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  • Linux: prevent outgoing TCP flood

    - by Willem
    I run several hundred webservers behind loadbalancers, hosting many different sites with a plethora of applications (of which I have no control). About once every month, one of the sites gets hacked and a flood script is uploaded to attack some bank or political institution. In the past, these were always UDP floods which were effectively resolved by blocking outgoing UDP traffic on the individual webserver. Yesterday they started flooding a large US bank from our servers using many TCP connections to port 80. As these type of connections are perfectly valid for our applications, just blocking them is not an acceptable solution. I am considering the following alternatives. Which one would you recommend? Have you implemented these, and how? Limit on the webserver (iptables) outgoing TCP packets with source port != 80 Same but with queueing (tc) Rate limit outgoing traffic per user per server. Quite an administrative burden, as there are potentially 1000's of different users per application server. Maybe this: how can I limit per user bandwidth? Anything else? Naturally, I'm also looking into ways to minimize the chance of hackers getting into one of our hosted sites, but as that mechanism will never be 100% waterproof, I want to severely limit the impact of an intrusion. Cheers!

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  • How to fix grub after moving root partition?

    - by Grzenio
    Hi, Because I am using one of the new WD disks I am trying to aling my root partition with the real sectors, as described here: http://community.wdc.com/t5/Desktop/Problem-with-WD-Advanced-Format-drive-in-LINUX-WD15EARS/m-p/10920#M631 So I copied all files to a temp location, deleted my partition (/dev/sda3), recreated it a few cylinders later (same name) and copied the files to the newly created partition. But now when I try to boot, I get my old grub menu but after selecting my kernel version it hangs... Any idea how I can fix it?

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  • Is there any way to limit my Internet connection to a per program basis?

    - by Igoru
    My Linux connection is REALLY free. I live in Brazil, so where I live I can only have 1 Mbit/s. Yes I know it's sad, but it's not the point. Everytime I'm updating my Ubuntu 9.04 or downloading something, it does eat all my bandwidth. Like, while update-manager is downloading the packages, I can see by netspeed applet in my panel that the incoming traffic goes to 110 kB/s. And then, my Emesene suddenly goes disconnected, and I can't navigate. As you can imagine, I can't use my Internet connection again until the packages are all downloaded or I cancel the update in the middle. As I said, same thing happens when I'm dowloading something, but less intrusive and immediate. The question is: is there any way to limit that APT/downloads traffic to some way I can still use my other Internet services, or to reserve some bandwidth for common navigation tasks (like we have on Windows, but I forgot this thing's name, it's like "something packages".

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  • How to use second volume devide of amazon EC2

    - by Khoyendra Pande
    I have two volumes of amazon EC2 where by default 1 GiB volume using which has fulled. Now I want to use my second volume which is 9 Gim. I used command cat /proc/partitions I got major minor #blocks name 202 1 1048576 xvda1 202 80 9437184 xvdf Then I hit mkfs.ext3 -F /dev/sdf its showing mkfs.ext3: No such file or directory while trying to determine filesystem size then I hit command df and I got Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 1032088 1031280 0 100% / tmpfs 313160 8 313152 1% /lib/init/rw udev 297800 24 297776 1% /dev tmpfs 313160 4 313156 1% /dev/shm overflow 1024 32 992 4% /tmp means still I am unable to use my 9 GiB space Volume. I am conform I have two volume where attachment information is i-7e4fb41c:/dev/sda1 (attached) and i-7e4fb41c:/dev/sdf (attached) where only sda1 is using. Any one know how may I use my second volume(sdf). Thx

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  • Dnsmasq offering IP via DHCP, but nobody is accepting

    - by Matt
    As clients connect the logs light up with DHCPDISCOVER(wlan0) and DHCPOFFER(wlan0) but the IPs being offered are not being accepted. Currently dnsmasq offers IPs on eth1 which works flawlessly. It seems to be just wlan0 that poses this problem for me today. ifconfig of wlan0: wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa inet addr:10.0.0.2 Bcast:10.255.255.255 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: fe80::baa3:86ff:fe70:796a/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1609 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1268 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:308739 (301.5 KiB) TX bytes:319185 (311.7 KiB)

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  • Bacula vs. BackupPC

    - by chronoz
    I have been googling about the differences between them. Bacula has lots of roles BackupPC is easier to configure Bacula works with agent, not rsync (great for Windows backups) It seems that Bacula is most often compared to Amanda though, while BackupPC seems a perfectly lovely and popular backup distribution to. I currently backup my servers with rsnapshot, but I am looking for a professional scalable solution that could also back-up 50 hosts without problems. Preferably a solution that can offer bare metal restores for my Linux servers. I am not looking to reinstall the exact same version of Plesk, the software, etc...

