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• Will these instructions work when turning of journaling on an ext4 SSD?

  - by snowlord

  I have an Acer Aspire One with an SSD for storage. I recently installed Ubuntu on it and chose ext4 for my filesystem. Then I read that journaling on an SSD isn't the best idea, so I will try to disable journaling and I have found these intstructions (from http://fenidik.blogspot.com/2010/03/ext4-disable-journal.html): # Create ext4 fs on /dev/sda10 disk mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda10 # Enable writeback mode. This mode will typically provide the best ext4 performance. tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/sda10 # Delete has_journal option tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sda10 # Required fsck e2fsck -f /dev/sda10 # Check fs options dumpe2fs /dev/sda10 |more For more performance add fstab opions: data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime i.e: /dev/sda10 /opt ext4 defaults,data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime 0 0 I will use them on my boot partition. Are there any particularly bad parts here, or are there any missing steps? Will my boot partition be fit for being on an SSD after this? Or should I consider switching to ext2, or even reinstall it all and choose ext2 at partitioning time (I'd rather not though, since I've configured quite some stuff already)?

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• Test script if host is back online

  - by brubelsabs

  E.g. system: Ubuntu/Debian. As many of you do this probably via ping and a terminal, I always forget this terminal when switching to other task... So a noftification popup would be useful. So can I do better as this?: while; do if ping -c 1 your.host.com; expr $? = 0; then notify-send "your.host.com back online"; sleep 30s; else sleep 30s; fi; done You will need zsh and libnotify to let the snippet work. As script: #!/usr/bin/env zsh while; do if ping -c 1 $1; expr $? = 0; then notify-send "$1 back online"; sleep 30s; else sleep 30s; fi; done

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• How to verify TRIM/discard on encrypted swap?

  - by svarni

  I am using an encrypted swap partition via ecryptfs-setup-swap on my Ubuntu 13.04 computer using a SSD. I have manually set up trim for my ext4 root partition (simply by adding the "discard" option in /etc/fstab). I also manually ran fstrim on the root partition prior to booting and using dstat I saw that for a few seconds several GB/s of data have been written to the disk. That was presumably the effect of the trim command. These high writerates are reproducable by deleting huge files and have not occured before setting up trim, so I take them as evidence for working trim/discard. Manually enabling trim on my root partition has stopped the wearout of my precious new disk from 365 used reserved blocks (out of 6176 total) within three months down to 0 additional used reserved blocks within three additional months (data from SMART attributes). Because I want to minimize the wearout of my SSD I now would like to know whether my swap partition (which is encrypted using ecryptfs-setup-swap) also makes use of the trim/discard option. I tried sudo swapon -d -v /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 but did not receive particular information ("-v") about whether trim/discard ("-d") was applied. If unsupported, i would expect a message. Then I tried sudo dd if=/dev/sda6 count=1 BS=1M | xxd | less directly after booting and when no swapspace was used but I saw not only zeroes. I assume, when looking at freshly trimmed regions, the disk would send zeroes instead of reading random sectors (and according to some forums, (unencrypted) swap space is trimmed once upon boot). Long story short: Are there any ideas on how to test if trim is effectively used for my encrypted swap? And if not, any ideas on how to - at least manually, for once - trim the whole swap space? I wouldn't want to tinker with the partition itself, because I dont know if it needs to be reinitialized as (encrypted) swap - I dont want to be left with an unbootable system :)

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• Centos repository packages vs latest developer release

  - by fran

  I have started to run a personal server using CentOS and I have noticed that many packages that are available to install from repository are old compared with the latest release from the developer. I know that installing packages from repository is very easy and I guess that the supplied versions are stable and prepared to work without any trouble, but I still find odd having so much software that lags behind the current version. It's my first time with linux and I don't know what is the "normal" thing, should I stick to whatever version the repository supplies, or try to get the latest from the developer? To be more precisely, the repository supplies the apache httpd web server with version 2.2, I wanted to update to 2.4, so I started removing apache and its dependencies packages that come with centos to use the latest ones, but when I was about to remove pcre v6 to replace it with v8, i found out that 132 installed packages depend on it and probably it is not a good idea to remove it, so that made me think twice about getting the latest software instead of using the packages supplied by the official repositories. Should I leave things as they are instead of going on an upgrade rampage? Thanks

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• Setting XFCE terminal PS1 value and making it permanent

