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  • SFTP access without hassle

    - by enobayram
    I'm trying to provide access to a local folder for someone over the internet. After googling around a bit, I've come to the conclusion that SFTP is the safest thing to expose through the firewall to the chaotic and evil world of the Internet. I'm planning to use the openssh-server to this end. Even though I trust that openssh will stop a random attacker, I'm not so sure about the security of my computer once someone is connected through ssh. In particular, even if I don't give that person's user account any privileges whatsoever, he might just be able to "su" to, say, "nobody". And since I was never worried about such things before, I might have given some moderate privileges to nobody at some point (not sudo rights surely!). I would of course value your comments about giving privileges to nobody in the first place, but that's not the point, really. My aim is to give SFTP access to someone in such a sandboxed state that I shouldn't need to worry about such things (at least not more so than I should have done before). Is this really possible? Am I speaking nonsense or worried in vain?

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  • Linux security: The dangers of executing malignant code as a standard user

    - by AndreasT
    Slipping some (non-root) user a piece of malignant code that he or she executes might be considered as one of the highest security breaches possible. (The only higher I can see is actually accessing the root user) What can an attacker effectively do when he/she gets a standard, (let's say a normal Ubuntu user) to execute code? Where would an attacker go from there? What would that piece of code do? Let's say that the user is not stupid enough to be lured into entering the root/sudo password into a form/program she doesn't know. Only software from trusted sources is installed. The way I see it there is not really much one could do, is there? Addition: I partially ask this because I am thinking of granting some people shell (non-root) access to my server. They should be able to have normal access to programs. I want them to be able to compile programs with gcc. So there will definitely be arbitrary code run in user-space...

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  • Mac OS X will only upload zero-byte files through FTP

    - by tabacitu
    I'm using Mac OS X Lion and i've been having this problem with FTP (any FTP client, mind you. I tried Transmit, FileZilla, Cyberduck and the Terminal, all with the same result) I can browse files in my FTP Client, but when I upload files, the client hangs for a few seconds, then thinks it uploaded the files successfully, but it only creates a new file with one blank line in it. Sometimes, it manages to upload 4-5 lines. It then returns: 226 - Error during read from data connection 226 Transfer aborted But 2xx is a success message. It is not a server issue, since any Windows machine will upload just fine using the same network. Can anybody figure out what the problem is? It renders my mac useless for web development. The problem persists with SFTP and FTP with SSL/TLS. Later edit: Solved! Ok, turns out the problem goes away when I take out my router and connect directly through PPPoE. So the problem is with the router, I thought. But no, the problem is with the mac that connects through a router that connects through a PPPoE and tries to upload using FTP. Pretty specific, I know. The problem is with the MTU (maximum transmission unit). Apparently, mac os x breaks the file into chunks that are too large for the router to send, because the router's MTU was set lower than Mac OS X's. My router's was 1492, which is ok, but my Mac's MTU was 1500, which is unacceptable. I don't even understand why it works directly with PPPoE. Anyway, if you encounter the same problem, this is how you diagnose and fix it: In terminal, run: ifconfig | grep mtu to see what the MTU is for en0 (or en1, mine was en0) If it's 1500, run sudo ifconfig en0 mtu 1300 This should solve it. If so, it may only be until the next restart. You can also change the MTU in System Preferences \ Network \ Ethernet - Advanced \ Hardware

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  • OpenVPN + iptables / NAT routing

    - by Mikeage
    I'm trying to set up an OpenVPN VPN, which will carry some (but not all) traffic from the clients to the internet via the OpenVPN server. My OpenVPN server has a public IP on eth0, and is using tap0 to create a local network, 192.168.2.x. I have a client which connects from local IP 192.168.1.101 and gets VPN IP 192.168.2.3. On the server, I ran: iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE On the client, the default remains to route via 192.168.1.1. In order to point it to 192.168.2.1 for HTTP, I ran ip rule add fwmark 0x50 table 200 ip route add table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -j MARK -p tcp --dport 80 --set-mark 80 Now, if I try accessing a website on the client (say, wget google.com), it just hangs there. On the server, I can see $ sudo tcpdump -n -i tap0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tap0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes 05:39:07.928358 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 558838 0,nop,wscale 5> 05:39:10.751921 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 559588 0,nop,wscale 5> Where 74.125.67.100 is the IP it gets for google.com . Why isn't the MASQUERADE working? More precisely, I see that the source showing up as 192.168.1.101 -- shouldn't there be something to indicate that it came from the VPN? Edit: Some routes [from the client] $ ip route show table main 192.168.2.0/24 dev tap0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.4 192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.101 metric 2 169.254.0.0/16 dev wlan0 scope link metric 1000 default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlan0 proto static $ ip route show table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 dev tap0