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  • Best practices for setting lm-factor in Squid refresh patterns

    - by Mpentecost
    I am running a Squid (3.1) cache in front of Django. The content of the site does not change very often, so Squid gives our backend much needed breathing room. Currently, this is the refresh pattern that we are using to cache the content: refresh_pattern . 60 100% 60 We basically want to cache everything for at least an hour (and only an hour) before Squid then re-validates the content. My question is on the "100%" parameter, which sets the lm-factor. I'm not sure if setting that to 100% is doing what we want it to. The assumption was that by setting it to 100%, it would ensure that objects stay in the cache for the max cache time. Is this an incorrect assumption? What are the best practices that one should follow when setting up a refresh pattern like this?

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  • Is there software that will help me convert my PST files into a searachable web archive?

    - by chronoz
    I have used POP3 for many and many years and always used PST files for back-up purposes. I'd like to be able to create a searchable mail archive of this 12GB worth of e-mail. I had used Horde + Qmail for a while for searching e-mail, but it was truly horrible and even extremely slow when searching into a few ten thousands of e-mails, let alone more than a million. I would prefer a free solution that would provide fast searching through historical e-mails. Also, preferably hosted on a server, so I don't have to worry about backing up any more crucial data on my desktop.

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  • fail2ban on server with LXC Containers

    - by RoboTamer
    The issue is modprobe and iptables don't work inside an LXC Container. LXC is the userspace control package for Linux Containers, a lightweight virtual system mechanism sometimes described as “chroot on steroids”. iptables error inside the container is: # iptables -I INPUT -s 122.129.126.194 -j DROP > iptables v1.4.8: can't initialize iptables table `filter': Table does not exist (do you need to insmod?) Perhaps iptables or your kernel needs to be upgraded. I am guessing that it can't work because the LXC containers share one kernel, the main server kernel. How do I do fail2ban in this case. modprobe and iptables work in the main server so I could install it there and link to the logfiles somehow, my guess? Any suggestions?

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  • Added autossh in rc.local, but the dynamic port forwarding won't work

    - by rankjie
    I am using Rasbian on my newly arrived Rasp.Pi, and decided to make it my own proxy server. Now I need to set up a ssh tunnel on the Pi to my Linode server, and make it auto start with the system. What did I do: Add this line to /etc/rc.local autossh -f theRemoteServer -N -D 5555 -L 1234:localhost:22 After I reboot, I found out that I can't use the localhost:5555 as a socks proxy. So I type the command ps -A | grep ssh then I can see the autossh and ssh all running: pi@raspberrypi ~ $ ps -A | grep ssh 2018 ? 00:00:00 sshd 2116 ? 00:00:00 autossh 2119 ? 00:00:00 sshd 2195 ? 00:00:00 sshd 3173 ? 00:00:00 ssh (I've installed autossh, and the command works if I type it manually.) (I use the passwordless key auth, so I don't have to enter password.) Much appreciated and sorry for my poor English.

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  • Xen Bridge only working when IP Assigned

    - by m.sr
    Hey! Just had an (in my sense) obscure situation. I have a Xen Server with bridged networking. Everything works fine since month. A while ago i configuresd a second bridge. only some DomUs get an channel on this bridge - my Dom0 doesn't need to / should'nt use this bridge. So just 5 minutes ago while rebooting the xen host (because of an other problem with the UPS) i decided to removed the fixed ip from the the interface of the Dom0 which belongs to the second bridge. So after reboot i noticed that none of the interfaces on the second bridge is available. I couldn't find a problem. Everything was just like before the reboot, except the interface of the Dom0 had no IP address. After a while i tried to give the DomO interface of this bridge an IP again and ... BOOM ... everything is up and running again! WTF? Why is it important to have the interface of a bridge configured in the Dom0? Even when confiugured 'wrong' (complitely different netowkr settings as the network really hanging on the bridge) everythjing works fine ... I don't get it. Could please someone explain? Tnaks a lot!

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  • SSH stops at "using username" with IPTables in effect