  - by Matt

  I'm trying to add the value PS1='\u@\h: \w\$ ' to my terminal in XFCE. I added the line to (what I think is) the correct area in /etc/profile. The relevant segment is: # Set a default shell prompt: #PS1='`hostname`:`pwd`# ' PS1='\u@\h: \w\$ ' if [ "$SHELL" = "/bin/pdksh" ]; then # PS1='! $ ' PS1='\u@\h: \w\$ ' elif [ "$SHELL" = "/bin/ksh" ]; then # PS1='! ${PWD/#$HOME/~}$ ' PS1='\u@\h: \w\$ ' elif [ "$SHELL" = "/bin/zsh" ]; then # PS1='%n@%m:%~%# ' PS1='\u@\h: \w\$ ' elif [ "$SHELL" = "/bin/ash" ]; then # PS1='$ ' PS1='\u@\h: \w\$ ' else PS1='\u@\h: \w\$ ' fi Most of that was already there, I just commented out the existing value and added the one I want. By manually opening the terminal and doing . profile, I can load these values, but they don't stick - I close the terminal and reopen, and I'm back to sh-4.1$. Maybe I'm doing this in the wrong place, but how can I make that value stick? All the info I've found on google is Fedora/Ubuntu-specific. I use Slackware. Any help on this matter would be greatly appreciated.

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• User-unique .vimrc file for servers as root user

  - by Scott

  I'm getting thrown into an IDE war at the office, where multiple users have root access on our servers, and like to have everything their own way with VIM. Unfortunately, we have our servers locked down enough to where if you want to do anything, you need to have root access. Obviously (although this is obviously frowned upon), we get tired of typing sudo before each command we type, which would require that we constantly type in our wonderfully complex passwords that are mandated on us over and over again, so naturally we all just execute the sudo su - command upon login to avoid all of this. Of course, when it comes to VIM and custom .vimrc files, we are often times stepping on someone else's custom .vimrc file, and we have some whacked out functionality in these files that users have that may overwrite functionality that we have no idea about, much less have the patience to learn either. When as root on a linux box, is there any way for all of us to still maintain our .vimrc file without having to overwrite the file over and over again every time someone wants to use VIM? Ideally, we have many virtual machines all with VIM installed, so a universal solution across all servers would be best, and we do have our Microsoft Windows user specific home directories mounted on the servers under /home/username. Any recommendations for accommodating this?

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• How can I resize images in multiple subdirectories more effectively?

  - by jtfairbank

  I have the original images in a directory structure that looks like this: ./Alabama/1.jpg ./Alabama/2.jpg ./Alabama/3.jpg ./Alaska/1.jpg ...the rest of the states... I wanted to convert all of the original images into thumbnails so I can display them on a website. After a bit of digging / experimenting, I came up with the following Linux command: find . -type f -iname '*.jpg' | sed -e 's/\.jpg$//' | xargs -I Y convert Y.jpg -thumbnail x100\> Y-small.jpg It recursively finds all the jpg images in my subdirectories, removes the file type (.jpg) from them so I can rename them later, then makes them into a thumbnail and renames them with '-small' appended before the file type. It worked for my purposes, but its a tad complicated and it isn't very robust. For example, I'm not sure how I would insert 'small-' at the beginning of the file's name (so ./Alabama/small-1.jpg). Questions: Is there a better, more robust way of creating thumbnails from images that are located in multiple subdirectories? Can I make the existing command more robust (for example, but using sed to rename the outputted thumbnail before it is saved- basically modify the Y-small.jpg part).

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• how do I fix a wrong UUID in grub.cfg?

  - by mozerella

  I run Debian Wheezy alone on my PC and I recently copied the root partition to another with rsync as I found that worked well (I also know about dd and ddrescue but they leave unusable space on the new partition). I generated a new random UUID for the new partition with sudo tune2fs -U random /dev/hda9 and also updated fstab / and /home entries. Then as I know so little about GRUB I used a gui (GRUB Customizer) to probe for the new OS and add an entry to GRUB and the MBR -it makes an /etc/grub.d entry then updates GRUB. On startup, the GRUB list contains the new OS (on sda9) but it boots the first OS (which I copied from -sda5). /boot/grub/grub.cfg contains the new debian OS but it looks like this set root='(hd0,msdos9)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 64662470-0e58-4dfd-90ac-43227d773556 linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-2-amd64 root=UUID=cc3bca0d-aee4-4b9c-95c2-57212cc36d4d ro quiet initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-2-amd64 the 1st uuid is of sda9, but the 2nd uuid there is of sda5. I can change the 2nd uuid at startup (with E) and it boots sda9. So how can I get grub.cfg corrected so that the sda9 GRUB list entry boots from sda9 permanently?

