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• How to switch off wifi on startup or from the console

  - by mit

  I have installed ubuntu 10.04 on a laptop. Wifi is switched on by default on startup. I can disable it rightclicking the network manager icon in the gnome bar. How can I set it to have wifi switched off as default? Alternatively, how can I switch off wifi on the console? I tried already the rfkill command but it does not list any devices and it does not switch off wifi, I tried different parameters. This is a standard install of the Ubuntu 10.04 i386 Desktop Live CD on an IBM T40 Laptop. EDIT A: This is the output of some rfkill commands on my system, and it does not affect the wifi of the laptop: $ rfkill --help Usage: rfkill [options] command Options: --version show version (0.4) Commands: help event list [IDENTIFIER] block IDENTIFIER unblock IDENTIFIER where IDENTIFIER is the index no. of an rfkill switch or one of: <idx> all wifi wlan bluetooth uwb ultrawideband wimax wwan gps fm $ rfkill list $ rfkill list wifi $ rfkill list all $ rfkill list wlan $ sudo rfkill list all $ sudo rfkill block all $ sudo rfkill block wlan $ sudo rfkill block wifi $ EDIT B: Now I found out that sudo ifconfig eth1 down turns it off. And I can turn it on through the gnome network applet again. But the applet does not reflect the change from the commandline, it stills believes wifi is switched on. I have to switch it off and on again on the applet to switch it on again, when I switched it off from the console. Is there a better way? This is what the syslog looks like when I switch wireless off and on again from the network manager: NetworkManager: <info> (eth1): device state change: 3 -> 2 (reason 0) NetworkManager: <info> (eth1): deactivating device (reason: 0). NetworkManager: <info> Policy set '24' (eth0) as default for routing and DNS. NetworkManager: <info> (eth1): taking down device. avahi-daemon[660]: Withdrawing address record for fe80::202:8aff:feba:d798 on eth1. kernel: [ 971.472116] airo(eth1): cmd:3 status:7f03 rsp0:0 rsp1:0 rsp2:0 NetworkManager: <info> (eth1): bringing up device. NetworkManager: <info> (eth1): supplicant interface state: starting -> ready NetworkManager: <info> (eth1): device state change: 2 -> 3 (reason 42) avahi-daemon[660]: Registering new address record for fe80::202:8aff:feba:d798 on eth1.*. kernel: [ 965.512048] eth1: no IPv6 routers present

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• How do I publish updates?

  - by Klikini

  A common issue with Unity is the suspend feature, which reboots some computers when resuming. I have figured out how to fix it, tested it, and it works. You change line 11 of /etc/default/grub to: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_sleep=nonvs" I would like to post this as an update for future Ubuntu versions. How do I do this? More info about the changes: Sony Vaio FW350 reboots instead of waking up after sleep/suspend

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• udev hide partition in nautilus for specific user/group

  - by user64780

  I'm trying to hide a partition form a specific group of users in Ubuntu 12.04. I have created a new rule in /etc/udev/rules.d/99-hide-disk.rules with KERNEL="sda3",ENV{UDISKS_PRESENTATION_HIDE}="1" And this works for all users. I tried KERNEL="sda3",ENV{UDISKS_PRESENTATION_HIDE}="1",GROUP="adm",MODE:="0700 but the partition is still hidden. That changes the group and permissions on the device rather than the rule. How do I make the rule only apply to a particular group of users?

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• /etc/postfix/transport missing; what should it look like?