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  • shared hosting with malware, .htaccess file gets modified every 2 hours or so

    - by apache
    I spent all day today chasing malware on the shared hosting for one of my clients. The issue is as follows: Every 2 hours or so .htaccess file and all other .htaccess files gets modified, on the top of the file these lines are added: IfModule mod_rewrite.c> RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^.*(google|ask|yahoo|youtube|wikipedia|excite|altavista|msn|aol|goto|infoseek|lycos|search|bing|dogpile|facebook|twitter|live|myspace|linkedin|flickr)\.(.*) RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://pasla-ghwoo.ru/rqpgfap?8 [R=301,L] </IfModule> and on the bottom: ErrorDocument 400 http://pasla-ghwoo.ru/rqpgfap?8 ErrorDocument 401 http://pasla-ghwoo.ru/rqpgfap?8 ErrorDocument 403 http://pasla-ghwoo.ru/rqpgfap?8 ErrorDocument 404 http://pasla-ghwoo.ru/rqpgfap?8 ErrorDocument 500 http://pasla-ghwoo.ru/rqpgfap?8 The main problem I'm not root on the server, and cannot sudo, as this is shared hosting with 100's of websites. Typical good commands like dmesg, lsof, dtrace, chattr and many others are not available to me as I'm not root. I can't find who is modifying .htaccess files, how do I get that info? My guess is some php script is changing that which is called from outside via command and control. This seems to relate to this: http://blog.unmaskparasites.com/2009/09/11/dynamic-dns-and-botnet-of-zombie-web-servers/ How do I find out who is modifying .htaccess files without being root?

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  • tftpd starts randomly

    - by Mutant
    A few days ago my Little Snitch filter starts popping up tftpd. I'd never seen this before, so I immediately start freaking out thinking my Mac has been compromised. I can't find anything unusual on the system. The process usually dies before I can trace it (little snitch never allowed the connection just left the popup up). I finally caught it once, and found this: [10:32]: sudo lsof -nlP | fgrep tftp Password: tftpd 1924 18446744 cwd DIR 1,3 1326 2 / tftpd 1924 18446744 txt REG 1,3 29856 163979456 /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd 1924 18446744 txt REG 1,3 600576 163686622 /usr/lib/dyld tftpd 1924 18446744 txt REG 1,3 303300608 189014898 /private/var/db/dyld/dyld_shared_cache_x86_64 tftpd 1924 18446744 0u IPv4 0x34a76100fcbb06e3 0t0 UDP *:55818 tftpd 1924 18446744 2u IPv4 0x34a76100f1113c53 0t0 UDP *:69 [10:32]: ps ax | fgrep 1924 1924 ?? S 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/tftpd -i /private/tftpboot 1949 s000 S+ 0:00.00 fgrep 1924 For the life of me I can't figure out what is starting this. Nothing in cron, launchdaemons, etc. Google searches haven't yielded much either. The connection IP is different each time. So my question is: Has anyone seen anything like this before?

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  • Unable to resize ec2 ebs root volume

    - by nathanjosiah
    I have followed many of the tutorials that pretty much all say the same thing which is basically: Stop the instance Detach the volume Create a snapshot of the volume Create a bigger volume from the snapshot Attach the new volume to the instance Start the instance back up Run resize2fs /dev/xxx However, step 7 is where the problems start happening. In any case running resize2fs always tells me that it is already xxxxx blocks big and does nothing, even with -f passed. So I start to continue with tutorials which all basically say the same thing and that is: Delete all partitons Recreate them back to what they were except with the bigger sizes Reboot the instance and run resize2fs (I have tried these steps both from the live instance and by attaching the volume to another instance and running the commands there) The main problem is that the instance won't start back up again and the system error log provided in the AWS console doesn't provide any errors. (it does however stop at the grub bootloader which to me indicates that it doesn't like the partitions(yes, the boot flag was toggled on the partition with no affect)) The other thing that happens regardless of what changes I make to the partitions is that the instance that the volume is attached to says that the partition has an invalid magic number and the super-block is corrupt. However, if I make no changes and reattach the volume, the instance runs without a problem. Can anybody shed some light on what I could be doing wrong? Edit On my new volume of 20GB with the 6GB image,df -h says: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvde1 5.8G 877M 4.7G 16% / tmpfs 836M 0 836M 0% /dev/shm And fdisk -l /dev/xvde says: Disk /dev/xvde: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x7d833f39 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvde1 1 766 6144000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvde2 766 784 146432 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. Also, sudo resize2fs /dev/xvde1 says: resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The filesystem is already 1536000 blocks long. Nothing to do!