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• Family server setup [closed]

  - by Manny

  Hi all, I really hope some of you can give me some direction. I have setup a linux server at home and through samba I can access files from different computers in my home. I would like to use this server as a file-server for my family (brothers, sisters and parents who all live in their own homes). I really like the way it is set up right now with user and permission controls, but I've read that it is bad idea to open up the samba port to the world. The requirements are simple: 1) it should be easy to access, by using standard web browsers or mounting the drive (shouldn't have to use any VPN setup or use putty etc) 2) should be somewhat secure. We just want to share family pictures instead of putting them on facebook or picasa or other web server, nothing top secret. Here is what I've looked into: 1)Webdav. It seems decent but seems like it windows7 doesn't like it very much, even with digest mode authentication. User controls and permissions are not as flexible as samba (or at least to my knowledge). I really like the user and group permissions in samba, but if I could live with webdav if it worked seamlessly with windows, it should just work shouldn't it? 2) I read somewhere to stay away from ftp as it is outdated and that there are newer and better internet file-server setups? Was that a reference to webdav? I am so confused, please help... Manny

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• Setting up Web server so it is easy to migrate

  - by Nyxynyx

  Hi I am about to move my site from a VPS to another host's dedicated server. One of my concern is about scaling the site in the future that involves a change of server. Now that I am starting the dedicated server from scratch with only the OS, this means that I need to install the web server stack, including Apache and its mods, PHP, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Tomcat, Solr and a few other softwares like ImageMagick and git. Question: Is there a way for me to setup this new dedicated server such that I can easily migrate the entire site, both the technology stack and the code to the a newer server (upgrade from this new dedicated server) easily without reinstalling and reconfiguring everything? The code for the website is being handled by git and github so thats not a problem. I'm more conerned about the rest of the software required. Side question: The current VPS uses CentOs with cpanel and it seems that many packages are outdated on yum and cpanel interfers with the installation of many packages. Which OS should I go with for the new server? Ubuntu?

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• How can I prevent a DDOS attack on Amazon EC2?

  - by cwd

  One of the servers I use is hosted on the Amazon EC2 cloud. Every few months we appear to have a DDOS attack on this sever. This slows the server down incredibly. After around 30 minutes, and sometimes a reboot later, everything is back to normal. Amazon has security groups and firewall, but what else should I have in place on an EC2 server to mitigate or prevent an attack? From similar questions I've learned: Limit the rate of requests/minute (or seconds) from a particular IP address via something like IP tables (or maybe UFW?) Have enough resources to survive such an attack - or - Possibly build the web application so it is elastic / has an elastic load balancer and can quickly scale up to meet such a high demand) If using mySql, set up mySql connections so that they run sequentially so that slow queries won't bog down the system What else am I missing? I would love information about specific tools and configuration options (again, using Linux here), and/or anything that is specific to Amazon EC2. ps: Notes about monitoring for DDOS would also be welcomed - perhaps with nagios? ;)

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• Family server setup

  - by Manny

  Hi all, I really hope some of you can give me some direction. I have setup a linux server at home and through samba I can access files from different computers in my home. I would like to use this server as a file-server for my family (brothers, sisters and parents who all live in their own homes). I really like the way it is set up right now with user and permission controls, but I've read that it is bad idea to open up the samba port to the world. The requirements are simple: 1) it should be easy to access, by using standard web browsers or mounting the drive (shouldn't have to use any VPN setup or use putty etc) 2) should be somewhat secure. We just want to share family pictures instead of putting them on facebook or picasa or other web server, nothing top secret. Here is what I've looked into: 1)Webdav. It seems decent but seems like it windows7 doesn't like it very much, even with digest mode authentication. User controls and permissions are not as flexible as samba (or at least to my knowledge). I really like the user and group permissions in samba, but if I could live with webdav if it worked seamlessly with windows, it should just work shouldn't it? 2) I read somewhere to stay away from ftp as it is outdated and that there are newer and better internet file-server setups? Was that a reference to webdav? I am so confused, please help... Manny

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• Start Chrome by command line, but adding some arguments to make it login into your Google account automatically

