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• Deleting Unused Swaps Partions

  - by Nikita Kononov

  Good evening everyone , I got a little issue with Swap Partitions. Due to some issues after installing Ubuntu first time, I reinstalled it and now I have 3 Swaps. Here is sudo fdisk -l result Disk /dev/sda: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders, total 1465149168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xaa9693fe Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 52430847 26214400 1c Hidden W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sda2 * 52430848 540677076 244123114+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 540678142 1465147391 462234625 5 Extended Partition 3 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 1452750848 1465147391 6198272 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 1440352256 1452742655 6195200 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda7 540678144 1427951615 443636736 83 Linux /dev/sda8 1427953664 1440339967 6193152 82 Linux swap / Solaris So Swaps in /dev/sda5 and /dev/sda6 are no longer in use as far as I understand and thus I was planning to delete them, however faced a problem. What I did is download and burn Gparted Live CD and boot it up, tried to delete those partitions but I have no idea how to add 12GB unallocated memory to the existing OS partition in this case to /dev/sda7 Is there anyway I can delete 2 swaps and extend unallocated memory to /dev/sda7 partion? Thank you in advance!

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• Various problems with software raid1 array built with Samsung 840 Pro SSDs

  - by Andy B

  I am bringing to ServerFault a problem that is tormenting me for 6+ months. I have a CentOS 6 (64bit) server with an md software raid-1 array with 2 x Samsung 840 Pro SSDs (512GB). Problems: Serious write speed problems: root [~]# time dd if=arch.tar.gz of=test4 bs=2M oflag=sync 146+1 records in 146+1 records out 307191761 bytes (307 MB) copied, 23.6788 s, 13.0 MB/s real 0m23.680s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.932s When doing the above (or any other larger copy) the load spikes to unbelievable values (even over 100) going up from ~ 1. When doing the above I've also noticed very weird iostat results: Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util sda 0.00 1589.50 0.00 54.00 0.00 13148.00 243.48 0.60 11.17 0.46 2.50 sdb 0.00 1627.50 0.00 16.50 0.00 9524.00 577.21 144.25 1439.33 60.61 100.00 md1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md2 0.00 0.00 0.00 1602.00 0.00 12816.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 And it keeps it this way until it actually writes the file to the device (out from swap/cache/memory). The problem is that the second SSD in the array has svctm and await roughly 100 times larger than the second. For some reason the wear is different between the 2 members of the array root [~]# smartctl --attributes /dev/sda | grep -i wear 177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 094% 094 000 Pre-fail Always - 180 root [~]# smartctl --attributes /dev/sdb | grep -i wear 177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 070% 070 000 Pre-fail Always - 1005 The first SSD has a wear of 6% while the second SSD has a wear of 30%!! It's like the second SSD in the array works at least 5 times as hard as the first one as proven by the first iteration of iostat (the averages since reboot): Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util sda 10.44 51.06 790.39 125.41 8803.98 1633.11 11.40 0.33 0.37 0.06 5.64 sdb 9.53 58.35 322.37 118.11 4835.59 1633.11 14.69 0.33 0.76 0.29 12.97 md1 0.00 0.00 1.88 1.33 15.07 10.68 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md2 0.00 0.00 1109.02 173.12 10881.59 1620.39 9.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md0 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.01 3.10 0.02 7.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 What I've tried: I've updated the firmware to DXM05B0Q (following reports of dramatic improvements for 840Ps after this update). I have looked for "hard resetting link" in dmesg to check for cable/backplane issues but nothing. I have checked the alignment and I believe they are aligned correctly (1MB boundary, listing below) I have checked /proc/mdstat and the array is Optimal (second listing below). root [~]# fdisk -ul /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 512.1 GB, 512110190592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 62260 cylinders, total 1000215216 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00026d59 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 4196351 2097152 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 * 4196352 4605951 204800 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 4605952 814106623 404750336 fd Linux raid autodetect root [~]# fdisk -ul /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 512.1 GB, 512110190592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 62260 cylinders, total 1000215216 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0003dede Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sdb2 * 4196352 4605951 204800 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sdb3 4605952 814106623 404750336 fd Linux raid autodetect /proc/mdstat root # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0] 204736 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU] md2 : active raid1 sdb3[1] sda3[0] 404750144 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU] md1 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0] 2096064 blocks super 1.1 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: Running a read test with hdparm root [~]# hdparm -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing buffered disk reads: 664 MB in 3.00 seconds = 221.33 MB/sec root [~]# hdparm -t /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing buffered disk reads: 288 MB in 3.01 seconds = 95.77 MB/sec But look what happens if I add --direct root [~]# hdparm --direct -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing O_DIRECT disk reads: 788 MB in 3.01 seconds = 262.08 MB/sec root [~]# hdparm --direct -t /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing O_DIRECT disk reads: 534 MB in 3.02 seconds = 176.90 MB/sec Both tests increase but /dev/sdb doubles while /dev/sda increases maybe 20%. I just don't know what to make of this. As suggested by Mr. Wagner I've done another read test with dd this time and it confirms the hdparm test: root [/home2]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/null bs=1G count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 10737418240 bytes (11 GB) copied, 38.0855 s, 282 MB/s root [/home2]# dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/null bs=1G count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 10737418240 bytes (11 GB) copied, 115.24 s, 93.2 MB/s So sda is 3 times faster than sdb. Or maybe sdb is doing also something else besides what sda does. Is there some way to find out if sdb is doing more than what sda does? UPDATE Again, as suggested by Mr. Wagner, I have swapped the 2 SSDs. And as he thought it would happen, the problem moved from sdb to sda. So I guess I'll RMA one of the SSDs. I wonder if the cage might be problematic. What is wrong with this array? Please help!