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  • Chef bash resource not executing as specified user

    - by Arthur Maltson
    I'm writing a Chef cookbook to install Hubot. In the recipe, I do the following: bash "install hubot" do user hubot_user group hubot_group cwd install_dir code <<-EOH wget https://github.com/downloads/github/hubot/hubot-#{node['hubot']['version']}.tar.gz && \ tar xzvf hubot-#{node['hubot']['version']}.tar.gz && \ cd hubot && \ npm install EOH end However, when I try to run chef-client on the server installing the cookbook, I'm getting a permission denied writing to the directory of the user that runs chef-client, not the hubot user. For some reason, npm is trying to run under the wrong user, not the user specified in the bash resource. I am able to run sudo su - hubot -c "npm install /usr/local/hubot/hubot" manually, and this gets the result I want (installs hubot as the hubot user). However, it seems chef-client isn't executing the command as the hubot user. Below you'll find the chef-client execution. Thank you in advance. Saving to: `hubot-2.1.0.tar.gz' 0K ...... 100% 563K=0.01s 2012-01-23 12:32:55 (563 KB/s) - `hubot-2.1.0.tar.gz' saved [7115/7115] npm ERR! Could not create /home/<user-chef-client-uses>/.npm/log/1.2.0/package.tgz npm ERR! Failed creating the tarball. npm ERR! couldn't pack /tmp/npm-1327339976597/1327339976597-0.13104878342710435/contents/package to /home/<user-chef-client-uses>/.npm/log/1.2.0/package.tgz npm ERR! error installing [email protected] Error: EACCES, permission denied '/home/<user-chef-client-uses>/.npm/log' ... npm not ok ---- End output of "bash" "/tmp/chef-script20120123-25024-u9nps2-0" ---- Ran "bash" "/tmp/chef-script20120123-25024-u9nps2-0" returned 1

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  • Write once, read many (WORM) using Linux file system

    - by phil_ayres
    I have a requirement to write files to a Linux file system that can not be subsequently overwritten, appended to, updated in any way, or deleted. Not by a sudo-er, root, or anybody. I am attempting to meet the requirements of the financial services regulations for recordkeeping, FINRA 17A-4, which basically requires that electronic documents are written to WORM (write once, read many) devices. I would very much like to avoid having to use DVDs or expensive EMC Centera devices. Is there a Linux file system, or can SELinux support the requirement for files to be made complete immutable immediately (or at least soon) after write? Or is anybody aware of a way I could enforce this on an existing file system using Linux permissions, etc? I understand that I can set readonly permissions, and the immutable attribute. But of course I expect that a root user would be able to unset those. I considered storing data to small volumes that are unmounted and then remounted read-only, but then I think that root could still unmount and remount as writable again. I'm looking for any smart ideas, and worst case scenario I'm willing to do a little coding to 'enhance' an existing file system to provide this. Assuming there is a file system that is a good starting point. And put in place a carefully configured Linux server to act as this type of network storage device, doing nothing else. After all of that, encryption on the files would be useful too!

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  • umask seems to vary by user

    - by paullb
    I've got a development Ubuntu system for which I have several users: myself (with full sudo) and about 5 other users. (I've set up the system so everything in this respect is still at its default setting) I'm trying to set the system up so that multiple people can collaborate in a single directory by using grouing and I want the default permissions to be 664. However when some users edit files the permissions were 644. After a lot of investigating most users have a umask (checked at the prompt) of 0002 and when they create files they are 664 (as expected) but there are 2 (myself and one other) who have 0022 umask (so the files that come out are 644 and nobody else can write to them). I've looked everywhere but can't figure out why a couple users wind up with a different umask e.g. there is nothing the .bash_profile or anything like that) Any ideas for the source of the discrepancy? /etc/bashrc if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`id -gn`" = "`id -un`" ]; then umask 002 else umask 022 fi /etc/profile if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`id -gn`" = "`id -un`" ]; then umask 002 else umask 022 fi EDIT: My (bad) ~/.bashrc # .bashrc # Source global definitions if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then . /etc/bashrc fi # User specific aliases and functions export LANG=en_US.utf8 Other user (good) .bashrc # .bashrc # Source global definitions if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then . /etc/bashrc fi # User specific aliases and functions

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  • What's the mysql-5.5 compilation configuration arguments on Ubuntu 10.04?