    - by Rautamiekka
    We used UFW but couldn't make the Source Dedicated ports open, which was weird, so we purged UFW and switched to IPTables, using Webmin to configure. If the inbound chain is on DENY and SSH port open [judged from Webmin], PuTTY will say using username "root" and stops at that instead of asking for public key pw. Inbound chain on ACCEPT the pw is asked. This problem didn't happen with UFW. Picture of IPTables configuration in Webmin: http://s284544448.onlinehome.us/public/PlusLINE%20Dedicated%20Server,%20Webmin,%20IPTables,%200.jpgThe address is to the previous rautamiekka.org. iptables-save when on INPUT DENY: # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.8 on Wed Apr 11 16:09:20 2012 *mangle :PREROUTING ACCEPT [1430:156843] :INPUT ACCEPT [1430:156843] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [1415:781598] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [1415:781598] COMMIT # Completed on Wed Apr 11 16:09:20 2012 # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.8 on Wed Apr 11 16:09:20 2012 *nat :PREROUTING ACCEPT [2:104] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] COMMIT # Completed on Wed Apr 11 16:09:20 2012 # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.8 on Wed Apr 11 16:09:20 2012 *filter :INPUT DROP [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [1247:708906] -A INPUT -i lo -m comment --comment "Machine-within traffic - always allowed" -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m comment --comment "Services - TCP" -m tcp -m multiport --dports 22,80,443,10000,20,21 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m comment --comment "Minecraft - TCP" -m tcp --dport 25565 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p udp -m comment --comment "Minecraft - UDP" -m udp --dport 25565 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m comment --comment "Source Dedicated - TCP" -m tcp --dport 27015 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p udp -m comment --comment "Source Dedicated - UDP" -m udp -m multiport --dports 4380,27000:27030 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p udp -m comment --comment "TS3 - UDP - main port" -m udp --dport 9987 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m comment --comment "TS3 - TCP - ServerQuery" -m tcp --dport 10011 -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -o lo -m comment --comment "Machine-within traffic - always allowed" -j ACCEPT COMMIT # Completed on Wed Apr 11 16:09:20 2012 iptables --list when on INPUT DENY: Chain INPUT (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere /* Machine-within traffic - always allowed */ ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere /* Services - TCP */ tcp multiport dports ssh,www,https,webmin,ftp-data,ftp state NEW,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere /* Minecraft - TCP */ tcp dpt:25565 ACCEPT udp -- anywhere anywhere /* Minecraft - UDP */ udp dpt:25565 ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere /* Source Dedicated - TCP */ tcp dpt:27015 ACCEPT udp -- anywhere anywhere /* Source Dedicated - UDP */ udp multiport dports 4380,27000:27030 ACCEPT udp -- anywhere anywhere /* TS3 - UDP - main port */ udp dpt:9987 ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere /* TS3 - TCP - ServerQuery */ tcp dpt:10011 Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere /* Machine-within traffic - always allowed */ The UFW rules prior to purging on INPUT DENY: 127.0.0.1 ALLOW IN 127.0.0.1 3306 DENY IN Anywhere 20,21/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere 22/tcp (OpenSSH) ALLOW IN Anywhere 80/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere 443/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere 989 ALLOW IN Anywhere 990 ALLOW IN Anywhere 8075/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere 9987/udp ALLOW IN Anywhere 10000/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere 10011/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere 25565/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere 27000:27030/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere 4380/udp ALLOW IN Anywhere 27014:27050/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere 30033/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere

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  • Transfer many Gigabytes between two servers

    - by Bernhard
    Hello, I have a big problem. I have to move data from an old Webspace which is only accessibla by ftp. The new root server is accessible by ssh of course :-) I need to move all the data from the old space but the amount is just huge. Is there a way to move all the files directly from the old ftp to the storage and not over a third station (my local machine)? I´ve tried it with ftp but it didn't work. I think I´ve used the wrong commands. Is there a way to do this? Thank you in advance Bernhard

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  • Getting molly-guard to work with sudo

    - by 0xC0000022L
    The program molly-guard is a brilliant little tool which will prompt you for a piece of information before you reboot or shut down a system. Usually it asks for the hostname. So when you work a lot via SSH, you won't end up taking down the wrong server, just because you were in the wrong tab or window. Now, this works all fine when you say reboot on the command line while you are already root. However, it won't work if you do sudo reboot (i.e. it won't even ask). How can I get it to work with sudo as well? System: Raspbian (latest, including updates), package molly-guard version 0.4.5-1.

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  • After adding skip-innodb mysql doesn't start

    - by Pentium10
    I am trying to setup these values: #skip-bdb #skip-locking #skip-innodb When I add them to /etc/mysql/my.cnf and even if I turn ON of of, them after I do the service restart mysql fails to start, and no error message printed. sudo service mysql restart [ ok ] Stopping MySQL database server: mysqld. [FAIL] Starting MySQL database server: mysqld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . failed! Previously I made sure that I have no InnoDB tables, and all files of that type were removed. I tried looking for error files but I couldn't locate it: /var/log/mysql.err is a 0 byte file /var/log/mysql folder has no files rsyslog was changed in past with inetutils-syslogd, and this might have changed the log files, and it could be the reason why I don't see any error logs, and I am stuck how to look or go forward.

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  • Blocking non-virtual host access in Apache?