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• Grub does not show a Windows 8 option after dual boot

  - by skytreader

  So, I've successfully dual-booted my Windows 8 machine with Ubuntu 12.04 . However, I still don't have a convenient method of choosing what OS to load at boot time. After installing Ubuntu, my computer still loads Windows 8 directly. I then added grubx64.efi to the white list of my boot loader. But after that, my machine loads Ubuntu directly without even a shadow of GRUB showing up! I used boot-repair and I got this paste.ubuntu URL: paste.ubuntu.com/1326074. After running boot-repair (and re-white listing the grubx64.efi file), GRUB now shows up but without any Windows 8 option! Lastly, I ran sudo fdisk -l and it gave me this: WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders, total 1465149168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x6396389f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1465149167 732574583+ ee GPT Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary. I'm guessing my problem has something to do with the warning from fdisk above but I don't know what to do with it. How do I proceed now?

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• What can I do to utilize all my hard disk space?

  - by Twatcher

  I had windows XP running on my computer. Then I installed Ubuntu from under windows. Then I decided I wanted to have only Ubuntu also because I got a system message that I am out of disk space. I loaded up my system from a live Ubuntu DVD and deleted the partition with windows on it and also the other partition that had my data on it. I expanded the partition which I thought to be the system partition (since there was no other partition left It had ext format. After that Ubuntu was working fine and I thought I have enough disk space, since my harddrive is an 80 GB ATA Maxtor. I left a small partition as backup. But after downloading a small amount of files I got the message again, that I am running out of disk space. I don't now. How can UI make my disk space bigger? I am not used to Ubuntu's file system, and I don't have the overview on how I can actually see how much space there is left for me to use. I have basically now 1 partition with the system on it and one small backup (as far as I understand). My system is (from system utility) Ubuntu 12.04 LS 3,9 GB Intel Core 2 2,4 Ghz 80 GB ATA Maxtor Here are the results for sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 79998918144 bytes<br> 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9725 cylinders, total 156247887 sectors<br> Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes<br> Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> Disk identifier: 0x41ab2316<br> Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br> /dev/sda1 * 63 123750399 61875168+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br> /dev/sda2 123750400 156246015 16247808 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br>

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• Why does my root filesystem keep becoming read-only?

  - by Scott Severance

  I've lately been having an issue with my root filesystem becoming readonly. It happens some amount of time after boot. I don't know exactly when it happens, as I don't usually notice it until something such as suspending the computer or printing fails. It seems to be fairly random. Since most of my system is on that partition, I can't re-mount it without rebooting. After this happens, the system runs a fsck. Sometimes it prompts to fix problems; other times it apparently finds none. To troubleshoot, I've searched through the logs but found nothing relevant. This might be due in part to not knowing when the actual errors took place. The filesystem is apparently good to begin with, as when fsck runs its fixes it doesn't report any errors. I've scanned the disk with SpinRite. A while ago, SpinRite found and recovered from some bad sectors on the hard drive. I ran a level 4 scan (a thorough scan) after this probem appeared, but SpinRite found nothing. The SMART data reports that the disk is OK with 63 bad sectors. The number of bad sectors hasn't changed recently. I realize that the disk isn't in the best of conditions, and I have complete backups in case of catastrophic failure. Yet the lack of errors in the logs, combined with SpinRite's test results and the unchanged SMART data makes me think that this problem has some cause other than disk failure. Other than disk failure, what could cause my symptoms?

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• Cannot access the filesystems using LiveCD (LVM2,EXT2)

  - by ftkg

  I have to restore the /etc/passwd file I accidentally renamed in my Ubuntu Server, so I booted the machine using a LiveCD. Problem is, the system filesystem does not appear in Nautilus, under 'Devices'. Am I missing anything? ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000956dc Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux /dev/sda2 501758 625141759 312320001 5 Extended /dev/sda5 501760 625141759 312320000 8e Linux LVM ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ mount /cow on / type overlayfs (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) /dev/sr0 on /cdrom type iso9660 (ro,noatime) /dev/loop0 on /rofs type squashfs (ro,noatime) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) tmpfs on /tmp type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/ubuntu/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=ubuntu) ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo blkid /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sda1: UUID="aad69790-198d-45bc-9ccd-e4cba7456914" TYPE="ext2" /dev/sda5: UUID="wbIDX7-RILL-VtFT-gX15-N1GJ-Yyfg-V8Oe5m" TYPE="LVM2_member" /dev/sr0: LABEL="Ubuntu 12.04 LTS i386" TYPE="iso9660" ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/fstab overlayfs / overlayfs rw 0 0 tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nosuid,nodev 0 0