    - by photon
    I want to install mysql 5.5 on my Ubuntu10.04 desktop system. But I'm not sure what arguments I should use after the cmake command. Though I've seen these articles: https://wikis.oracle.com/display/mysql/Cmake Building mysql-5.5.19 from source on ubuntu 11.10 with the static flag Compile MySQL 5.5.15 from source using autorun.sh and cmake, unable to start MySQL after Would anyone like to share the mysql-5.5 configuration arguments of compilation on Ubuntu 10.04? $cmake # what arguments to enter for this command update: cmake . -DBUILD_CONFIG=mysql_release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/path/to/mysql_installation_dir -DWITH_SSL=no the official web site says it need to use cmake to compile the source package, but according to a teck blog, it doesn't need to compile the source, so which one is correct? When I use Cmake, I also had following error message: $ sudo cmake . -DBUILD_CONFIG=mysql_release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql_community_5.5 -- The CXX compiler identification is unknown CMake Error: your CXX compiler: "CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER-NOTFOUND" was not found. Please set CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER to a valid compiler path or name. CMake Error at cmake/build_configurations/mysql_release.cmake:126 (MESSAGE): Clarification: I'm not clever and I'm a slow-thinking guy. And I cannot find a clever guy around me to give me some useful help. So I come here and hope someone is kind and generous enough to take the time to post the details.

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  • Problem with ubuntu 10.10 running from USB drive

    - by Surjya Narayana Padhi
    I recently downloaded Ubuntu 10.10 and created an USB drive with that. I started to run the Ubuntu from that USB drive. But I am facing so much problem. I am thinking why its not so much easy like Windows to do all my job in ubuntu. Always I get some error message or to install something. This time I am getting the following errors. I am trying to download and install Aircrack-ng. So used the command sudo apt-get install aircrack-ng. But the installation stops with the following error : update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated) cp: cannot stat `/vmlinuz': No such file or directory dpkg: error processing bcmwl-kernel-source (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Errors were encountered while processing: initramfs-tools bcmwl-kernel-source E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I don't even have the aptitude command installed till now. Are all these errors because of I am running the ubuntu from USB drive? Is there any simple and easy way to go to Ubuntu Software Center and download all the required essentials at one shot and then Aircrack-ng? I could not find the Aircrack-ng in Ubuntu Software Center Can anybody give me detail steps to solve all my problems above. I am frustrated searching for updates and installations. When something works and something does not work. Can anybody suggest me how I should proceed after installing ubuntu to run on a USB drive. So that I can use the OS like Windows. Like software download,wireless driver, sound, video, documents, C:, D: all things should be there. Please somebody help.

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  • Setting up Virtual Host in Fedora Core 15 using apache

    - by Roland
    I'm trying to setup a couple of Virtual Host files on my Localhost PC running Fedora Core 15. Now I get this working, but now onloy one Virtual Host site works, and if I type in 127.0.0.1/test/testApp.php which is not related to the Virtual Host site , I get redirected to the Virtual Host site. Here's what I did. I created a new folder called virtualhosts in /etc/httpd/ where all my host files are stored in the following format site.conf In /etc/conf/httpd.conf I enabled NameVirtualHost *:80 and included the host files at the bottom of the config page like this Include virtualhosts/*.conf In /etc/hosts I added the line 127.0.0.1 website No when I run sudo httpd -t I get Syntax OK I restart apache and then the Virtualhost works, but as soon as I add other hosts and only use 127.0.0.1 as above it still links to the original host. Am I doing anything wrong here or left out something? An example of my Virtual Host file looks like this <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin [email protected] DocumentRoot /var/www/html/website/ ServerName website ServerAlias website ErrorLog logs/dev-error_log CustomLog logs/dev-access_log common Alias /blog /var/www/html/blog/ <Directory /var/www/html/website/> Options FollowSymLinks Allow Override All Order allow,deny allow from all </Directory> #php_value error_reporting E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_DEPRECATED php_flag display_errors On php_value date.timezone Europe/London </VirtualHost>

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  • iptables blank after reboot

    - by theillien
    We've started encountering an issue with iptables on our RHEL 6.3 systems in that after a reboot, when the service starts, the rules are not loaded. We get the empty ruleset: [msnyder@matt-test ~]$ sudo iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination This is in spite of the fact that we have rules defined and the service is, indeed, running. That I know because when I run service iptables start it simply drops back to the prompt. If I run service iptables restart it actually stops and then restarts the service. And, of course, if I run service iptables stop it indicates that iptables is actually stopping. Knowing that I need to restart the service, I do so and the rules load up properly. They simply don't get loaded after a reboot. Unless they get loaded differently during a reboot I don't see how our rules would be wrong. If they were, they wouldn't even load during a service restart. Has anyone else ever encountered this? EDIT: The rules are already saved in /etc/sysconfig/iptables. They are not added on the fly from the command line so service iptables save is unnecessary.