  - by Thufir

  I'm following the mailman guide but couldn't locate /etc/postfix/ so created it as follows: root@dur:~# root@dur:~# cat /etc/postfix/transport dur.bounceme.net mailman: root@dur:~# root@dur:~# telnet localhost 25 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. 220 dur.bounceme.net ESMTP Postfix (Ubuntu) ehlo fqdn_test 250-dur.bounceme.net 250-PIPELINING 250-SIZE 10240000 250-VRFY 250-ETRN 250-STARTTLS 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES 250-8BITMIME 250 DSN mail from:[email protected] 250 2.1.0 Ok rcpt to:thufir@localhost 451 4.3.0 <thufir@localhost>: Temporary lookup failure rcpt to:[email protected] 451 4.3.0 <[email protected]>: Temporary lookup failure quit 221 2.0.0 Bye Connection closed by foreign host. root@dur:~# root@dur:~# postconf -n alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases, hash:/var/lib/mailman/data/aliases append_dot_mydomain = no biff = no broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes config_directory = /etc/postfix default_transport = smtp home_mailbox = Maildir/ inet_interfaces = loopback-only mailbox_command = /usr/lib/dovecot/deliver -c /etc/dovecot/conf.d/01-mail-stack-delivery.conf -m "${EXTENSION}" mailbox_size_limit = 0 mailman_destination_recipient_limit = 1 mydestination = dur, dur.bounceme.net, localhost.bounceme.net, localhost myhostname = dur.bounceme.net mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 readme_directory = no recipient_delimiter = + relay_domains = lists.dur.bounceme.net relay_transport = relay relayhost = smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache smtp_use_tls = yes smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Ubuntu) smtpd_recipient_restrictions = reject_unknown_sender_domain, reject_unknown_recipient_domain, reject_unauth_pipelining, permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unauth_destination smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_sasl_authenticated_header = yes smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $myhostname smtpd_sasl_path = private/dovecot-auth smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-mail.pem smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/ssl-mail.key smtpd_tls_mandatory_ciphers = medium smtpd_tls_mandatory_protocols = SSLv3, TLSv1 smtpd_tls_received_header = yes smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache smtpd_use_tls = yes tls_random_source = dev:/dev/urandom transport_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/transport root@dur:~# root@dur:~# tail /var/log/mail.log Aug 28 02:05:15 dur postfix/smtpd[20326]: connect from localhost[127.0.0.1] Aug 28 02:06:10 dur postfix/smtpd[20326]: warning: hash:/var/lib/mailman/data/aliases is unavailable. open database /var/lib/mailman/data/aliases.db: No such file or directory Aug 28 02:06:10 dur postfix/smtpd[20326]: warning: hash:/var/lib/mailman/data/aliases lookup error for "thufir@localhost" Aug 28 02:06:10 dur postfix/smtpd[20326]: NOQUEUE: reject: RCPT from localhost[127.0.0.1]: 451 4.3.0 <thufir@localhost>: Temporary lookup failure; from=<[email protected]> to=<thufir@localhost> proto=ESMTP helo=<fqdn_test> Aug 28 02:06:23 dur postfix/smtpd[20326]: warning: hash:/var/lib/mailman/data/aliases is unavailable. open database /var/lib/mailman/data/aliases.db: No such file or directory Aug 28 02:06:23 dur postfix/smtpd[20326]: warning: hash:/var/lib/mailman/data/aliases lookup error for "[email protected]" Aug 28 02:06:23 dur postfix/smtpd[20326]: NOQUEUE: reject: RCPT from localhost[127.0.0.1]: 451 4.3.0 <[email protected]>: Temporary lookup failure; from=<[email protected]> to=<[email protected]> proto=ESMTP helo=<fqdn_test> Aug 28 02:06:28 dur postfix/smtpd[20326]: disconnect from localhost[127.0.0.1] Aug 28 02:06:49 dur dovecot: pop3-login: Login: user=<thufir>, method=PLAIN, rip=127.0.0.1, lip=127.0.0.1, mpid=20338, TLS Aug 28 02:06:49 dur dovecot: pop3(thufir): Disconnected: Logged out top=0/0, retr=0/0, del=0/0, size=0 root@dur:~# The manual page is here.

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• How do I get the same dual-screen experience on my install as I had on the 12.04 Live CD?

  - by Alexander G

  I downloaded, burned to disc, and booted Ubuntu 12.04 Precise (I defected to Arch for a year when I got fed up of Natty). I was pleasantly surprised by both of my monitors working perfectly on there (needed to rearrange as my secondary monitor is to the left, however). So I installed. There's no recognition of the second monitor now, and it doesn't appear in the settings. I've also enabled the Nvidia driver. What do I do?

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• Install postgresql. Why is initdb unavailable?

  - by Starkers

  I'm following these instructions, however I can only get to step 17.2. Despite installing postgresql successfully via the sudo apt-get install postgresql command, upon running initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data Ubuntu tells me that it 'initdb' isn't installed. The instructions tell me this command is installed by sudo apt-get install postgresql so what's going on? I can make initdb available by installing postgres-xc, but I think postgres-xc is just some weird third party rubbish, and it's not detailed in the instructions. Any ideas?