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• Banshee gapless playback does not work when playing mp3s

  - by ComputerGuy505

  Even though I have gapless playback enabled in Banshee's settings menu, there is a very short pause between songs. This might be due to the fact that my hard drive's partitions seem wierd. fdisk -l produces this output: Disk /dev/sda: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders, total 1465149168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x4a73c3cb Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 409599 203776 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 409600 724153740 361872070+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 1456826368 1465145343 4159488 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sda4 724154366 1456826367 366336001 5 Extended Partition 4 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 1440159744 1456826367 8333312 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 724154368 1440159743 358002688 83 Linux Partition table entries are not in disk order Playing mp3's from /dev/sda2 or /dev/sda6 produces this problem. I don't seem to have gapless playback on Rhythmbox or Clementine either, if those media players are supposed to have it. I'm not sure what other info to provide. This is just annoying to me. Thanks for any help.

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• Is it possible to have Grub2's boot.img in the MBR and have it load core.img from a separate boot pa

  - by wesley

  I have a multiboot system that I would like to use Grub to manage. The version of Grub shipping with my Linux distro is Grub2, and it installs its equivalent of stage 1.5-2, core.img, into the remaining sectors on the first track after the MBR but before the first partition. Unfortunately, those sectors are needed by another program. I have a separate primary /boot partition. If I could only keep boot.img as my MBR but have it look in the /boot partition for core.img rather than the embedded one in the sectors immediately following the MBR, everything would work fine. Is this possible with grub2?

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• How can I triple boot Xubuntu, Ubuntu and Windows?

  - by ag.restringere

  Triple Booting Xubuntu, Ubuntu and Windows I'm an avid Xubuntu (Ubuntu + XFCE) user but I also dual boot with Windows XP. I originally created 3 partitions and wanted to use the empty one as a storage volume but now I want to install Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (the one with Unity) to do advanced testing and packaging. Ideally I would love to keep these two totally separate as I had problems in the past with conflicts between Unity and XFCE. This way I could wipe the Ubuntu w/ Unity installation if there are problems and really mess around with it. My disk looks like this: /dev/sda1 -- Windows XP /dev/sda2 -- Disk /dev/sda: 200.0 GB, 200049647616 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 24321 cylinders, total 390721968 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 78139454 39069696 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 78141440 156280831 39069696 83 Linux /dev/sda3 156282878 386533375 115125249 5 Extended /dev/sda4 386533376 390721535 2094080 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda5 156282880 386533375 115125248 83 Linux Keep each in it's own partition and totally separate and be able to select from each of the three systems from the GRUB boot menu... sda1 --- [Windows XP] sda2 --- [Ubuntu 12.04] "Unity" sda3(4,5) -- [Xubuntu 12.02] "Primary XFCE" What is the safest and easiest way to do this without messing my system up and requiring invasive activity?

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• Why some recovery tools are still able to find deleted files after I purge Recycle Bin, defrag the disk and zero-fill free space?

  - by Ivan

  As far as I understand, when I delete (without using Recycle Bin) a file, its record is removed from the file system table of contents (FAT/MFT/etc...) but the values of the disk sectors which were occupied by the file remain intact until these sectors are reused to write something else. When I use some sort of erased files recovery tool, it reads those sectors directly and tries to build up the original file. In this case, what I can't understand is why recovery tools are still able to find deleted files (with reduced chance of rebuilding them though) after I defragment the drive and overwrite all the free space with zeros. Can you explain this? I thought zero-overwritten deleted files can be only found by means of some special forensic lab magnetic scan hardware and those complex wiping algorithms (overwriting free space multiple times with random and non-random patterns) only make sense to prevent such a physical scan to succeed, but practically it seems that plain zero-fill is not enough to wipe all the tracks of deleted files. How can this be?

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• How to mount drive in /media/userName/ like nautilus do using udisks

  - by Bsienn

  As of my current installation of Ubuntu 13.10 Unity, when i click on a drive in nautilus it get mounted in /media/username/mountedDrive i read that nautilus use udisks to do that. Basically i want to auto mount my drive using udisks in start up using this method But problem is, it mounts the drive in /media/mountedDrive, but i want it the way nautilus do in /media/username/mounteDrive I want NTFS Data drive to be auto mounted at /media/bsienn/ bsienn@bsienn-desktop:~$ blkid /dev/sda1: LABEL="System Reserved" UUID="8230744030743D6B" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: LABEL="Windows 7" UUID="60100EA5100E81F0" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda3: LABEL="Data" UUID="882C04092C03F14C" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda5: UUID="8768800f-59e1-41a2-9092-c0a8cb60dabf" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda6: LABEL="Ubuntu Drive" UUID="13ea474a-fb27-4c91-bae7-c45690f88954" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda7: UUID="69c22e73-9f64-4b48-b854-7b121642cd5d" TYPE="ext4" bsienn@bsienn-desktop:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160000000000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19452 cylinders, total 312500000 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x8d528d52 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 206847 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 206848 117730069 58761611 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 158690072 312494116 76902022+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 117731326 158689279 20478977 5 Extended /dev/sda5 137263104 141260799 1998848 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 141262848 158689279 8713216 83 Linux /dev/sda7 117731328 137263103 9765888 83 Linux Partition table entries are not in disk order bsienn@bsienn-desktop:~$ cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> # / was on /dev/sda7 during installation UUID=69c22e73-9f64-4b48-b854-7b121642cd5d / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=8768800f-59e1-41a2-9092-c0a8cb60dabf none swap sw 0 0 Desired effect: Picture link