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  • OpenVPN + iptables / NAT routing

    - by Mikeage
    Hi, I'm trying to set up an OpenVPN VPN, which will carry some (but not all) traffic from the clients to the internet via the OpenVPN server. My OpenVPN server has a public IP on eth0, and is using tap0 to create a local network, 192.168.2.x. I have a client which connects from local IP 192.168.1.101 and gets VPN IP 192.168.2.3. On the server, I ran: iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE On the client, the default remains to route via 192.168.1.1. In order to point it to 192.168.2.1 for HTTP, I ran ip rule add fwmark 0x50 table 200 ip route add table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -j MARK -p tcp --dport 80 --set-mark 80 Now, if I try accessing a website on the client (say, wget google.com), it just hangs there. On the server, I can see $ sudo tcpdump -n -i tap0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tap0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes 05:39:07.928358 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 558838 0,nop,wscale 5> 05:39:10.751921 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 559588 0,nop,wscale 5> Where 74.125.67.100 is the IP it gets for google.com . Why isn't the MASQUERADE working? More precisely, I see that the source showing up as 192.168.1.101 -- shouldn't there be something to indicate that it came from the VPN? Edit: Some routes [from the client] $ ip route show table main 192.168.2.0/24 dev tap0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.4 192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.101 metric 2 169.254.0.0/16 dev wlan0 scope link metric 1000 default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlan0 proto static $ ip route show table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 dev tap0

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  • Routing WIFI and LAN for specific traffic

    - by jakebird451
    I have two network devices aboard my macbook pro: WIFI (en1): Used for general traffic. Connects to an ip of 192.168.19.* via DHCP LAN (en0): Used for specific traffic. Connects to an ip of 192.168.2.10 as a static IP. Does not connect to a router, only a switch for direct routing connection. I have 4 IP addresses I need to access on the LAN: 192.168.2.1 192.168.2.21 192.168.2.20 192.168.2.30 The rest of the traffic needs to go to WIFI. I have tried setting up a routing table for the specific ip addresses, but I only managed to mess up my network. I do not venture out into the world of networking too often, but this was the latest command I have been trying: sudo route add -host 192.168.2.30 -interface en0 This command killed my ability to use ping. It told me that ping could not allocate memory (is that even possible)? It also killed my wifi access. Logging out and back in fixed the issue. I really do not mind to make this solution permanent, so I am fine with a temporary routing.

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  • How to configure hostname for `apache22` package on FreeBSD?

    - by Eonil
    I'm configuring development & test FreeBSD machine on VM. I installed apache22 package and restarted. But the daemon does not started with this error: %apachectl start httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for test.box httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address [::]:80 (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs % My hostname is test.box. Because this is temporary test box, it has no real domain-name. But I used 2-level name to avoid long time waiting of sshd on booting. However, I searched web, and I modified /etc/hosts file like this (I didn't touches this file before): # This is original configuration #::1 localhost localhost.my.domain #127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.my.domain # New configuration ::1 localhost test.box 127.0.0.1 localhost test.box 127.0.0.1 test.box test Now apache fails with this error message: %apachectl start httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using test.box for ServerName (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address [::]:80 (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs % I don't know what's required now. Please let me know reason and solution of this error. ---- (edit) ---- The permission errors are caused from omission of sudo.

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  • Redirecting or routing all traffic to OpenVPN on a Mac OS X client

