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• Big-O for Eight Year Olds?

  - by Jason Baker

  I'm asking more about what this means to my code. I understand the concepts mathematically, I just have a hard time wrapping my head around what they mean conceptually. For example, if one were to perform an O(1) operation on a data structure, I understand that the amount of operations it has to perform won't grow because there are more items. And an O(n) operation would mean that you would perform a set of operations on each element. Could somebody fill in the blanks here? Like what exactly would an O(n^2) operation do? And what the heck does it mean if an operation is O(n log(n))? And does somebody have to smoke crack to write an O(x!)?

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• Finding patterns in Puzzle games.

  - by José Joel.

  I was wondering, which are the most commonly used algorithms applied to finding patterns in puzzle games conformed by grids of cells. I know that depends of many factors, like the kind of patterns You want to detect, or the rules of the game...but I wanted to know which are the most commonly used algorithms in that kind of problems... For example, games like columns, bejeweled, even tetris. I also want to know if detecting patterns by "brute force" ( like , scanning all the grid trying to find three adyacent cells of the same color ) is significantly worst that using particular algorithms in very small grids, like 4 X 4 for example ( and again, I know that depends of the kind of game and rules ...) Which structures are commonly used in this kind of games ?

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• arbitrary vire connection / search and replace

  - by fatai

  input :["vire_connection",[1, 2, [ 3, [ 4, "connect"]]], ["connect", [3 , 5] ] ] output:["vire_connection",[ 1, 2, [ 3, [ 4, [ 3, 5 ] ] ] ] ], [ [ 3 , 5] ] ] after connection ( simply copying [3,5] to other wanted position ) , remove connect word input :["vire_connection", [ [ [ ["connect", [ 3, 4 ] ] ] ] ], [ 2, "connect"]] output :["vire_connection",[[[[[3,4]]]]], [ 2, [ 3 , 4 ]]] after connection ( simply copying [3,4] to other wanted position ) , remove connect word how can I do ?

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• Given a word, how do I get the list of all words, that differ by one letter?

  - by user187809

  Let's say I have the word "CAT". These words differ from "CAT" by one letter (not the full list) CUT CAP PAT FAT COT etc. Is there an elegant way to generate this? Obviously, one way to do it is through brute force. pseduo code: while (0 to length of word) while (A to Z) replace one letter at a time, and check if the resulting word is a valid word If I had a 10 letter word, the loop would run 26 * 10 = 260 times. Is there a better, elegant way to do this?

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• Unit Testing - Algorithm or Sample based ?

  - by ohadsc

  Say I'm trying to test a simple Set class public IntSet : IEnumerable<int> { Add(int i) {...} //IEnumerable implementation... } And suppose I'm trying to test that no duplicate values can exist in the set. My first option is to insert some sample data into the set, and test for duplicates using my knowledge of the data I used, for example: //OPTION 1 void InsertDuplicateValues_OnlyOneInstancePerValueShouldBeInTheSet() { var set = new IntSet(); //3 will be added 3 times var values = new List<int> {1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5}; foreach (int i in values) set.Add(i); //I know 3 is the only candidate to appear multiple times int counter = 0; foreach (int i in set) if (i == 3) counter++; Assert.AreEqual(1, counter); } My second option is to test for my condition generically: //OPTION 2 void InsertDuplicateValues_OnlyOneInstancePerValueShouldBeInTheSet() { var set = new IntSet(); //The following could even be a list of random numbers with a duplicate var values = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5}; foreach (int i in values) set.Add(i); //I am not using my prior knowledge of the sample data //the following line would work for any data CollectionAssert.AreEquivalent(new HashSet<int>(values), set); } Of course, in this example, I conveniently have a set implementation to check against, as well as code to compare collections (CollectionAssert). But what if I didn't have either ? This is the situation when you are testing your real life custom business logic. Granted, testing for expected conditions generically covers more cases - but it becomes very similar to implementing the logic again (which is both tedious and useless - you can't use the same code to check itself!). Basically I'm asking whether my tests should look like "insert 1, 2, 3 then check something about 3" or "insert 1, 2, 3 and check for something in general" EDIT - To help me understand, please state in your answer if you prefer OPTION 1 or OPTION 2 (or neither, or that it depends on the case, etc )

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• Space requirements of a merge-sort

  - by Arkaitz Jimenez

  I'm trying to understand the space requirements for a Mergesort, O(n). I see that time requirements are basically, amount of levels(logn) * merge(n) so that makes (n log n). Now, we are still allocating n per level, in 2 different arrays, left and right. I do understand that the key here is that when the recursive functions return the space gets deallocated, but I'm not seeing it too obvious. Besides, all the info I find, just states space required is O(n) but don't explain it. Any hint? function merge_sort(m) if length(m) = 1 return m var list left, right, result var integer middle = length(m) / 2 for each x in m up to middle add x to left for each x in m after middle add x to right left = merge_sort(left) right = merge_sort(right) result = merge(left, right) return result

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• Given a function which produces a random integer in the range 1 to 5, write a function which produce

  - by praveen

  what is simple solution what is effective solution to less minimum memory and(or) cpu speed?