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• error while trying to resize the partition

  - by speedox

  im running out of space and i tried to resize the partition using g-parted but i got an error: Checking for bad sectors ... Bad cluster: 0x2904636 - 0x2904636 (1) Bad cluster: 0x290526d - 0x290526e (2) Bad cluster: 0x29052fd - 0x2905300 (4) Bad cluster: 0x2905392 - 0x2905392 (1) Bad cluster: 0x2905425 - 0x2905428 (4) Bad cluster: 0x290555d - 0x2905560 (4) Bad cluster: 0x29055f1 - 0x29055f8 (8) Bad cluster: 0x2905681 - 0x2905688 (8) Bad cluster: 0x29057ac - 0x29057ac (1) Bad cluster: 0x29887dd - 0x29887dd (1) Bad cluster: 0x299a086 - 0x299a086 (1) Bad cluster: 0x348ec05 - 0x348ec05 (1) Bad cluster: 0x353dabb - 0x353dabb (1) Bad cluster: 0x353dba4 - 0x353dba4 (1) Bad cluster: 0x354a162 - 0x354a162 (1) Bad cluster: 0x354a1ce - 0x354a1ce (1) ERROR: This software has detected that the disk has at least 40 bad sectors. **************************************************************************** * WARNING: The disk has bad sector. This means physical damage on the disk * * surface caused by deterioration, manufacturing faults or other reason. * * The reliability of the disk may stay stable or degrade fast. We suggest * * making a full backup urgently by running 'ntfsclone --rescue ...' then * * run 'chkdsk /f /r' on Windows and rebooot it TWICE! Then you can resize * * NTFS safely by additionally using the --bad-sectors option of ntfsresize.* **************************************************************************** I opened the "disk utility" and clicked on "Smart DATA" button I got this image:

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• Enlarge partition on SD card

  - by chenwj

  I have followed Cloning an SD card onto a larger SD card to clone a 2G SD card to a 32G SD card, and the file system is ext4. However, on the 32G SD card I only can see 2G space available. Is there a way to maximize it out? Here is the output of fdisk: Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 32.0 GB, 32026656768 bytes 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 30543 cylinders, total 62552064 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000e015a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 32 147455 73712 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sdb2 147456 3994623 1923584 83 Linux I want to make /dev/sdb2 use up the remaining space. I try resize2fs /dev/sdb after dd, but get message below: $ sudo resize2fs /dev/sdb resize2fs 1.42 (29-Nov-2011) resize2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sdb Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock. Any idea on what I am doing wrong? Thanks.

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• Partitions mixing up

  - by anon

  I am trying to install ubuntu alongside my windows 7. The problem is that ubuntu is not detecting all of my partitions and basically clubs together many of them. The same thing is done by using GParted. However this problem does not arise while I am using Windows - 7. I cant paste the image of GParted since I dont have the required reputation... I think this could be due to stray GPT data but am not sure how to take care of it. Can someone help me figure this out ? The output of fdisk -l is as follows Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x20000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 63 2047 992+ 42 SFS /dev/sda2 * 2048 206847 102400 42 SFS /dev/sda3 206848 146802687 73297920 42 SFS /dev/sda4 146802688 625140399 239168856 42 SFS However actually I have 4 partitions along with 25 gb unallocated space that I had thought to use for Ubuntu installation.

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• Unable to mount location ubuntu 12.10

  - by Rajesh

  I'm new to Ubuntu. I installed Ubuntu 12.10 replacing windows. Now I'm getting Unable to mount location error while opening the drive. $ cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=5fa63194-c19e-4117-95c6-679eb6453d3b / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=70f1ec8d-aa45-4de7-a206-747dccd2472b none swap sw 0 0 $ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001f10f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 970561535 485279744 83 Linux /dev/sda2 970563582 976771071 3103745 5 Extended /dev/sda5 970563584 976771071 3103744 82 Linux swap / Solaris

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• Is it possible to have Grub2's boot.img in the MBR and have it load core.img from a separate boot partition?

  - by wesley

  I have a multiboot system that I would like to use Grub to manage. The version of Grub shipping with my Linux distro is Grub2, and it installs its equivalent of stage 1.5-2, core.img, into the remaining sectors on the first track after the MBR but before the first partition. Unfortunately, those sectors are needed by another program. I have a separate primary /boot partition. If I could only keep boot.img as my MBR but have it look in the /boot partition for core.img rather than the embedded one in the sectors immediately following the MBR, everything would work fine. Is this possible with grub2?