  - by jim

  Is there a way to start Chrome calling it from the command line (using Linux), but providing it some argument to make it login into some Google account automatically? I'm looking for something like google-chrome -account foo -pass bar that I can easily put in a bash script later. A little background: I have a laptop connected to my TV, which is currently using just a mouse for user interaction. There's no google account logged in by default, and that's the way I want to keep it, so my kids can't come across videos and pictures in google and youtube that they are not supposed to see (e.g.: adult content, or anything marked as not appropriate for kids by the google's safe search filters). The bad thing about this is that there are some music videos in youtube that requires you to be logged in to see, usually those we (the adults) used to sing when playing karaoke... as the only input available is a mouse, I'm looking for a way to start with my google account without having to type the whole thing usin the on-screen keyboard. You may think "Why you can't use the keyboard, if the laptop is right there?". Well, it's in a kind of uncomfortable position - too high for me without a chair or something, as it's right above the furniture in where the TV is located. Is there a way to make this scriptable? If not, do you know any other workaround? Note: using the remember me after logging off or alike options are discarded, as the safe-search chrome version must be always the default version to run.

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• Monitoring instantaneous network throughput at one second intervals?

  - by Shaddi

  For a testing setup I have, I need to monitor the throughput through a "router"* at regular intervals of around 5 seconds or less (sub-second intervals would be very nice, but not required). Ideally, I would be able to generate a file which contained both the number of bytes and packets seen during each interval. I will eventually be generating a time-series of throughput from this data. On a previous setup using an older version of FreeBSD, there was a tool called "bpfmon" which gave me this information. However, I need to do this under a modern version of Linux (namely, Ubuntu 11.04). I have looked at both iptraf and iftop, but these do not appear to provide the resolution I need, nor do they seem to easily allow scraping the data I need. I understand iptables statistics may be able to give me what I'm after, but the examples I've seen of this seem to rely on repeatedly reading and resetting traffic counters, which seems like it could give inaccurate as read/reset is not an atomic operation. I already capture a tcpdump trace of the traffic I'm interested in on the link I want to monitor, so I am open to approaches which simply parse that. I feel like this must be a common problem though, so I am hoping there will be a standard "best practice" tool for accomplishing this. *I say "router" in quotes because I am really talking about a machine with two bridged NICs through which all the traffic I'm interested in passes.

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• Preventing endless forwarding with two routers

  - by jarmund

  The network in quesiton looks basically like this: /----Inet1 / H1---[111.0/24]---GW1---[99.0/24] \----GW2-----Inet2 Device explaination H1: Host with IP 192.168.111.47 GW1: Linux box with IPs 192.168.111.1 and 192.168.99.2, as well as its own route to the internet. GW2: Generic wireless router with IP 192.168.99.1 and its own route to the internet. Inet1 & Inet2: Two possible routes to the internet In short: H has more than one possible route to the internet. H is supposed to only access the internet via GW2 when that link is up, so GW1 has some policy based routing special just for H1: ip rule add from 192.168.111.47 table 991 ip route add default via 192.168.99.1 table 991 While this works as long as GW2 has a direct link to the internet, the problem occurs when that link is down. What then happens is that GW2 forwards the packet back to GW1, which again forwards back to GW2, creating an endless loop of TCP-pingpong. The preferred result would be that the packet was just dropped. Is there something that can be done with iptables on GW1 to prevent this? Basically, an iptables-friendly version of "If packet comes from GW2, but originated from H1, drop it" Note1: It is preferable not to change anything on GW2. Note2: H1 needs to be able to talk to both GW1 and GW2, and vice versa, but only GW2 should lead to the internet TLDR; H1 should only be allowed internet access via GW2, but still needs to be able to talk to both GW1 and GW2. EDIT: The interfaces for GW1 are br0.105 for the '99' network, and br0.111 for the '111' network. The sollution may or may not be obnoxiously simple, but i have not been able to produce the proper iptables syntax myself, so help would be most appreciated. PS: This is a follow-up question from this question

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• grub refuses to install to raid array

  - by ronno

  I have a software raid 0 setup with dual booting Windows 7 and Ubuntu 12.04. The GRUB bootloader that is already on the hard drive seems to work fine. However, since the latest package update for grub, it refuses to install the new version to the hard disk. grub-install throws the following error: /usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: cannot find a GRUB drive for /dev/mapper/< raid name_RAID0p9. Check your device.map. Auto-detection of a filesystem of /dev/mapper/< raid name_RAID0p9 failed. Try with --recheck. If the problem persists please report this together with the output of "/usr/sbin/grub-probe --device-map="/boot/grub/device.map" --target=fs -v /boot/grub" to < [email protected] update-grub pops the same "/usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: cannot find a GRUB drive for /dev/mapper/< raid name_RAID0p9. Check your device.map." every alternate line. I don't understand what exactly is going on. I'm afraid to reinstall the grub package because it might mess up the boot, which currently works fine. Is it safe to just ignore this?

