strongly enhance the Power usage effectiveness (PUE) of a data center? Create a Domain-Specific Language (DSL)? In short, how could I determine whether I'm doing R&D while working on something?

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• Ways to serve AWS from another domain

  - by mplungjan

  I have installed Ghost on AWS (it is running node) I very much dislike the URL they gave me http://ec2-nn-nnn-nnn-nnn.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com/ghost/ I own a domain and linux hosting (but not a VPS) - what would be a practical way to serve my blog via URLS on my own (sub) domain? I can use php and access .htaccess on my domain - possibly do things on the ASW instance too (let me know what to look for)

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• Can I upgrade Lucid to Precise with the 12.04.1 desktop image?

  - by rahmad ars

  I am running Ubuntu Lucid and would like to upgrade to Precise, using the normal ubuntu-12.04.1-desktop-...iso image. So far I have tried upgrading with the CD but was not given the choice. Searching on the internet, I have found upgrading using the ubuntu-12.04.1-alternate-...iso image works, but I don't have great internet access. Is upgrading from Lucid possible, with the ubuntu-12.04.1-desktop image?

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• Interconnect nodes in a Java distributed infrastructure for tweet processing

  - by David Moreno García

  I'm working in a new version of an old project that I used to download and process user statuses from Twitter. The main problem of that project was its infrastructure. I used multiple instances of a java application (trackers) to download from Twitter given an specific task (basically terms to search for), connected with a central node (a web application) that had to process all tweets once per day and generate a new task for each trackers once each 15 minutes. The central node also had to monitor all trackers and enable/disable them under user petition. This, as I said, was too slow because I had multiple bottlenecks, so in this new version I want to improve the infrastructure and isolate all functionalities in specific nodes. I also need a good notification system to receive notifications for any node. So, in the next diagram I show the components that I'll need in this new version: As you can see, there are more nodes. Here are some notes about them: Dashboard: Controls trackers statuses and send a single task to each of them (under user request). The trackers will use this task until replaced with a new one (if done, not each 15 minutes like before). Search engine: I need to store all the tweets. They are firstly stored in a local database for each tracker but after that I'm thinking on using something like Elasticsearch to be able to do fast searches. Tweet processor: Just and isolated component with its own database (maybe something like the search engine to have fast access to info generated by the module). In the future more could be added. Application UI: A web application with a shared database with the Dashboard (mainly to store users information and preferences). Indeed, both could be merged into a single web. The main difference with the previous version of the project is that now they will be isolated and they will only show information and send requests. I will not do any heavy task in them (like process tweets as I did before). So, having this components, my main headache is how to structure all to not have to rewrite a lot of code every time I need to access any new data. Another headache is how can I interconnect nodes. I could use sockets but that is a pain in the ass. Maybe a REST layer? And finally, if all the nodes are isolated, how could I generate notifications for each user which info is only in the database used by the Application UI? I'm programming this using Java and Spring (at least I used them in the last version) but I have no problems with changing the language if I can take advantage of a tool/library/engine to make my life easier and have a better platform. Any comment will be appreciated.

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• Google Prepares to Enter ISP Market

  Search giant details plans to begin trials of ultra-high-speed broadband networks in markets across United States, promising open access and net neutrality conditions.

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• Calling home, receiving calls and smartphone data from the US

