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• Segmentation fault on returning from main (very short and simple code, no arrays or pointers)

  - by Gábor Kovács

  I've been wondering why the following trivial code produces a segmentation fault when returning from main(): //Produces "Error while dumping state (probably corrupted stack); Segmentation fault" #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <vector> using namespace std; class Test { vector<int> numbers; }; int main() { Test a; ifstream infile; cout << "Last statement..." << endl; // this gets executed return 0; } Interestingly, 1) if only one of the two variables is declared, I don't get the error, 2) if I declare a vector variable instead of an object with a vector member, everything's fine, 3) if I declare an ofstream instead of an ifstream, again, everything works fine. Something appears to be wrong with this specific combination... Could this be a compiler bug? I use gcc version 3.4.4 with cygwin. Thanks for the tips in advance. Gábor

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• MySQL Config File for Large System

  - by Jonathon

  We are running MySQL on a Windows 2003 Server Enterpise Edition box. MySQL is about the only program running on the box. We have approx. 8 slaves replicated to it, but my understanding is that having multiple slaves connecting to the same master does not significantly slow down performance, if at all. The master server has 16G RAM, 10 Terabyte drives in RAID 10, and four dual-core processors. From what I have seen from other sites, we have a really robust machine as our master db server. We just upgraded from a machine with only 4G RAM, but with similar hard drives, RAID, etc. It also ran Apache on it, so it was our db server and our application server. It was getting a little slow, so we split the db server onto this new machine and kept the application server on the first machine. We also distributed the application load amongst a few of our other slave servers, which also run the application. The problem is the new db server has mysqld.exe consuming 95-100% of CPU almost all the time and is really causing the app to run slowly. I know we have several queries and table structures that could be better optimized, but since they worked okay on the older, smaller server, I assume that our my.ini (MySQL config) file is not properly configured. Most of what I see on the net is for setting config files on small machines, so can anyone help me get the my.ini file correct for a large dedicated machine like ours? I just don't see how mysqld could get so bogged down! FYI: We have about 100 queries per second. We only use MyISAM tables, so skip-innodb is set in the ini file. And yes, I know it is reading the ini file correctly because I can change some settings (like the server-id and it will kill the server at startup). Here is the my.ini file: #MySQL Server Instance Configuration File # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- # Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard # # # Installation Instructions # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- # # On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options, # mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options # (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to # ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options. # # On Windows you should keep this file in the installation directory # of your server (e.g. C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To # make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option # "--defaults-file". # # To run run the server from the command line, execute this in a # command line shell, e.g. # mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini" # # To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a # command line shell, e.g. # mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini" # # And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g. # net start MySQLXY # # # Guildlines for editing this file # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- # # In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports. # If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program # with the "--help" option. # # More detailed information about the individual options can also be # found in the manual. # # # CLIENT SECTION # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- # # The following options will be read by MySQL client applications. # Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed # to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to # honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the # MySQL client library initialization. # [client] port=3306 [mysql] default-character-set=latin1 # SERVER SECTION # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- # # The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that # you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this # file. # [mysqld] # The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on port=3306 #Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this. basedir="D:/MySQL/" #Path to the database root datadir="D:/MySQL/data" # The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is # created and no character set is defined default-character-set=latin1 # The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when default-storage-engine=MYISAM # Set the SQL mode to strict #sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION" # we changed this because there are a couple of queries that can get blocked otherwise sql-mode="" #performance configs skip-locking max_allowed_packet = 1M table_open_cache = 512 # The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will # allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with # SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the # connection limit has been reached. max_connections=1510 # Query cache is used to cache SELECT results and later return them # without actual executing the same query once again. Having the query # cache enabled may result in significant speed improvements, if your # have a lot of identical queries and rarely changing tables. See the # "Qcache_lowmem_prunes" status variable to check if the current value # is high enough for your load. # Note: In case your tables change very often or if your queries are # textually different every time, the query cache may result in a # slowdown instead of a performance improvement. query_cache_size=168M # The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value # increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires. # Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files # allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in # section [mysqld_safe] table_cache=3020 # Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table # grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk # based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many # of them. tmp_table_size=30M # How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client # disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't # more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces # the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new # connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance # improvement if you have a good thread implementation.) thread_cache_size=64 #*** MyISAM Specific options # The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while # recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE. # If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created # through the key cache (which is slower). myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G # If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger # than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the # key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in # large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index. myisam_sort_buffer_size=64M # Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables. # Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory # is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using # MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be # used for internal temporary disk tables. key_buffer_size=3072M # Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables. # Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed. read_buffer_size=2M read_rnd_buffer_size=8M # This buffer is allocated when MySQL needs to rebuild the index in # REPAIR, OPTIMZE, ALTER table statements as well as in LOAD DATA INFILE # into an empty table. It is allocated per thread so be careful with # large settings. sort_buffer_size=2M #*** INNODB Specific options *** innodb_data_home_dir="D:/MySQL InnoDB Datafiles/" # Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled # but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space # and speed up some things. skip-innodb # Additional memory pool that is used by InnoDB to store metadata # information. If InnoDB requires more memory for this purpose it will # start to allocate it from the OS. As this is fast enough on most # recent operating systems, you normally do not need to change this # value. SHOW INNODB STATUS will display the current amount used. innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=11M # If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the # disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are # willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small # transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the # logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and # the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2 # means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log # file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second. innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1 # The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as # it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed # once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large # (even with long transactions). innodb_log_buffer_size=6M # InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and # row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to # access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this # parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it # too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may # cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you # might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not # set it too high. innodb_buffer_pool_size=500M # Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size # of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid # unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However, # note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the # recovery process. innodb_log_file_size=100M # Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value # depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS # scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing. innodb_thread_concurrency=10 #replication settings (this is the master) log-bin=log server-id = 1 Thanks for all the help. It is greatly appreciated.