    - by sdr56p
    I have configured an OpenVPN (2.2.1) server on an Ubuntu virtual machine in the Amazon elastic compute cloud. The server is up and running. I have installed OpenVPN (2.2.1) on a Mac OS X (10.8.2) client and I am using the openvpn2 binary to connect (in opposition to other clients like Tunnelblick or Viscosity). I can connect with the client and successfully ping or ssh the server through the tunnel. However, I can't redirect all internet traffic through the VPN even if I use the push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" option in the server.conf configurations. When I connect to the server with these configurations, I get a successful connection, but then an infinite series of error messages: "write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65)". Traffic routing seems to be compromised because I am not able to access anything anymore, not even the OpenVPN server (by pinging 10.8.0.1 for instance). This is beyond me. I am finding little help on the web and don't know what to try next. I don't think it is a problem of forwarding the traffic on the server since, first, I have also took care of that and, second, I can't even ping the VPN server locally through the tunnel (or ping anything at all for that matter). Thank you for your help. Here is the server.conf. file: port 1194 proto udp dev tun ca ca.crt cert ec2-server.crt key ec2-server.key # This file should be kept secret dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" client-to-client keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo persist-key persist-tun status openvpn-status.log verb 3 And the client.conf file: client dev tun proto udp remote servername.com 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert Toto5.crt key Toto5.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3 Here is the connection log with the error messages: $ sudo openvpn2 --config client.conf Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 OpenVPN 2.2.1 x86_64-apple-darwin12.2.0 [SSL] [LZO2] [eurephia] built on Mar 4 2013 Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 NOTE: OpenVPN 2.1 requires '--script-security 2' or higher to call user-defined scripts or executables Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 LZO compression initialized Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Control Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:138 EF:38 EB:0 ET:0 EL:0 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Socket Buffers: R=[196724->65536] S=[9216->65536] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Data Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:1450 EF:42 EB:135 ET:0 EL:0 AF:3/1 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Local Options hash (VER=V4): '41690919' Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Expected Remote Options hash (VER=V4): '530fdded' Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 UDPv4 link remote: 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 TLS: Initial packet from 54.234.43.171:1194, sid=ffbaf343 d0c1a266 Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=1, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 VERIFY OK: nsCertType=SERVER Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=0, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 1024 bit RSA Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 [ec2-server] Peer Connection Initiated with 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 SENT CONTROL [ec2-server]: 'PUSH_REQUEST' (status=1) Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5' Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: timers and/or timeouts modified Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: --ifconfig/up options modified Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: route options modified Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 ROUTE default_gateway=0.0.0.0 Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 TUN/TAP device /dev/tun0 opened Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 delete ifconfig: ioctl (SIOCDIFADDR): Can't assign requested address Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 NOTE: Tried to delete pre-existing tun/tap instance -- No Problem if failure Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5 mtu 1500 netmask 255.255.255.255 up Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 /sbin/route add -net 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.0 add net 10.8.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 Initialization Sequence Completed ^CWed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 event_wait : Interrupted system call (code=4) Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 TCP/UDP: Closing socket Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 /sbin/route delete -net 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.0 delete net 10.8.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 Closing TUN/TAP interface Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 SIGINT[hard,] received, process exiting toto5:ttntec2 Dominic$ sudo openvpn2 --config client.conf --remote ec2-54-234-43-171.compute-1.amazonaws.com Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 OpenVPN 2.2.1 x86_64-apple-darwin12.2.0 [SSL] [LZO2] [eurephia] built on Mar 4 2013 Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 NOTE: OpenVPN 2.1 requires '--script-security 2' or higher to call user-defined scripts or executables Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 LZO compression initialized Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Control Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:138 EF:38 EB:0 ET:0 EL:0 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Socket Buffers: R=[196724->65536] S=[9216->65536] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Data Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:1450 EF:42 EB:135 ET:0 EL:0 AF:3/1 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Local Options hash (VER=V4): '41690919' Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Expected Remote Options hash (VER=V4): '530fdded' Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 UDPv4 link remote: 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 TLS: Initial packet from 54.234.43.171:1194, sid=a0d75468 ec26de14 Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=1, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 VERIFY OK: nsCertType=SERVER Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=0, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 1024 bit RSA Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 [ec2-server] Peer Connection Initiated with 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 SENT CONTROL [ec2-server]: 'PUSH_REQUEST' (status=1) Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp,route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5' Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: timers and/or timeouts modified Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: --ifconfig/up options modified Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: route options modified Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 ROUTE default_gateway=0.0.0.0 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 TUN/TAP device /dev/tun0 opened Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 delete ifconfig: ioctl (SIOCDIFADDR): Can't assign requested address Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 NOTE: Tried to delete pre-existing tun/tap instance -- No Problem if failure Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5 mtu 1500 netmask 255.255.255.255 up Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 54.234.43.171 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 add net 54.234.43.171: gateway 0.0.0.0 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 0.0.0.0 10.8.0.5 128.0.0.0 add net 0.0.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 128.0.0.0 10.8.0.5 128.0.0.0 add net 128.0.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.0 add net 10.8.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 Initialization Sequence Completed Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:01 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:01 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:01 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) ... The routing table after a connection WITHOUT the push redirect-gateway (all traffic is not redirected to the VPN and everything is working fine, I can ping or ssh the OpenVPN server and access all other Internet resources through my default gateway): Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default user148-1.wireless UGSc 50 0 en1 10.8/24 10.8.0.5 UGSc 2 7 tun0 10.8.0.5 10.8.0.6 UH 3 2 tun0 127 localhost UCS 0 0 lo0 localhost localhost UH 6 6692 lo0 client.openvpn.net client.openvpn.net UH 3 18 lo0 142.1.148/22 link#5 UCS 2 0 en1 user148-1.wireless 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLWIir 50 0 en1 76 user150-173.wirele localhost UHS 0 0 lo0 142.1.151.255 ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff UHLWbI 0 2 en1 169.254 link#5 UCS 1 0 en1 169.254.255.255 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLSWi 0 0 en1 71 The routing table after a connection with the push redirect-gateway option enable as in the server.conf file above (all internet traffic should be redirected to the VPN tunnel, but nothing is working, I can't access any Internet ressources at all): Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire 0/1 10.8.0.5 UGSc 1 0 tun0 default user148-1.wireless UGSc 7 0 en1 10.8/24 10.8.0.5 UGSc 0 0 tun0 10.8.0.5 10.8.0.6 UHr 6 0 tun0 54.234.43.171/32 0.0.0.0 UGSc 1 0 en1 127 localhost UCS 0 0 lo0 localhost localhost UH 3 6698 lo0 client.openvpn.net client.openvpn.net UH 0 27 lo0 128.0/1 10.8.0.5 UGSc 2 0 tun0 142.1.148/22 link#5 UCS 1 0 en1 user148-1.wireless 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLWIir 1 0 en1 833 user150-173.wirele localhost UHS 0 0 lo0 169.254 link#5 UCS 1 0 en1 169.254.255.255 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLSW 0 0 en1