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• tring to edit brightness

  - by Martin Mobbs

  i'm tring to edit the /sys/class/backlight/max_brightness file to stop ubuntu 12 returning to maximum brightness on each reboot. gedit won't save the file after i have modified it i have used chown to change ownership to me which was successful. I then changed gedits settings so it won't save a backup but it still won't save. It returns with this error, Could not save the file /sys/class/backlight/acpi_video0/max_brightness. Unexpected error: Error writing to file: Input/output error is this yet another bug?

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• Application indicator + entry widget

  - by Jan Jeseter

  I would like write my own application indicator via guide in http://unity.ubuntu.com/projects/appindicators/ (in python) My question - Is there any chance add next to icon indicator entry widget (see below) on top panel? ( window = gtk.Window(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL) vbox = gtk.VBox(False, 0) window.add(vbox) vbox.show() entry = gtk.Entry() entry.set_max_length(50) entry.set_text("hello") vbox.pack_start(entry, True, True, 0) entry.show() window.show() ) Thanks

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• Creating an Alternate Install CD with pre installed users

  - by juzerali

  I want to create my own customized Ubuntu derivative and this question already gave me a very good start. My requirements are quite specific I want to roll out a CD with Set of users who are supposed to run them (root, admin, guest) pre-installed With their passwords already set Installation not asking for creating users on booting or during OS installation Autologin to guest user Is this even possible? Thanks to the community in advance :)

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• How do I hide my custom Unity panel indicators from another user account on the same machine?

  - by Inkayacu

  I created a second user account on my machine, making it a "standard" user account. When I log into that account, most of the panel indicators I've added in my own administrator user account show up here as well -- but not all of them (e.g., the cpufreq indicator shows up in both accounts, but the multiload indicator does not show up in the second account). I'd like to prevent everything but the default panel indicators from a fresh Ubuntu install showing up in the second user's panel.

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• How to install packages without internet connection

  - by user114874

  I'm just beginner to linux operating system I have following doubts 1.Now i am using ubuntu 10.10 version i dont have net connection in my home So how can i install packages manually for ex: if me and my friend have same version and same hardware config if he installed installed all packages in his laptop can i install all his packages by copy packages from his lap to mine ?? if there is a way then how to do it?? Thx guys in advance..... :)

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• i can't get spotify, Please i really need help [closed]

  - by Prince

  Possible Duplicate: How do I fix a “Problem with MergeList” error when trying to do an update? I tried to get spotify review and this is what it keeps saying sudo apt-get install spotify-client Reading package lists... Error! E: Encountered a section with no Package: header E: Problem with MergeList /var/lib/apt/lists/extras.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_i18n_Translation-en E: The package lists or status file could not be parsed or opened

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• Motherboard and Processor sync error panic and killing init

  - by pradeep

  I have installed Ubuntu 12.04LTS for the first time and this has problems while working. the system hangs out and panic error showing the message that motherboard and processor not syncing and attempted to kill init. I have a Gigabyte GA-MA74GMT-S2(AM3) board AMD Phenom II X2 555 processor 4gb ddr3 ram with L6 cache I would like to know why is this problem happening. this is a separate installation and system is also having windows7 running as a separate installation. need help fixing this.

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• Unable to Mount an external hard drive (NTFS)