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• Algorithm for finding symmetries of a tree

  - by Paxinum

  I have n sectors, enumerated 0 to n-1 counterclockwise. The boundaries between these sectors are infinite branches (n of them). The sectors live in the complex plane, and for n even, sector 0 and n/2 are bisected by the real axis, and the sectors are evenly spaced. These branches meet at certain points, called junctions. Each junction is adjacent to a subset of the sectors (at least 3 of them). Specifying the junctions, (in pre-fix order, lets say, starting from junction adjacent to sector 0 and 1), and the distance between the junctions, uniquely describes the tree. Now, given such a representation, how can I see if it is symmetric wrt the real axis? For example, n=6, the tree (0,1,5)(1,2,4,5)(2,3,4) have three junctions on the real line, so it is symmetric wrt the real axis. If the distances between (015) and (1245) is equal to distance from (1245) to (234), this is also symmetric wrt the imaginary axis. The tree (0,1,5)(1,2,5)(2,4,5)(2,3,4) have 4 junctions, and this is never symmetric wrt either imaginary or real axis, but it has 180 degrees rotation symmetry if the distance between the first two and the last two junctions in the representation are equal. Edit: This is actually for my research. I have posted the question at mathoverflow as well, but my days in competition programming tells me that this is more like an IOI task. Code in mathematica would be excellent, but java, python, or any other language readable by a human suffices. Here are some examples (pretend the double edges are single and we have a tree) http://www2.math.su.se/~per/files.php?file=contr_ex_1.pdf http://www2.math.su.se/~per/files.php?file=contr_ex_2.pdf http://www2.math.su.se/~per/files.php?file=contr_ex_5.pdf Example 1 is described as (0,1,4)(1,2,4)(2,3,4)(0,4,5) with distances (2,1,3). Example 2 is described as (0,1,4)(1,2,4)(2,3,4)(0,4,5) with distances (2,1,1). Example 5 is described as (0,1,4,5)(1,2,3,4) with distances (2). So, given the description/representation, I want to find some algorithm to decide if it is symmetric wrt real, imaginary, and rotation 180 degrees. The last example have 180 degree symmetry. (These symmetries corresponds to special kinds of potential in the Schroedinger equation, which has nice properties in quantum mechanics.)

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• What is my miniport's service name?

  - by Ian Boyd

  i am trying to query the physical sector size of my drive using fsutil: C:\Windows\system32>fsutil fsinfo ntfsinfo c: NTFS Volume Serial Number : 0x78cc11b2cc116c1e Version : 3.1 Number Sectors : 0x000000003a382fff Total Clusters : 0x00000000074705ff Free Clusters : 0x00000000022fc29b Total Reserved : 0x00000000000007d0 Bytes Per Sector : 512 Bytes Per Physical Sector : <Not Supported> Bytes Per Cluster : 4096 Bytes Per FileRecord Segment : 1024 Clusters Per FileRecord Segment : 0 Mft Valid Data Length : 0x00000000305c0000 Mft Start Lcn : 0x00000000000c0000 Mft2 Start Lcn : 0x0000000003a382ff Mft Zone Start : 0x0000000006951940 Mft Zone End : 0x0000000006951c80 RM Identifier: 19B22CBE-570D-19DE-9C72-CD758F800DDC You can see that the Bytes Per Physical Sector value is Not Supported: Bytes Per Physical Sector : <Not Supported> In KB Article Microsoft support policy for 4K sector hard drives in Windows, Microsoft says: If fsutil.exe continues to display "Bytes Per Physical Sector : " after you apply the latest storage driver and the required hotfixes, make sure that the following registry path exists: HKLM\CurrentControlSet\Services\<miniport’s service name>\Parameters\Device\ Name: EnableQueryAccessAlignment Type: REG_DWORD Value: 1: Enable The only thing i don't know is what my Miniport's service name is. What is my miniport's service name. i know that my SATA drives are in AHCI mode, and AHCI uses the msahci driver service: Is that my miniport service? "MSAHCI"? See also Hitachi - Advanced Format Technology Brief RMPrepUSB - Advanced Format (4K sector) hard disks Microsoft support policy for 4K sector hard drives in Windows OSR Online - Advance Disk Format support in Storport Virtual Mniport diver Default cluster size for NTFS, FAT, and exFAT Wikipedia - Advanced Format

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• Expected IOPS for log writing on PS6000X SAN?

  - by dssz

  Customer is experiencing poor Sybase ASE 15 performance on a PS6000X SAN with 16 X 450GB 10K in RAID-50. The server is a Dell R710 running 2003 server R2 64bit in ESX 4.0.0,256968 I've used sqlio to benchmark the sequential write performance of 4KB blocks on the drive. sqlio -kW -t1 -s600 -dE -o1 -fsequential -b4 -BH -LS sqliotestfile.dat Result is 1900 IOPS. However, when Sybase is running a sustained workload of small inserts SAN HQ shows a consistent 590 IOPS (and 100% 4K write activity). It also shows that the write latency increases to 1.2ms from <1ms. Monitoring and tests in Sybase demonstrate the performance problem is IO related and in particular there is a lot of wait time writing to the log. The SAN indicates that write caching is enabled. What IOPS should the SAN be capable of for 4k sequential write activity? Also, with write caching enabled, shouldn't the controller be batching up the 4K writes into something more efficient? Also, any tips on Sybase on ESX would be appreciated.