  - by Rob Farley

  I got asked about calling home from the US, by someone going to the PASS Summit. I found myself thinking “there should be a blog post about this”... The easiest way to phone home is Skype - no question. Use WiFi, and if you’re calling someone who has Skype on their phone at the other end, it’s free. Even if they don’t, it’s still pretty good price-wise. The PASS Summit conference centre has good WiFI, as do the hotels, and plenty of other places (like Starbucks). But if you’re used to having data all the time, particularly when you’re walking from one place to another, then you’ll want a sim card. This also lets you receive calls more easily, not just solving your data problem. You’ll need to make sure your phone isn’t locked to your local network – get that sorted before you leave. It’s no trouble to drop by a T-mobile or AT&T store and getting a prepaid sim. You can’t get one from the airport, but if the PASS Summit is your first stop, there’s a T-mobile store on 6th in Seattle between Pine & Pike, so you can see it from the Sheraton hotel if that’s where you’re staying. AT&T isn’t far away either. But – there’s an extra step that you should be aware of. If you talk to one of these US telcos, you’ll probably (hopefully I’m wrong, but this is how it was for me recently) be told that their prepaid sims don’t work in smartphones. And they’re right – the APN gets detected and stops the data from working. But luckily, Apple (and others) have provided information about how to change the APN, which has been used by a company based in New Zealand to let you get your phone working. Basically, you send your phone browser to http://unlockit.co.nz and follow the prompts. But do this from a WiFi place somewhere, because you won’t have data access until after you’ve sorted this out... Oh, and if you get a prepaid sim with “unlimited data”, you will still need to get a Data Feature for it. And just for the record – this is WAY easier if you’re going to the UK. I dropped into a T-mobile shop there, and bought a prepaid sim card for five quid, which gave me 250MB data and some (but not much) call credit. In Australia it’s even easier, because you can buy data-enabled sim cards that work in smartphones from the airport when you arrive. I think having access to data really helps you feel at home in a different place. It means you can pull up maps, see what your friends are doing, and more. Hopefully this post helps, but feel free to post comments with extra information if you have it. @rob_farley

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• can't change information of 000-defult.conf at the apache2 [duplicate]

  - by user3211691

  This question already has an answer here: How to avoid using sudo when working in /var/www? 8 answers  I wanted I create my project into www / html  I did not have access for create new folder for paste my project. 000-default.conf in apache2 was read only and i can't change information

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• Is it possible to set Transmission to show list of files as collapsed by default?

  - by Rasmus

  When downloading a torrent with a large folder hierarchy, I often find myself losing overview of the content of the torrent as Transmission shows the entire folder structure expanded under Properties > Files. Most annoyingly, if one collapses the tree and closes the dialog, the tree will be expanded again if one re-access it. Is it somehow possible to set Transmission to show torrent content as collapsed by default?

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• Fetch as Google error 403

  - by Bojan Vidanovic

  2 weeks ago, google cant access my website anymore, in webmaster tools i cant fetch any page, i always get error 403, and the website has been completly disapperard form the google search results. I cant figure how suddendly it cant see it anymore, i've checked .htaccess and there nothing that blocks google crawlers, and robots.txt is fine to. Anyway the site is accesibly normaly for users. Anyone had this problems? please help!

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• What is the use of Association, Aggregation and Composition (Encapsulation) in Classes

  - by SahilMahajanMj

  I have gone through lots of theories about what is encapsulation and the three techniques of implementing it, which are Association, Aggregation and Composition. What i found is, Encapsulation Encapsulation is the technique of making the fields in a class private and providing access to the fields via public methods. If a field is declared private, it cannot be accessed by anyone outside the class, thereby hiding the fields within the class. For this reason, encapsulation is also referred to as data hiding. Encapsulation can be described as a protective barrier that prevents the code and data being randomly accessed by other code defined outside the class. Access to the data and code is tightly controlled by an interface. The main benefit of encapsulation is the ability to modify our implemented code without breaking the code of others who use our code. With this feature Encapsulation gives maintainability, flexibility and extensibility to our code. Association Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle and there is no owner. Let’s take an example of Teacher and Student. Multiple students can associate with single teacher and single student can associate with multiple teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both have their own lifecycle. Both can create and delete independently. Aggregation Aggregation is a specialize form of Association where all object have their own lifecycle but there is ownership and child object can not belongs to another parent object. Let’s take an example of Department and teacher. A single teacher can not belongs to multiple departments, but if we delete the department teacher object will not destroy. We can think about “has-a” relationship. Composition Composition is again specialize form of Aggregation and we can call this as a “death” relationship. It is a strong type of Aggregation. Child object dose not have their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child object will also be deleted. Let’s take again an example of relationship between House and rooms. House can contain multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and any room can not belongs to two different house if we delete the house room will automatically delete. The question is: Now these all are real world examples. I am looking for some description about how to use these techniques in actual class code. I mean what is the point for using three different techniques for encapsulation, How these techniques could be implemented and How to choose which technique is applicable at time.

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