  - by Mediterran81

  Ubuntu 11.10. When I plug my external Drive Western Digital MyPassport (500Go NTFS) I named WD. I get the following error: Unable to mount WD Error mounting: mount exited with exit code 1: helper failed with: mount: according to mtab, /dev/sdb1 is already mounted on /media/WD mount failed I have no problem with the internal NTFS partitions that auto-mounts on startup (ntfs-config does that). If I plug the WD before I boot Ubuntu, upon login, it's recognized and I can access without no problem. But if I remove it using (Safely remove) and then replug it, I get the error above. Here is my fstab: # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 #Entry for /dev/sda5 : UUID=24540d0f-5803-493c-ace9-e3b3c0cedb26 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 #Entry for /dev/sda3 : UUID=E4C43F7EC43F51D2 /media/OS ntfs-3g defaults,locale=en_US.UTF-8 0 0 #Entry for /dev/sda2 : UUID=6A0070F10070C61B /media/RECOVERY ntfs-3g defaults,locale=en_US.UTF-8 0 0 #Entry for /dev/sdb1 : UUID=EA6854D268549F5F /media/WD ntfs-3g defaults,nosuid,nodev,locale=en_US.UTF-8 0 0 #Entry for /dev/sda6 : UUID=ed077c52-c50e-406c-9120-9cb6f86ec204 none swap sw 0 0 Here is my mtab /dev/sda5 / ext4 rw,errors=remount-ro,commit=0 0 0 proc /proc proc rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0 fusectl /sys/fs/fuse/connections fusectl rw 0 0 none /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw 0 0 none /sys/kernel/security securityfs rw 0 0 udev /dev devtmpfs rw,mode=0755 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620 0 0 tmpfs /run tmpfs rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755 0 0 none /run/lock tmpfs rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880 0 0 none /run/shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev 0 0 /dev/sda3 /media/OS fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 /dev/sda2 /media/RECOVERY fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 /dev/sdb1 /media/WD fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0 gvfs-fuse-daemon /home/hanine/.gvfs fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon rw,nosuid,nodev,user=hanine 0 0 Appearently it cannot be mounted because upon login, it finds that it is already mounted. Some sort of conflict. Does anyone have a clue on how to solve this. Thanks.

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• Can I install Natty alongside Maverick and retain my encrypted /home partition?

  - by Jon

  This is my partitioning scheme: 10GB partition empty -- will be installing Natty here 10GB partition containing Maverick 2GB swap partition 300GB encrypted /home partition I've had few problems in the past with having two ubuntu installs on two separate partitions, giving /home it's own partition, but I'm a little concerned since I'm now using an encrypted /home partition. Install won't try to wipe my /home if I click " encrypt home directory," will it?

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• Why does switching users completely hang my system every time?

  - by Stéphane

  I have a fresh install of 11.04 64bit, with 2 administrator accounts and 4 normal accounts. The 4 normal accounts (the kids' accounts) don't have passwords, they can login simply by clicking on their names. When any of the users -- either admin or normal -- tries to switch to another account by clicking in the top-right corner of the screen and selecting another user, the screen goes black and the entire system locks up. Even CTRL+ALT+F1 through F7 does nothing. This is reproducible 100% of the time on this system. I can ssh into the box when the console locks up, and by running top, I see that Xorg is consuming about 100% of the CPU. Looking at the output of "ps axfu" in bash while the system is in this "locked up" state, here is the lightdm and X process tree: USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1153 0.0 0.1 183508 4292 ? Ssl Dec26 0:00 lightdm root 2187 0.4 4.6 265976 164168 tty7 Ss+ 00:43 0:21 \_ /usr/bin/X :0 -auth /var/run/lightdm/root/:0 -nolisten tcp vt7 -novtswitch stephane 2612 0.0 0.3 266400 10736 ? Ssl 01:52 0:00 \_ /usr/bin/gnome-session --session=ubuntu stephane 2650 0.0 0.0 12264 276 ? Ss 01:52 0:00 | \_ /usr/bin/ssh-agent /usr/bin/dbus-launch --exit-with-session /usr/bin/gnome-session --session=ubuntu stephane 2703 0.8 3.0 562068 106548 ? Sl 01:52 0:08 | \_ compiz stephane 2801 0.0 0.0 4264 584 ? Ss 01:52 0:00 | | \_ /bin/sh -c /usr/bin/compiz-decorator stephane 2802 0.0 0.3 265744 13772 ? Sl 01:52 0:00 | | \_ /usr/bin/unity-window-decorator ...cut... root 3024 80.6 0.3 107928 13088 tty8 Rs+ 01:53 12:34 \_ /usr/bin/X :1 -auth /var/run/lightdm/root/:1 -nolisten tcp vt8 -novtswitch That last process, pid #3024 in this case, is what has the CPU pegged. In case it matters (I suspect it might) here is what I think may be the relevant information for my video card, taken from /var/log/Xorg.0.log: [ 3392.653] (II) Loading /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/xorg/extra-modules/extra-modules.dpkg-tmp/modules/extensions/libglx.so [ 3392.653] (II) Module glx: vendor="FireGL - AMD Technologies Inc." [ 3392.653] compiled for 6.9.0, module version = 1.0.0 ... [ 3392.655] (II) LoadModule: "fglrx" [ 3392.655] (II) Loading /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/xorg/extra-modules/extra-modules.dpkg-tmp/modules/drivers/fglrx_drv.so [ 3392.672] (II) Module fglrx: vendor="FireGL - ATI Technologies Inc." [ 3392.672] compiled for 1.4.99.906, module version = 8.88.7 [ 3392.672] Module class: X.Org Video Driver ... [ 3392.759] (==) fglrx(0): ATI 2D Acceleration Architecture enabled [ 3392.759] (--) fglrx(0): Chipset: "AMD Radeon HD 6410D" (Chipset = 0x9644) Lastly: I did see this posting: Change user on 11.10 hangs system ...but I checked, and the libpam-smbpass package isn't installed on this system.