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• "could not find suitable fingerprints matched to available hardware" error

  - by Alex

  I have a thinkpad t61 with a UPEK fingerprint reader. I'm running ubuntu 9.10, with fprint installed. Everything works fine (I am able to swipe my fingerprint to authenticate any permission dialogues or "sudo" prompts successfully) except for actually logging onto my laptop when I boot up or end my session. I receive an error below the gnome login that says "Could not locate any suitable fingerprints matched to available hardware." What is causing this? here are the contents of /etc/pam.d/common-auth file # # /etc/pam.d/common-auth - authentication settings common to all services # # This file is included from other service-specific PAM config files, # and should contain a list of the authentication modules that define # the central authentication scheme for use on the system # (e.g., /etc/shadow, LDAP, Kerberos, etc.). The default is to use the # traditional Unix authentication mechanisms. # # As of pam 1.0.1-6, this file is managed by pam-auth-update by default. # To take advantage of this, it is recommended that you configure any # local modules either before or after the default block, and use # pam-auth-update to manage selection of other modules. See # pam-auth-update(8) for details. # here are the per-package modules (the "Primary" block) auth sufficient pam_fprint.so auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so nullok_secure # here's the fallback if no module succeeds auth requisite pam_deny.so # prime the stack with a positive return value if there isn't one already; # this avoids us returning an error just because nothing sets a success code # since the modules above will each just jump around auth required pam_permit.so # and here are more per-package modules (the "Additional" block) auth optional pam_ecryptfs.so unwrap # end of pam-auth-update config #auth sufficient pam_fprint.so #auth required pam_unix.so nullok_secure

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• The plugin of munin is always timed out

  - by haoX

  I want to use munin to make a graph of ttyACM0 in Linux, but munin can not create the graph. I found some information in "munin-node.log". it shows that "Service 'temperature' timed out". So I changed timeout to 60 or 120 in /munin/plugin-conf.d/munin-node, but it does not work. It's also timed out. Here is part of my code: if [ "$1" = "config" ]; then echo 'graph_title Temperature of board' echo 'graph_args --base 1000 -l 0' echo 'graph_vlabel temperature(°C)' echo 'graph_category temperature' echo 'graph_scale no' echo 'graph_info This graph shows the temperature of board' for i in 1 2 3 4 5; do case $i in 1) TYPE="Under PCB" ;; 2) TYPE="HDD" ;; 3) TYPE="PHY" ;; 4) TYPE="CPU" ;; 5) TYPE="Ambience" ;; esac name=$(clean_name $TYPE) if [ "$TYPE" != "NA" ]; then echo "temp_$name.label $TYPE"; fi done exit 0 fi for i in 1 2 3 4 5; do case $i in 1) TYPE="Under PCB" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $1}') ;; 2) TYPE="HDD" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $2}') ;; 3) TYPE="PHY" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $3}') ;; 4) TYPE="CPU" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $4}') ;; 5) TYPE="Ambience" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $5}') ;; esac name=$(clean_name $TYPE) if [ "$TYPE" != "NA" ]; then echo "temp_$name.value $VALUE" fi

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• krenew command not working : Permission Denied

  - by prathmesh.kallurkar

  I am using a Linux server to perform my simulations. The login and the file-system of the server are protected using kerberos. The file-system is supported using NFS. Since my simulations take a lot of time to run, my ssh sessions used to hang regularly. So, I have started running my simulations in byobu (similar to screen). In order to make sure that my kerberos session remains active, I am using the krenew command. I have entered the following command in my .bash_profile file. (I am sure that it is called for every login) killall -9 krenew 2> /dev/null krenew -b -t -K 10 So everytime I ssh to the server, I kill the existing krenew command. Then, I spawn a new krenew command -b (which runs in background), -t (I forgot why I was using this option !), and -K 10 (It must run after every 10 minutes and refresh the kerberos cache). When I run the simulations, It runs for 14 hours and then suddenly, I am getting error for reading file Permission Denied Is the command that I am running incorrect ??