    - by cmbrnt
    I'm running an apache-server, with a bunch of virtual hosts for about seven domain names. Now I'd like to disallow access for clients who try to access my server using only its IP-adress. So: When someone accesses my website through www.domain.com, they reach the site hosted in /var/www/domain.com/public_html/. When someone enters the ip-address of the server they reach a 403 Forbidden-message. The problem with this is that they are theoretically able to reach my other sites through bruteforce, when getting http://11.22.33.44/domain.com/public_html/. I rather want them to reach a 403 Forbidden all the time, as long as they don't access my server by a valid domain name. How do I solve this problem?

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  • Openvpn - stuck on Connecting

    - by user224277
    I've got a problem with openvpn server... every time when I trying to connect to the VPN , I am getting a window with login and password box, so I typed my login and password (login = Common Name (user1) and password is from a challenge password from the client certificate. Logs : Jun 7 17:03:05 test ovpn-openvpn[5618]: Authenticate/Decrypt packet error: packet HMAC authentication failed Jun 7 17:03:05 test ovpn-openvpn[5618]: TLS Error: incoming packet authentication failed from [AF_INET]80.**.**.***:54179 Client.ovpn : client #dev tap dev tun #proto tcp proto udp remote [Server IP] 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert user1.crt key user1.key <tls-auth> -----BEGIN OpenVPN Static key V1----- d1e0... -----END OpenVPN Static key V1----- </tls-auth> ns-cert-type server cipher AES-256-CBC comp-lzo yes verb 0 mute 20 My openvpn.conf : port 1194 #proto tcp proto udp #dev tap dev tun #dev-node MyTap ca /etc/openvpn/keys/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/keys/VPN.crt key /etc/openvpn/keys/VPN.key dh /etc/openvpn/keys/dh2048.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt #push „route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0? #push „route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0? keepalive 10 120 tls-auth /etc/openvpn/keys/ta.key 0 #cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish #cipher AES-128-CBC # AES #cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES comp-lzo #max-clients 100 #user nobody #group nogroup persist-key persist-tun status openvpn-status.log #log openvpn.log #log-append openvpn.log verb 3 sysctl : net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

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  • Getting rid of GNU Emacs's menu bar in terminal windows

    - by Ernest A
    How to get rid of Emacs's menu bar in terminal windows? The standard answer is to put (when (not (display-graphic-p)) (menu-bar-mode -1)) in init.el. However, this solution is not good, because all it does is remove the menu bar after the fact. You can still see it for a split second. It's very annoying. Looking at the source code in startup.el I don't see an obvious solution to this problem. I think the only way is to use before-init-hook. Maybe this could do the trick? (add-hook 'before-init-hook (lambda () (setq emacs-basic-display t))) But this hook is run before init.el and other init files are evaluated, so how is one supposed to use it?

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  • Only tunnel certain applications via OpenVPN

    - by jinjin
    Hi, I've purchased a VPN solution, it works correctly when I have "redirect-gateway def1" in the configuration file (routing all traffic through the VPN). However when I remove that line from the configuration file, I am still able to ping-out of the machine (ping -I tap0), however I cannot ping the IP assigned to the machine (it's a public ip), i get the error: Destination Host Unreachable. I only want to have certain applications sending traffic through the VPN tunnel (eg: ZNC, irssi), all of which i can select which IP they use. However they can't recieve any data, making the tunnel essentially useless to me when disabling redirect-gateway. Any ideas on how to allow specific applications use the tunnel, without of forcing everything to go through it? My configuration file is as follows: dev tap remote #.#.#.# float #.#.#.# port 5129 comp-lzo ifconfig #.#.#.# 255.255.255.128 route-gateway #.#.#.# #redirect-gateway def1 secret key.txt cipher AES-128-CBC The output of ifconfig -a when the tunnel is connected: tap0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:ff:47:d3:6d:f3 inet addr:#.#.#.# Bcast:#.#.#.# Mask:255.255.255.255 inet6 addr: <snip> Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:612 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:35 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:25704 (25.1 KiB) TX bytes:6427 (6.2 KiB) EDIT: the Bcast:#.#.#.# (ifconfig) is different from route-gateway #.#.#.# (openvpn) if that makes any difference.

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  • Restrict VPN Clients to VPN Server

    - by Sprotty
    I've setup a VPN server using Debians pptpd. This all works, but I want to restrict incoming connections so they can only access ports on the VPN server and not get access to other machines on the VPN servers local network. I'm guessing this is a firewall rule? but i'm new to linux so am struggling a bit... ---- Additional info ----- The VPN Server is also hosting an SVN server, which is its real purpose, and the only service I want it to expose to incoming connections. I guess I could expose the SVN server directly, but I'm not confident that I could secure this correctly, so a VPN seemed to give an additional layer of security.

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