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• A quick way to map unordered list of longs to buffer location ?

  - by alhazen

  I have a large number of points (indexed by long) that are processed by multiple threads and I'm using a buffer to hold the output results in order. As the number of points processed is huge, what would be an efficient way to map the indexes of the points to the corresponding ordered position in the buffer ? Example: long bufferIndex bufferIndex index (if BufferSize = 2) (if BufferSize = 4) ---------------------------------------------- 2938 0 0 2939 1 1 2941 1 3 2940 0 2 Thanks.

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• Using c#,c/c++ or java to improve BBN with GA

  - by madicemickael

  I have a little problem in my little project , I wish that someone here could help me! I am planning to use a bayesian network as a decision factor in my game AI and I want to improve the decision making every step of the way , anyone knows how to do that ? Any tutorials / existing implementations will be very good,I hope some of you could help me. I heard that a programmer in this community did a good implementation of this put together for poker game AI.I am planning to use it like him ,but in another poker(Texas) or maybe Rentz. Looking for C/c++ or c# or java code. Thanks , Mike

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• help implementing algorithm

  - by davit-datuashvili

  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_nearest_smaller_values this is site of the problem and here is my code but i have some trouble to implement it import java.util.*; public class stack{ public static void main(String[]args){ int x[]=new int[]{ 0, 8, 4, 12, 2, 10, 6, 14, 1, 9, 5, 13, 3, 11, 7, 15 }; Stack<Integer> st=new Stack<Integer>(); for (int a:x){ while (!st.empty() && st.pop()>=a){ System.out.println( st.pop()); if (st.empty()){ break; } else{ st.push(a); } } } } } and here is pseudo code from site S = new empty stack data structure for x in the input sequence: while S is nonempty and the top element of S is greater than or equal to x: pop S if S is empty: x has no preceding smaller value else: the nearest smaller value to x is the top element of S push x onto S

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• Find the centroid of a polygon with weighted vertices

  - by Calle Kabo

  Hi, I know how to find the centroid (center of mass) of a regular polygon. This assumes that every part of the polygon weighs the same. But how do I calculate the centroid of a weightless polygon (made from aerogel perhaps :), where each vertex has a weight? Simplified illustration of what I mean using straight line: 5kg-----------------5kg ^center of gravity 10kg---------------5kg ^center of gravity offset du to weight of vertices Of course, I know how to calculate the center of gravity on a straight line with weighted vertices, but how do I do it on a polygon with weighted vertices? Thanks for your time!

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• What Software Engineering Areas should be stressed upon while Interviewing Candidate for Fulltime So

  - by Rachel

  Hi, This question is somewhat related to other posts which I found on Stackoverflow but not exactly and so am prompted to ask about it. I know we must ask for Data-Structures and Algorithms but what specific data-structures or Algorithms or other CS Concepts should be asked while interviewing Sr. Software Engineering Fulltime Position as compared with Software Engineering Position. Thanks.

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• How to find the number of inversions in an array ?

  - by Michael

  This is an phone interview question: "Find the number of inversions in an array". I guess they mean O(N*log N) solution since O(N^2) is trivial. I guess it cannot be better than O(N*log N) since sorting is O(N*log N) I have checked a similar question from SO and can summarize the answers as follows: Calculate half the distance the elements should be moved to sort the array : copy the array and sort the copy. For each element of the original array a[i] find it's position j in the sorted copy (binary search) and sum abs(i - j)/2. Modify merge sort : modify merge to count inversions between two sorted arrays (it takes O(N)) and run merge sort with the modified merge. Does it make sense ? Are there other (maybe simpler) solution ? Isn't it too hard for a phone interview ?

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• what are the recent dataStructure and algorithms that one should know?

  - by Shamik

  Recently I came across the SkipList data structure. It really helped me to solve one otherwise critical problem to be solved. I was struggling to solve the same problem with Balanced Binary tree but it became very complex as the tree needs to be always balanced and I wanted to know the existence of not only a particular value but values in certain range. SkipList helped me to solve that problem effectively. I am wondering what else data structures that I need to know? I know - Array, List, Stack, Queue, Linked List, hashtable, tree and its different forms like B-tree, Trie etc. Would like to know if you find some other data structure/concept very interesting to know yet effective enough to be used in a daily development cycle.