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• Massive number of context switches on ksoftirqd

  - by Pace

  We have two servers that are grinding to a halt. One is a VM and the other is bare metal. Neither of them are running similar code but they are on the same network. It appears that an incredible number of context switches are arising from ksoftirqd (which is taking up a lot of CPU). vmstat output procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- -----cpu------ r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 1 0 0 605092 182496 2637556 0 0 0 0 4177 519187 8 19 73 0 0 2 0 0 605092 182496 2637556 0 0 0 0 4792 520980 8 19 74 0 0 3 0 0 605092 182496 2637552 0 0 0 0 2137 659640 18 26 56 0 0 ... pidstat output TCK4-BM-06A:~ # pidstat -w -I 5 Linux 2.6.32.12-0.7-default (TCK4-BM-06A) 07/02/2012 _x86_64_ 03:03:01 PM PID cswch/s nvcswch/s Command 03:03:06 PM 1 0.20 0.00 init 03:03:06 PM 4 386666.27 0.00 ksoftirqd/0 03:03:06 PM 6 0.60 0.00 ksoftirqd/1 03:03:06 PM 8 378213.17 0.00 ksoftirqd/2 03:03:06 PM 10 0.20 0.00 ksoftirqd/3 03:03:06 PM 12 0.20 0.00 ksoftirqd/4 03:03:06 PM 26 377115.37 0.00 ksoftirqd/11 03:03:06 PM 27 1.80 0.00 events/0 03:03:06 PM 28 1.00 0.00 events/1 03:03:06 PM 29 1.00 0.00 events/2 03:03:06 PM 30 1.00 0.00 events/3 03:03:06 PM 31 0.80 0.00 events/4 03:03:06 PM 32 0.80 0.00 events/5 ... My initial thought is that, since both are on the same network, something is flooding the network. Is this consistent with the data?

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• file system that allow to specify different RAID level per directory and change it afterward

  - by Adam Ryczkowski

  I have 5 hard drives, where I want to keep my data. Some of my files are more important, and some of them are less. So some of them I wish to put on RAID-6, and for some it RAID-5 is sufficient. It is difficult to predict at the moment of creation of the arrays how much space of each type to declare. What I would do if I didn't hear about zfs, is partition the hard drives into identical 100GB partitions, and as my needs grow, assemble those partitions into md devices using linux-raid. Then, I'd combine those devices using lvm into logical volumes where I'd put my data. So when I'd need more space of e.g. RAID-6, I'd take 100GB partition from each hard drive and assemble them into another RAID-6 md device and would use it as physical storage for the logical volume group dedicated for RAID-6 data. Then I could grow the file system on this logical volume. On top of RAID-6 and RAID-5 Volume Groups (managed by lvm) would reside completely independent file systems, which I'd later merge with multiple mount --bind into a single directory structure that would reflect the logical structure of data rather that of the storage. But now, when I heard about the ZFS with all the performance, data-healing and compression capabilities I cannot stop thinking if it can help me. If so, what do you think would be the best setup?

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• umask seems to vary by user

  - by paullb

  I've got a development Ubuntu system for which I have several users: myself (with full sudo) and about 5 other users. (I've set up the system so everything in this respect is still at its default setting) I'm trying to set the system up so that multiple people can collaborate in a single directory by using grouing and I want the default permissions to be 664. However when some users edit files the permissions were 644. After a lot of investigating most users have a umask (checked at the prompt) of 0002 and when they create files they are 664 (as expected) but there are 2 (myself and one other) who have 0022 umask (so the files that come out are 644 and nobody else can write to them). I've looked everywhere but can't figure out why a couple users wind up with a different umask e.g. there is nothing the .bash_profile or anything like that) Any ideas for the source of the discrepancy? /etc/bashrc if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`id -gn`" = "`id -un`" ]; then umask 002 else umask 022 fi /etc/profile if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`id -gn`" = "`id -un`" ]; then umask 002 else umask 022 fi EDIT: My (bad) ~/.bashrc # .bashrc # Source global definitions if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then . /etc/bashrc fi # User specific aliases and functions export LANG=en_US.utf8 Other user (good) .bashrc # .bashrc # Source global definitions if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then . /etc/bashrc fi # User specific aliases and functions

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• IPv6 works only after ping to routing box