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  • Get Matrox Millenium video card working in Ubuntu 9.10

    - by wcoenen
    I have installed Ubuntu 9.10 on an old PC and it is mostly working, except for some heavy drawing defects that show up whenever I start dragging a window or scrolling inside a window or menu. It looks like the video driver copies the rectangle being moved to the wrong location. I have taken a look in /var/log/Xorg.0.log and the following line shows the detected video card: (--) PCI:*(0:0:8:0) 102b:0519:0000:0000 Matrox Graphics, Inc. MGA 2064W [Millennium] rev 1, Mem@ 0xf9800000/16384, 0xfb000000/8388608, BIOS @0x????????/65536 (==) Using default built-in configuration (30 lines) (==) --- Start of built-in configuration --- Section "Device" Identifier "Builtin Default mga Device 0" Driver "mga" EndSection How do I fix the drawing defects? It turned out that the 24 bit color depth (automatically selected by ubuntu 9.10) was the problem; apparantly the mga driver doesn't handle this well for cards with little memory. I took the following steps to resolve the issue (you can skip the first three steps if you already have a semi-working xorg.conf file): Reboot ubuntu in recovery mode, to get a root console without X running. Run Xorg -configure to generate a xorg.conf.new file Copy the file to /etc/X11/xorg.conf with cp xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf (assuming it didn't exist yet; that's why I generated it) Open the new config file with sudo nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf and make sure the screen section is configured for 16 bit color depth like this: Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" Device "Card0" Monitor "Monitor0" DefaultDepth 16 SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 16 Modes "1024x768" EndSubSection EndSection I can't guarantee those were the only important changes I made - I tried a few things in my attempts to create a valid xorg.conf file. But I'm pretty sure that the screen section was the important part.

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  • Use both OpenVPN & eth0 together

    - by shadyabhi
    I connect to a VPN using openVPN. Now, after the connection is established, all my traffic goes through tun0. My LAN gateway is 10.100.98.4... So, for apps to use my direct internet connnection I did sudo route add default gw 10.100.98.4 But, I cant use tun0 now. I know this because curl --interface tun0 google.com doesnt give me anything.. How do I go about using both connections simultaneously. How can I achieve that? ROUTING TABLES:- Without VPN running:- Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.100.98.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0 default 10.100.98.4 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 With VPN:- Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.10.0.1 10.10.54.230 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 tun0 10.10.54.230 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 free-vpn.torvpn 10.100.98.4 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth0 10.100.98.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0 default 10.10.54.230 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 After the route command- Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.10.0.1 10.10.54.230 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 tun0 10.10.54.230 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 free-vpn.torvpn 10.100.98.4 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth0 10.100.98.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0 default 10.100.98.4 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 default 10.10.54.230 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0

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  • Mac OS X - Time Machine backup fails verification - What can I do to save the history?

    - by usermac75
    Hi, How do I make Time Machine to make a new complete backup without losing older versions of backed up files? Verbose: I am using the Time Machine backup on my OS X (Snow Leopard) to backup the whole computer to an external drive. I especially like the "history", i.e. the feature that allows you to restore the older version of a file. Problem: I had some data corruption on my external backup drive, I repaired it with the System Tool for doing that, it found some faults. I had the disk tool repair the external drive. After that, the external drive was OK and I could use Time Machine again. I let Time Machine do one more backup. Now I made a verification according to http://superuser.com/questions/47628/verifying-time-machine-backups, namely along sudo diff -qr . $HOME/Desktop 2>&1 | tee $HOME/timemachine-diff.log However: After doing the command above, several differences and missing files were reported, approx. 200 files in sum. Whereas some of the missing files were cache or excluded directories, the differences do bother me, especially as some important documents from me are listed as differing. How can I make sure that the data on the external drive is synced correctly? Is it possible to have Time Machine to do a complete new backup without losing the history? Or to have Time Machine compare all files for differences and re-write all files that are different? Or can I set some flags on the files that do not match to have them copied again? (like the archive-flag in Windows/Dos). I'd rather not touch the files because I would like to keep the date of last change/date of creation) Thank you for your thoughts!