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• How to use more than 3 virtual disks in Linux using CentOS and XenServer

  - by 010110110101

  I've attached 5 virtual disks to a Virtual Machine in Citrix XenServer. The VM has the xs-tools installed. Initially it said that it couldn't add so many disks. After I installed the xs-tools, it let me add all the disks. But /dev doesn't show all the disks. It shows these: /dev/xvda /dev/xvdb /dev/xvdc /dev/cdrom Perhaps it is bound by the limits of an IDE bus? (3 disks + CD-ROM) If so, how does one change the VM to use SCSI? Edit: According to the documentation: 2.6.3. VM Block Devices In the PV Linux case, block devices are passed through as PV devices. XenServer does not attempt to emulate SCSI or IDE, but instead provides a more suitable interface in the virtual environment in the form of xvd* devices. It is also possible to get an sd* device using the same mechanism, where the PV driver inside the VM takes over the SCSI device namespace. This is not desirable so it is best to use xvd* where possible for PV guests (this is the default for Debian and RHEL). For Windows or other fully virtualized guests, XenServer emulates an IDE bus in the form of an hd* device. When using Windows, installing the Citrix Tools for Virtual Machines installs a special PV driver that works in a similar way to Linux, except in the fully virtualized environment. Still, with 5 virtual disks attached, I don't see the other xvd devices. Edit #2: (attached requested info) Host Machine: XenServer 6.1 Linux version 2.6.32.43-0.4.1.xs1.6.10.777.170770xen (geeko@buildhost) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-51)) #1 SMP Wed Apr 17 05:52:03 EDT 2013 Guest Machine: CentOS release 6.4 (Final) Linux version 2.6.32-358.6.2.el6.x86_64 ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-3) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Thu May 16 20:59:36 UTC 2013 Output of 'fdisk -l' on Guest Machine: Note, the disk beyond the first 3 attached are not displaying -- there should be 4 100GB disks. (There are a total of 5 disks displayed in XenCenter -- 16GB, 100GB, 100GB, 100GB, 100GB) Disk /dev/xvdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xfb6c95b9 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 13054 104856223+ 83 Linux Disk /dev/xvda: 17.2 GB, 17179869184 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2088 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000e5f41 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvda2 64 2089 16264192 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/xvdc: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xed249ced Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdc1 1 13054 104856223+ 83 Linux Disk /dev/mapper/vg_blue-lv_root: 14.6 GB, 14571012096 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1771 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_blue-lv_swap: 2080 MB, 2080374784 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 252 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 I see that the Linux versions say SMP. The Guest VM doesn't say "xen" in the name. However, I have already run yum install kernel-xen. Could be a clue?

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• Sparse virtual machine disk image resizing weirdness?

  - by Matt H

  I have a partitioned virtual machine disk image created by vmware. What I want to do is resize that by 10GB. The file size is showing as 64424509440. Or 60GB. So I ran this: dd if=/dev/zero of=./win7.img seek=146800640 count=0 It ran without errors and I can verify the new size is in fact 75161927680 bytes or 70GB. This is where it gets a little odd. I started the guest domain in xen which is a Windows 7 enterprise machine. What I was expecting to see in diskmgmt.msc is 2 partitions. 1 system partition at the start of around 100MB and near 60GB partition (which is C drive) followed by around 10GB of free space. Actually what I saw was a 70GB partition!?! That confused me... so I decided to run the Check Disk which when you set it on the C drive it asks you to reboot so it'll run on boot. So I did that and during the boot it ran the checks. It got all the way through stage 3 and didn't show any errors at all. Looked at the partitions in disk manager and now C drive has shrunk back to 60GB and there is no free space. What gives? Ok, I thought I'd try mounting it under Dom0 and examining it with fdisk. This is what I get when mounted sudo xl block-attach 0 tap:aio:/home/xen/vms/otoy_v1202-xen.img xvda w sudo fdisk -l /dev/xvda Disk /dev/xvda: 64.4 GB, 64424509440 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7832 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x582dfc96 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvda1 * 1 13 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvda2 13 7833 62810112 7 HPFS/NTFS Note the cylinder boundary comment. When I run sudo cfdisk /dev/xvda I get: FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition 1: Partition ends in the final partial cylinder Press any key to exit cfdisk So I guess this is a bigger problem than first thought. How can I fix this? EDIT: Oops, the cylinder boundary thing is not a problem at all since disks have used LBA etc. So that threw me for a moment... still the problem exists... Now this output looks a little different. sudo sfdisk -uS -l /dev/xvda Disk /dev/xvda: 7832 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track Units = sectors of 512 bytes, counting from 0 Device Boot Start End #sectors Id System /dev/xvda1 * 2048 206847 204800 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/xvda2 206848 125827071 125620224 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/xvda3 0 - 0 0 Empty /dev/xvda4 0 - 0 0 Empty BTW: I do have a backup of the image so if you help me mess it up that's ok. EDIT: sudo parted /dev/xvda print free Model: Xen Virtual Block Device (xvd) Disk /dev/xvda: 64.4GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 32.3kB 1049kB 1016kB Free Space 1 1049kB 106MB 105MB primary ntfs boot 2 106MB 64.4GB 64.3GB primary ntfs 64.4GB 64.4GB 1049kB Free Space Cool. Linux is showing free space is 10GB which is what I expect. The problem is windows isn't seeing this?