  - by Ficik

  Situation: There is ipv4 only router in network and every computer is connected to it (wifi or cable). Server with ipv4 and ipv6 is connected to this router as well. Server has configured tunnelbrokers 6to4 tunnel and radvd. Clients in network has right prefix and can ping each other. But they can't ping to internet until they ping Server (the one with tunnel). I found somewhere that it's icmp problem, but I couldn't find solution. Is it problem that there is ipv4 only router? server and client runs linux router runs dd-wrt without ipv6 support :( Ping try: standa@standa-laptop:~$ ping6 ipv6.google.com PING ipv6.google.com(2a00:1450:8007::69) 56 data bytes ^C --- ipv6.google.com ping statistics --- 29 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 28223ms standa@standa-laptop:~$ ping6 2001:470:XXXX:XXXX:21c:c0ff:fe2b:6478 PING 2001:470:XXXX:XXXX:21c:c0ff:fe2b:6478(2001:470:XXXX:XXXX:21c:c0ff:fe2b:6478) 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 2001:470:XXXX:XXXX:21c:c0ff:fe2b:6478: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=3.55 ms 64 bytes from 2001:470:XXXX:XXXX:21c:c0ff:fe2b:6478: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.311 ms 64 bytes from 2001:470:XXXX:XXXX:21c:c0ff:fe2b:6478: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.269 ms 64 bytes from 2001:470:XXXX:XXXX:21c:c0ff:fe2b:6478: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.292 ms ^C --- 2001:470:XXXX:XXXX:21c:c0ff:fe2b:6478 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3000ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.269/1.107/3.559/1.415 ms standa@standa-laptop:~$ ping6 ipv6.google.com PING ipv6.google.com(2a00:1450:8007::69) 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 2a00:1450:8007::69: icmp_seq=1 ttl=57 time=20.7 ms 64 bytes from 2a00:1450:8007::69: icmp_seq=2 ttl=57 time=20.2 ms 64 bytes from 2a00:1450:8007::69: icmp_seq=3 ttl=57 time=23.4 ms ^C --- ipv6.google.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2001ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 20.267/21.479/23.413/1.392 ms

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• Apache2: Limit simultaneous requests & throttle bandwidth per IP/client?

  - by xentek

  I want to limit simultaneous requests & throttle bandwidth per IP/Client on a single apache vhost. In other words, I want to ensure that this site, which hosts large media files, doesn't get hammered by someone trying to download everything all at once (just happened the other night). I'd like to limit the outgoing transfer speed overall for this site, as well as limit the number of connections a single IP can make to the server to a sane default (i.e. within normal browser limits for multiple requests so page loads aren't effected too much). Bonus points if I can actually scope it to file types (i.e. leave web files alone, but apply these rules to just the media files). We're running Ubuntu 9.04 on all the servers, and have two apache/php servers being load balanced via Round Robin by a squid proxy server. MySQL is running on its own box as well. We've got plenty of bandwidth to give them, so I don't really want overall caps, but just want to throttle the amount of memory/CPU it takes to serve this site. There other sites on these servers that we don't want to apply these rules too, just want to keep this one from hogging all the resources. Let me know if you need more info! Thanks in advance for your suggestions!

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• DVI output only working on Windows, not during booting or on Linux

  - by Mononofu

  So yesterday I booted my laptop up and the external monitor I have it connected to just stayed black. At first, I thought the problem would go away when Ubuntu was loaded, but it didn't. I tried to reboot a few times, to no avail. Then I decided to give Windows 7 a try, and suddenly (at the login-screen), my external monitor turned on and worked like normal. I have connected the monitor via DVI, and this only seems to work with Windows now. I don't even get a signal in my BIOS! Mind you, everything was working fine before that, and I didn't change a single thing. I then tried to connect the monitor via VGA (from my DVI jack, which can output VGA using an adaptor), and it worked again. However, 1920x1200 using VGA looks like crap - black print on white background is basically illegible. Do you have any ideas how to fix this peculiar problem? I only use windows for gaming, so it's no real help that it still works normally. Please also excuse any spelling mistakes, I am practically typing this blindly. Edit: I only have one graphics card in my laptop, and I can't select anything related to that in my BIOS. In fact, I can pretty much do almost nothing there. My laptop is a Nexoc Osiris E703, graphics gard is a GeForce Go 7900 GTX. As I mentioned before, DVI output during booting and on Ubuntu was working fine for years before yesterday!

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