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• Enumerating combinations in a distributed manner

  - by Reyzooti

  I have a problem where I must analyse 500C5 combinations (255244687600) of something. Distributing it over a 10 node cluster where each cluster processes roughly 10^6 combinations per second means the job will be complete in about 7hours. The problem I have is distributing the 255244687600 combinations over the 10 nodes. I'd like to present each node with 25524468760, however the algorithms I'm using can only produce the combinations sequentially, I'd like to be able to pass the set of elements and a range of combination indicies eg: [0-10^7) or [10^7,2.0 10^7) etc and have the nodes themselves figure out the combinations. The algorithms I'm using at the moment are from the following: http://home.roadrunner.com/~hinnant/combinations.html A logical question I've considered using a master node, that enumerates each of the combinations and sends work to each of the nodes, however the overhead incurred in iterating the combinations from a single node and communicating back and forth work is enormous, and will subsequently lead to the master node becoming the bottleneck. Are there any good combination iterating algorithms geared up for efficient/optimal distributed enumeration?

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• How can I represent a line of music notes in a way that allows fast insertion at any index?

  - by chairbender

  For "fun", and to learn functional programming, I'm developing a program in Clojure that does algorithmic composition using ideas from this theory of music called "Westergaardian Theory". It generates lines of music (where a line is just a single staff consisting of a sequence of notes, each with pitches and durations). It basically works like this: Start with a line consisting of three notes (the specifics of how these are chosen are not important). Randomly perform one of several "operations" on this line. The operation picks randomly from all pairs of adjacent notes that meet a certain criteria (for each pair, the criteria only depends on the pair and is independent of the other notes in the line). It inserts 1 or several notes (depending on the operation) between the chosen pair. Each operation has its own unique criteria. Continue randomly performing these operations on the line until the line is the desired length. The issue I've run into is that my implementation of this is quite slow, and I suspect it could be made faster. I'm new to Clojure and functional programming in general (though I'm experienced with OO), so I'm hoping someone with more experience can point out if I'm not thinking in a functional paradigm or missing out on some FP technique. My current implementation is that each line is a vector containing maps. Each map has a :note and a :dur. :note's value is a keyword representing a musical note like :A4 or :C#3. :dur's value is a fraction, representing the duration of the note (1 is a whole note, 1/4 is a quarter note, etc...). So, for example, a line representing the C major scale starting on C3 would look like this: [ {:note :C3 :dur 1} {:note :D3 :dur 1} {:note :E3 :dur 1} {:note :F3 :dur 1} {:note :G3 :dur 1} {:note :A4 :dur 1} {:note :B4 :dur 1} ] This is a problematic representation because there's not really a quick way to insert into an arbitrary index of a vector. But insertion is the most frequently performed operation on these lines. My current terrible function for inserting notes into a line basically splits the vector using subvec at the point of insertion, uses conj to join the first part + notes + last part, then uses flatten and vec to make them all be in a one-dimensional vector. For example if I want to insert C3 and D3 into the the C major scale at index 3 (where the F3 is), it would do this (I'll use the note name in place of the :note and :dur maps): (conj [C3 D3 E3] [C3 D3] [F3 G3 A4 B4]), which creates [C3 D3 E3 [C3 D3] [F3 G3 A4 B4]] (vec (flatten previous-vector)) which gives [C3 D3 E3 C3 D3 F3 G3 A4 B4] The run time of that is O(n), AFAIK. I'm looking for a way to make this insertion faster. I've searched for information on Clojure data structures that have fast insertion but haven't found anything that would work. I found "finger trees" but they only allow fast insertion at the start or end of the list. Edit: I split this into two questions. The other part is here.

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• Determining the order of a list of numbers (possibly without sorting)

  - by Victor Liu

  I have an array of unique integers (e.g. val[i]), in arbitrary order, and I would like to populate another array (ord[i]) with the the sorted indexes of the integers. In other words, val[ord[i]] is in sorted order for increasing i. Right now, I just fill in ord with 0, ..., N, then sort it based on the value array, but I am wondering if we can be more efficient about it since ord is not populated to begin with. This is more of a question out of curiousity; I don't really care about the extra overhead from having to prepopulate a list and then sort it (it's small, I use insertion sort). This may be a silly question with an obvious answer, but I couldn't find anything online.

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• Need help with basic optimization problem

  - by ??iu

  I know little of optimization problems, so hopefully this will be didactic for me: rotors = [1, 2, 3, 4...] widgets = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd' ...] assert len(rotors) == len(widgets) part_values = [ (1, 'a', 34), (1, 'b', 26), (1, 'c', 11), (1, 'd', 8), (2, 'a', 5), (2, 'b', 17), .... ] Given a fixed number of widgets and a fixed number of rotors, how can you get a series of widget-rotor pairs that maximizes the total value where each widget and rotor can only be used once?