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• How to associate hardware volume control to USB speakers?

  - by Wolfger

  My Xubuntu system recognizes my speakers, and I can change the mixer settings to make them the active sound device, but no matter what I do, the hardware dial will only affect the onboard sound device. generic-usb 0003:046D:0A19.0003: input,hidraw1: USB HID v1.00 Device [ Logitech Logitech Z205 ] on usb-0000:00:1d.1-1/input2 updated to reflect the fact that this was Xubuntu desktop (from Kubuntu install originally) where I had this problem. I was able to easily do this from Ubuntu Natty installation.

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• 12.04: google-chrome takes ~3 min to startup, just shows grey box before that

  - by George

  This is what I see when I first start google chrome: http://i.imgur.com/suQUv.png I've tried the beta version, the stable version, uninstalling and reinstall through ubuntu software center, logging in and logging out of my sync account, purging and reinstalling through apt-get etc. If I have no profile on then it seems to load with a normal speed, however, even after purging all my local account data and reisntalling and syncing it still takes forever.

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• how to fix it =.= "Third party sources disabled"

  - by Long Pham

  When i tried to upgrade to 13.10, it was appearing on the screen while preparing to update "Third party sources disabled Some third party entries in your sources.list were disabled. You can re-enable them after the upgrade with the 'software-properties' tool or your package manager." After that it was on: W:Failed to fetch bzip2:/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_saucy_universe_source_Sources Hash Sum mismatch , E:Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

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• Alfa AWUS036H USB wireless adapter not recognized

  - by GFiasco

  The Alfa AWUS036H USB wireless adapter will not be recognized by my netbook (Ubuntu 14.04, Asus X201E). As I understand it, the drivers should already be built in to this version of Linux, but I tried a make/make install of the latest Realtek drivers (as mentioned on How do I install drivers for the Alfa AWUS036H USB wireless adapter?) and it didn't work. I then followed the advice of this thread (ALFA AWUS036NH driver) and did a make/make install of the most up-to-date backport of the drivers, but that didn't work. At this point I tried a series of commands from this thread (http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2187780) in an attempt to identify the problem, but at no point could I get the laptop to ever recognize the USB adapter. I have also troubleshot the USB cable itself, tried both the USB 2.0 and 3.0 ports on the laptop, have never received an error message regarding a need to update the firmware, and have seemingly successfully installed all manner of variation of Realtek drivers which were supposed to make the adapter work. (I also tried to delete/clean up after each install, in the hope I wasn't making things worse.) Not sure what I should do next. Please let me know if I need to post any more information. Thanks very much for your help. EDIT: Before inserting Alpha USB adapter: :~$ lsusb Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0bda:570c Realtek Semiconductor Corp. Bus 001 Device 026: ID 13d3:3393 IMC Networks Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 002: ID 03f0:3112 Hewlett-Packard Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub After inserting Alpha USB adapter (USB 3.0 port, no change): :~$ lsusb Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0bda:570c Realtek Semiconductor Corp. Bus 001 Device 026: ID 13d3:3393 IMC Networks Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 002: ID 03f0:3112 Hewlett-Packard Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Ran tail -f /var/log/syslog, inserted device, no recognition (last entry is dated 16:17:01, so an hour ago). Going to check on an Ubuntu 14.04 laptop and Windows XP desktop. I'll update after. Thanks for your help to this point.