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• Capgemini Global Business Process Management Report

  - by JuergenKress

  Welcome to the Capgemini Global Business Process Management (BPM) Report. This report is an exploration of key trends in BPM as seen by CXOs across a broad selection of sectors and geographies. BPM is perhaps at a tipping point - it’s certainly at an exciting stage in its evolution. As both an engineer and an Operational Research practitioner in my early career, and subsequently as a consultant, I have seen BPM through its development over the last 26 years. BPM has its roots in management practices such as Total Quality Management, Business Process Reengineering & Model Based Development; but the advent of the new generation of sophisticated modelling and process execution technologies has greatly enhanced BPM’s power to truly transform businesses. This has created one of the most rapidly growing and attractive market sectors for both services and technology. We see BPM as a critical management discipline that when executed against clear, cross organizational business objectives, can deliver exceptional value to that organization. However, we also see that the potential for BPM is not well understood. Our decision to conduct this global survey stemmed from discussions with our clients. We sought to gain a better impression of their understanding of BPM, how they measure its value, and how far it is prioritized within their Business and Technology Transformation efforts. This research confirms our belief that BPM needs to be a jointly owned Business and IT discipline. It also demonstrates that it is starting to gain significant traction in the market and investments are starting to pay dividends to the early adopters. At Capgemini we are being asked by our clients to help them simplify and improve their business models and the technology that supports them and we are already seeing BPM become an integral and key part of this proposition. Business Process Management is becoming ever more relevant to both large and small organizations in the current economic climate. At a time when many different market sectors are facing slow revenue growth, customer churn and increased pressures on costs, BPM becomes a critical weapon in the battle for efficiency and effectiveness in processes. Furthermore, in a challenging and changing business environment that is characterized by uncertainty, it allows organizations to adapt, be more agile and fleet of foot. Capgemini is seeing strong demand for BPM services in markets such as the USA, the UK, the Netherlands and France; and there are clear signs of increased interest in other geographies such as, Germany, Sweden, Spain, Italy and Australia. In sector terms, the financial services industry has led the way in BPM adoption over the recent past, driven by increased focus on customer- centricity and regulatory compliance. Other sectors, public sector, utilities, telco, retail and manufacturing are now not only catching up, but are starting o use BPM in new ways to create new business models to serve customers and outsmart the competition. The research findings also show however that this is a complex landscape, and we are not seeing adoption of BPM in a clear and consistent way. This report also looks at some of the barriers to adoption, with organizational silos being a major obstacle. Waters are further muddied by fragmented budgets, lack of clear governance and ownership and internal politics. The objective of our investment in this research project was to shed some light on these elements with a view to assisting organizations to create strategies that avoid or at least mitigate some of these barriers to success. Management of change in such endea vours is a key part in enabling the appropriate alignment of business and technology to support their transformation efforts. I hope that you find this report of benefit in the further adoption of Business Process Management. Get the full report here. SOA & BPM Partner Community For regular information on Oracle SOA Suite become a member in the SOA & BPM Partner Community for registration please visit www.oracle.com/goto/emea/soa (OPN account required) If you need support with your account please contact the Oracle Partner Business Center. Blog Twitter LinkedIn Facebook Wiki Technorati Tags: Capgemini,bpm report,bpm market,SOA Community,Oracle SOA,Oracle BPM,Community,OPN,Jürgen Kress

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• What size of folders show ls -la

  - by Bkmz

  Hi. I'm interesting in information what show me output ls -la in linux. So, default size is 4K. But if there are a lot of files, maybe with zero size, such as PHP sessions =), the size != 4K. What showing me ls -la? And after, when i clean this folder i see tha last max size.

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• Linq2Sql: query - subquery optimisation

  - by Budda

  I have the following query: IList<InfrStadium> stadiums = (from sector in DbContext.sectors where sector.Type=typeValue select new InfrStadium(sector.TeamId) ).ToList(); and InfrStadium class constructor: private InfrStadium(int teamId) { IList<Sector> teamSectors = (from sector in DbContext.sectors where sector.TeamId==teamId select sector) .ToList<>(); ... work with data } Current implementation perform 1+n queries, where n - number of records fetched the 1st time. I want to optimize that. And another one I would love to do using 'group' operator in way like this: IList<InfrStadium> stadiums = (from sector in DbContext.sectors group sector by sector.TeamId into team_sectors select new InfrStadium(team_sectors.Key, team_sectors) ).ToList(); with appropriate constructor: private InfrStadium(int iTeamId, IEnumerable<InfrStadiumSector> eSectors) { IList<Sector> teamSectors = eSectors.ToList(); ... work with data } But attempt to launch query causes the following error: Expression of type 'System.Int32' cannot be used for constructor parameter of type 'System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable`1[InfrStadiumSector]' Question 1: Could you please explain, what is wrong here, I don't understand why 'team_sectors' is applied as 'System.Int32'? I've tried to change query a little (replace IEnumerable with IQueryeable): IList<InfrStadium> stadiums = (from sector in DbContext.sectors group sector by sector.TeamId into team_sectors select new InfrStadium(team_sectors.Key, team_sectors.AsQueryable()) ).ToList(); with appropriate constructor: private InfrStadium(int iTeamId, IQueryeable<InfrStadiumSector> eSectors) { IList<Sector> teamSectors = eSectors.ToList(); ... work with data } In this case I've received another but similar error: Expression of type 'System.Int32' cannot be used for parameter of type 'System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable1[InfrStadiumSector]' of method 'System.Linq.IQueryable1[InfrStadiumSector] AsQueryableInfrStadiumSector' Question 2: Actually, the same question: can't understand at all what is going on here... P.S. I have another to optimize query idea (describe here: Linq2Sql: query optimisation) but I would love to find a solution with 1 request to DB).