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• Determine coordinates of rotated rectangle

  - by MathieuK

  I'm creating an utility application that should detect and report the coordinates of the corners of a transparent rectangle (alpha=0) within an image. So far, I've set up a system with Javascript + Canvas that displays the image and starts a floodfill-like operation when I click inside the transparent rectangle in the image. It correctly determines the bounding box of the floodfill operation and as such can provide me the correct coordinates. Here's my implementation so-far: http://www.scriptorama.nl/image/ (works in recent Firefox / Safari ). However, the bounding box approach breaks down then the transparent rectangle is rotated (CW or CCW) as the resulting bounding box no longer properly represents the proper width and height. I've tried to come up with a few alternatives to detect to corners, but have not been able to think up a proper solution. So, does anyone have any suggestions on how I might approach this so I can properly detect the coordinates of 4 corners of the rotated rectangle?

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• Recursion - Ship Battle

  - by rgorrosini

  I'm trying to write a little ship battle game in java. It is 100% academic, I made it to practice recursion, so... I want to use it instead of iteration, even if it's simpler and more efficient in most some cases. Let's get down to business. These are the rules: Ships are 1, 2 or 3 cells wide and are placed horizontally only. Water is represented with 0, non-hit ship cells are 1, hit ship cells are 2 and sunken ships have all it's cells in 3. With those rules set, I'm using the following array for testing: int[][] board = new int[][] { {0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0}, {0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}, }; It works pretty good so far, and to make it more user-friendly I would like to add a couple of reports. these are the methods I need for them: Given the matrix, return the amount of ships in it. Same as a), but separating them by state (amount of non-hit ships, hit and sunken ones). I will need a hand with those reports, and I would like to get some ideas. Remember it must be done using recursion, I want to understand this, and the only way to go is practice! Thanks a lot for your time and patience :).

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• Time complexity of a powerset generating function

  - by Lirik

  I'm trying to figure out the time complexity of a function that I wrote (it generates a power set for a given string): public static HashSet<string> GeneratePowerSet(string input) { HashSet<string> powerSet = new HashSet<string>(); if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(input)) return powerSet; int powSetSize = (int)Math.Pow(2.0, (double)input.Length); // Start at 1 to skip the empty string case for (int i = 1; i < powSetSize; i++) { string str = Convert.ToString(i, 2); string pset = str; for (int k = str.Length; k < input.Length; k++) { pset = "0" + pset; } string set = string.Empty; for (int j = 0; j < pset.Length; j++) { if (pset[j] == '1') { set = string.Concat(set, input[j].ToString()); } } powerSet.Add(set); } return powerSet; } So my attempt is this: let the size of the input string be n in the outer for loop, must iterate 2^n times (because the set size is 2^n). in the inner for loop, we must iterate 2*n times (at worst). 1. So Big-O would be O((2^n)*n) (since we drop the constant 2)... is that correct? And n*(2^n) is worse than n^2. if n = 4 then (4*(2^4)) = 64 (4^2) = 16 if n = 100 then (10*(2^10)) = 10240 (10^2) = 100 2. Is there a faster way to generate a power set, or is this about optimal?

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• Sort string based upon the count of characters Options

  - by prp

  Sample Data : input : "abcdacdc" Output : "cadb" here we have to sort strings in order of count of characters. If the count is same for characters. maintain the original order of the characters from input string. my approach: i have used array of 26 for maintaining occurrence of all characters and sort it then print it.But while doing so i am not able to maintain order in case if two characters have same count. please suggest any improvement or any other algo.

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• Garbage Collection in Java

  - by simion

  On the slides I am revising from it says the following: Live objects can be identified either by maintaining a count of the number of references to each object, or by tracing chains of references from the roots. Reference counting is expensive – it needs action every time a reference changes and it doesn’t spot cyclical structures, but it can reclaim space incrementally. Tracing involves identifying live objects only when you need to reclaim space – moving the cost from general access to the time at which the GC runs, typically only when you are out of memory. I understand the principles of why reference counting is expensive but do not understand what "doesn’t spot cyclical structures, but it can reclaim space incrementally." means. Could anyone help me out a little bit please? Thanks

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• C++ priority queue structure userd ?

  - by John Retallack

  While searching for some functions in C++ STL documentation I read that push and pop for priority queues needs constant time. "Constant (in the priority_queue). Although notice that push_heap operates in logarithmic time." My question is what kind of data structure is used to mantain a priority queue with O(1) for push and pop ?

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• Algorithm to zoom into mouse(OpenGL)

  - by user146780

  I have an OpenGL scene with a top left coordinate system. When I glScale it zooms in from (0,0) the top left. I want it to zoom in from the mouse's coordinate (reletive to the OGL frame). How is this done? Thanks

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