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• Freeze after 'init-bottom' script before installation starts on a Lenovo G475

  - by NikitaBaksalyar

  I'm trying to install Ubuntu 11.04 x86 on a Lenovo G475 laptop (based on AMD Fusion), but installation freezes after loading ends on a splash screen. I've tried to run installation without quiet and splash parameters - but result is the same: installation freeze after running "init-bottom" script. I thought that it can be because of BIOS settings, but I've also tried to change them several times without any result.

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• Xorg crash on MSI CX623 notebook

  - by Ek Kosmos

  Hi! I have a MSI CX623 laptop and I have installed the Ubuntu 10.10, x64bit version on it. The problem is after I activated the Nvidia driver from Additional Drivers. After restarting Xorg crashes. This laptop uses the optimus technology of Nvidia, is this supported? The full specification of this laptop are here: http://www.msi.com/product/nb/CX623.html#/?div=Specification How can I solve this problem?

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• How do I remove this duplicate sources.list entry?

  - by blade19899

  Sometimes, when I run sudo apt-get update or install an app sudo apt-get install I get the error below at the bottom in the gnome-terminal and I can't remove it. I searched for it in the software-sources and in y-ppa-manager and I am not sure I want to mess with the sources list since I am a bit of a noob. Duplicate sources.list entry http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ oneiric/partner amd64 Packages \ (/var/lib/apt/lists/archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_oneiric_partner_binary-amd64_Packages)

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• Can a 10-bit monitor connection preserve all tones in 8-bit sRGB gradients on a wide-gamut monitor?

  - by hjb981

  This question is about color management and the use of a higher color depth, 10 bits per channel (30 bits in total, resulting in 1.07 billion colors, or 1024 shades of gray, sometimes referred to as "deep color") compared to the standard of 8 bits per channel (24 bits in total, 16.7 million colors, 256 shades of gray, sometimes referred to as "true color"). Do not confuse with "32 bit color", which usually refers to standard 8 bit color with an extra channel ("alpha channel") for transparency (used to achieve effects like semi-transparent windows etc). The following can be assumed to be in place: 1: A wide-gamut monitor that supports 10-bit input. Further, it can be assumed that the monitor has been calibrated to its native gamut and that an ICC color profile has been created. 2: A graphics card that supports 10-bit output (and is connected to the monitor via DisplayPort). 3: Drivers for the graphics card that support 10-bit output. If applications that support 10-bit output and color profiles would be used, I would expect them to display images that were saved using different color spaces correctly. For example, both an sRGB and an adobeRGB image should be displayed correctly. If an sRGB image was saved using 8 bits per channel (almost always the case), then the 10-bit signal path would ensure that no tonal gradients were lost in the conversion from the sRGB of the image to the native color space of the monitor. For example: If the image contains a pixel that is pure red in 8 bits (255,0,0), the corresponding value in 10 bits would be (1023,0,0). However, since the monitor has a larger color space than sRGB, sending the signal (1023,0,0) to the monitor would result in a red that was too saturated. Therefore, according to the ICC color profile, the signal would be transformed into a different value with less red saturation, for example (987,0,0). Since there are still plenty of levels left between 0 and 987, all 256 values (0-255) for red in the sRGB color space of the file could be uniquely mapped to color-corrected 10-bit values in the monitor's native color space. However, if the conversion was done in 8 bits, (255,0,0) would be translated to (246,0,0), and there would now only be 247 available levels for the red channel instead of 256, degrading the displayed image quality. My question is: how does this work on Ubuntu? Let's say that I use Firefox (which is color-aware and uses ICC color profiles). Would I get 10-bit processing, thus preserving all levels of an 8-bit picture? What is the situation like for other applications, especially photo applications like Shotwell, Rawtherapee, Darktable, RawStudio, Photivo etc? Does Ubuntu differ from other operating systems (Linux and others) on this point?

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• How to convert a .pdf file into a folder of images?

  - by Shawn

  I have some .pdf files that I would like to convert to my preferred reading format of .cbr or .cbz or, if this isn't directly possible, I need to extract all pages from the .pdf as images and then compress them into my format of choice. I have only been able to save pages one at a time with Document Viewer. Obviously, I'd like to do it a little quicker. I have tried pdfsam, pdf shuffler, and pdfmod all with no luck. I am using Ubuntu 11.10.

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