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• wireless LAN soft blocked on Ubuntu 13.10

  - by iacopo

  I've troubles with bluetooth and with lan. When I digit: rfkill list all 0: hci0: Bluetooth Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: no 1: phy0: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: yes Hard blocked: no When I digit: lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 15h (Models 10h-1fh) Processor Root Complex Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 15h (Models 10h-1fh) Processor Root Complex Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0 00:01.0 VGA compatible controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Trinity [Radeon HD 7600G] (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Trinity [Radeon HD 7600G] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 48 Memory at c0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] I/O ports at f000 [size=256] Memory at feb00000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256K] Expansion ROM at [disabled] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: radeon 00:01.1 Audio device: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Trinity HDMI Audio Controller Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Trinity HDMI Audio Controller Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 49 Memory at feb44000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel 00:10.0 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB XHCI Controller (rev 03) (prog-if 30 [XHCI]) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB XHCI Controller Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18 Memory at feb48000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: xhci_hcd 00:11.0 SATA controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 40) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0]) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 7800 Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 45 I/O ports at f190 [size=8] I/O ports at f180 [size=4] I/O ports at f170 [size=8] I/O ports at f160 [size=4] I/O ports at f150 [size=16] Memory at feb50000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=2K] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: ahci 00:12.0 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB OHCI Controller (rev 11) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB OHCI Controller Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 18 Memory at feb4f000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci 00:12.2 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB EHCI Controller (rev 11) (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB EHCI Controller Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 17 Memory at feb4e000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: ehci-pci 00:13.0 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB OHCI Controller (rev 11) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB OHCI Controller Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 18 Memory at feb4d000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci 00:13.2 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB EHCI Controller (rev 11) (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB EHCI Controller Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 17 Memory at feb4c000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: ehci-pci 00:14.0 SMBus: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SMBus Controller (rev 14) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SMBus Controller Flags: 66MHz, medium devsel Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus 00:14.1 IDE interface: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH IDE Controller (prog-if 8a [Master SecP PriP]) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH IDE Controller Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 17 I/O ports at 01f0 [size=8] I/O ports at 03f4 [size=1] I/O ports at 0170 [size=8] I/O ports at 0374 [size=1] I/O ports at f100 [size=16] Kernel driver in use: pata_atiixp 00:14.2 Audio device: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH Azalia Controller (rev 01) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH Azalia Controller Flags: bus master, slow devsel, latency 32, IRQ 16 Memory at feb40000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel 00:14.3 ISA bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH LPC Bridge (rev 11) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH LPC Bridge Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0 00:14.4 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH PCI Bridge (rev 40) (prog-if 01 [Subtractive decode]) Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 64 Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=64 00:14.5 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB OHCI Controller (rev 11) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH USB OHCI Controller Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 18 Memory at feb4b000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci 00:14.7 SD Host controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SD Flash Controller (prog-if 01) Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SD Flash Controller Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 39, IRQ 16 Memory at feb4a000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] Kernel driver in use: sdhci-pci 00:15.0 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Hudson PCI to PCI bridge (PCIE port 0) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=02, subordinate=02, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000e000-0000efff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000d0000000-00000000d00fffff Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00:15.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Hudson PCI to PCI bridge (PCIE port 1) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=03, subordinate=03, sec-latency=0 Memory behind bridge: fe900000-feafffff Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00:18.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 15h (Models 10h-1fh) Processor Function 0 Flags: fast devsel 00:18.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 15h (Models 10h-1fh) Processor Function 1 Flags: fast devsel 00:18.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 15h (Models 10h-1fh) Processor Function 2 Flags: fast devsel 00:18.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 15h (Models 10h-1fh) Processor Function 3 Flags: fast devsel Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: k10temp 00:18.4 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 15h (Models 10h-1fh) Processor Function 4 Flags: fast devsel 00:18.5 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 15h (Models 10h-1fh) Processor Function 5 Flags: fast devsel 02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 07) Subsystem: PC Partner Limited / Sapphire Technology Device 0123 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 46 I/O ports at e000 [size=256] Memory at d0004000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=4K] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: r8169 03:00.0 Network controller: Ralink corp. RT3290 Wireless 802.11n 1T/1R PCIe Subsystem: AzureWave Device 2b87 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 47 Memory at fea40000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K] Memory at fea30000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: rt2800pci 03:00.1 Bluetooth: Ralink corp. RT3290 Bluetooth Subsystem: AzureWave Device 2787 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 11 Memory at fea20000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K] Memory at fea10000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K] Memory at fe900000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1M] Expansion ROM at fea00000 [disabled] [size=64K] Capabilities: Thank you for all the help

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