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  • Some doubts about the use of usermod and groupmod command

    - by AndreaNobili
    I am not yet a true "Linux guy" and I have the following doubts about how exactly do the following shell procedure (a list of commands steps) founded in a tutorial that I am following (I want deeply understand what I am doing before do it): sudo passwd root then login again as root usermod -l miner pi usermod -m -d /home/miner miner groupmod -n miner pi exit So at the beginning it enable the root account and I have to login again in the system as root...this is perfectly clear for me. And now I have the followings doubts: 1) The usermod command: usermod -l miner pi usermod -m -d /home/miner miner Reading the official documentation of the usermod command I understand that this command modify the informations related to an existing account Reading the documentation it seems to me that the -l parmether modify the name of the user pi in miner and then the -m -d paramether move the contents of the old home directory to the new one (named miner) and use this new directory as home directory My doubt is: what exactly do the executions of these operation? I think that: Rename the existing pi user in miner Then move the content of the old home directory (the pi home directory? or what?) into a new directory (/home/miner) that now is the home directory for the miner user. Is it right? The the second doubt is related to this command groupmod -n miner pi It seems to me that change the group name from pi in miner But what exactly is a group in Linux and why is it used? Tnx

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  • No sound out of headphone port

    - by Thanatos
    I cannot get sound out of the headphone port. Headphones are plugged in, and sound comes out of the internal speakers. Windows behaves normally (sound switches to headphones when headphones are inserted). It did work in Linux at one point, but something changed, we're just not sure what. Rebooting doesn't fix. This appears to occur whether or not PulseAudio is running. Things I've tried: Rebooting. No effect. Booting into Windows. It works properly, so probably not a hardware issue. All of alsamixer. My only controls are this: "Master" Volume bar & mutable, unmuted. Controls volume. "PCM" Volume bar only. 100%. "S/PDIF" Mutable only, currently muted, has no effect. "S/PDIF" Default PCM", Mutable only, currently unmuted, has no effect. Killing PulseAudio. No effect. (It also won't stay dead! Something appears to be restarting it, and I can't tell what, but it is annoying as fuck.) alsactl init 0, no effect. sudo rm -f /var/lib/alsa/asound.state, no effect. General system info: Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Toshiba Satellite T135D-S1324 lspci says I have: 00:14.2 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc SBx00 Azalia (Intel HDA) 01:05.1 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc RS780 Azalia controller

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  • Change to different user, or let different user execute a command

    - by WG-
    I have a problem. There is a server which I can access with an account by ssh, lets say WG. Now there is a folder with the following permissions. drwxr-s---+ 855 vvz www-data 20K Aug 21 17:56 pictures I want to copy this folder using rsync, however since I am not the user www-data but WG I cannot execute rsync. So I want www-data to execute a rsync command. However, I do not posses sudo powers. My friend however tells me that I am actually able to execute the rsync command as www-data, but he will not tell me how. I asked him for some clues and he told me that it had something to do with reverse shell (which I figured out to be that you connect by ssh to your server and then you connect back to your own server, or something). I also asked if it was by-design or actually a flaw in the system. He tells me it is both. Furthermore I think it has something to do with the group permissions. If I just make sure that I am with the group permissions then I can also read the files. Anybody has a clue?

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  • Can't do anything with Ext. HDD, ".Trashes" is probably the boogyman. (On a MAC!)

    - by Sander Schaeffer
    I bought a external Harddrive today, A Samsung. But I'm not able to do anything with it A few notes on that. I can't put anything on the harddrive. It keeps on 'preparing copying files' I can delete anything on the harddrive system files, except the folder ".Trashes". It gives error 'Unexpected error: -50' I've tried to empty my own trashcan, no changes. I've set the file permission on the .Trashes to read/write everyone, doesn;t change a thing Trying to format the whole drive with DiskUtility, but quits at start, because the drive cannot be deactivated I've tried a few terminal commands sudo -s -r rf /Volumes/Untitled\ 1/.Trashes - Directory not empty -r rf /Volumes/Untitled\ 1/.Trashes - no permissions Also cd /Volumes ls -al cd name_of_partition ls -al -rm -rf .Trashes Again: Permission error. Also: I can't change drive permissions via Disk Utility, via the button 'recover drive permissions', because it is 'blank' I really can't figure out how to delete .Trashes, format the drive or get the damn thing working. Any suggestions? p.s. If this is the wrong Stack Exchange site: Please redirect me!

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