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• [MySQL] Load data from .csv applying regex before insert into table

  - by Gabriel L. Oliveira

  I know that there is a code to import .csv data into a mysql table, and I'm using this one: LOAD DATA INFILE "file.csv" INTO TABLE foo FIELDS TERMINATED BY "," LINES TERMINATED BY "\\r\\n"; The data inside this .csv are lines like this example: 08/e0/Breast_Cancer_Res_2001_Nov_2_3(1)_55-60.tar.gz Breast Cancer Res. 2001 Nov 2; 3(1):55-60 PMC13900 b0/ac/Breast_Cancer_Res_2001_Nov_9_3(1)_61-65.tar.gz Breast Cancer Res. 2001 Nov 9; 3(1):61-65 PMC13901 I just want the first part (the .tar.gz path), always on the pattern (letter or number)(letter or number) / (letter or number)(letter or number)/... and the part starting by 'PMC', always on the pattern PMC(number...) where 'number' means a number between 0 to 9 and a letter means a letter between a to z (both upper and lower case) So, applying the LOAD DATA, and the regex, and inserting the result entries on my sql table, the result table should be: 1 08/e0/Breast_Cancer_Res_2001_Nov_2_3(1)_55-60.tar.gz PMC13900 2 b0/ac/Breast_Cancer_Res_2001_Nov_9_3(1)_61-65.tar.gz PMC13901 What should be the SQL command to do all this?

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• cin.getline() equivalent when getting a char from a function.

  - by Aaron

  From what I understand cin.getLine gets the first char(which I think it a pointer) and then gets that the length. I have used it when cin for a char. I have a function that is returning a pointer to the first char in an array. Is there an equivalent to get the rest of the array into a char that I can use the entire array. I explained below what I am trying to do. The function works fine, but if it would help I could post the function. cmd_str[0]=infile();// get the pointer from a function cout<<"pp1>"; cout<< "test1"<<endl; // cin.getline(cmd_str,500);something like this with the array from the function cout<<cmd_str<<endl; this would print out the entire array cout<<"test2"<<endl; length=0; length= shell(cmd_str);// so I could pass it to this function

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• Best Approach for Checking and Inserting Records

  - by nevets1219

  In one of our existing C programs which purpose is: Open connection to DB for record in all_record: if record contain certain data: if record is NOT in table A: // see #1 insert record information into table A and B // see #2 Close connection to DB select field from table where field=XXX 2 inserts This is typically done every X months to sync everything up or so I'm told. I've also been told that this process takes roughly a couple of days. There is (currently) at most 2.5million records (though not necessarily all 2.5m will be inserted). One of the table contains 10 fields and the other 5 fields. There isn't much to be done about iterating through the records since that part can't be changed at the moment. What I would like to do is speed up the part where I query MySQL. I'm not sure if I have left out any important details -- please let me know! I'm also no SQL expert so feel free to point out the obvious. I thought about: Putting all the inserts into a transaction (at the moment I'm not sure how important it is for the transaction to be all-or-none or if this affects performance) Using Insert X Where Not Exists Y LOAD DATA INFILE (but that would require I create a (possibly) large temp file) I read that (hopefully someone can confirm) I should drop indexes so they aren't re-calculated. mysql Ver 14.7 Distrib 4.1.22, for sun-solaris2.10 (sparc) using readline 4.3

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• Problem with files consists of spaces and single quotes?

  - by Vijay

  I'using the following code to create thumbnails using ffmpeg but it was working fine for the files which have no spaces or any quotes.. But when the file has a space (like 'sachin knock.flv') or files which have quotes (like sachin's_double_cent.mp4) it doesn't work.. What can i do to get those files work accurately? One restriction is that i can't rename files as they are lump some.. My code is <?php error_reporting(E_ALL); extension_loaded('ffmpeg') or die('Error in loading ffmpeg'); $link = mysql_connect('localhost', 'root', ''); if (!$link) { die('Not connected : ' . mysql_error()); } $db_selected = mysql_select_db('db', $link); $max_width = 120; $max_height = 72; $path ="/home/rootuser/public_html/temp/"; $qry="select id, input_file, output_file from videos where thumbnail='' or thumbnail is null;"; $res=mysql_query($qry); while($row = mysql_fetch_array($res,MYSQL_ASSOC)) { $orig_str = array(" "); $rep_str = array("\ "); $outfile = $row[output_file]; // $infile = $row[input_file]; $infile1 = str_replace($orig_str, $rep_str, $outfile); $tmp = explode(".",$infile1); $tmp_name = $tmp[0]; $imgname = $tmp_name.".png"; $srcfile = "/home/rootuser/public_html/uploaded_vids/".$outfile; echo exec("ffmpeg -i ".$srcfile." -r 1 -ss 00:00:05 -f image2 -s 120x72 ".$path.$imgname); $nname = "./temp/".$imgname; $fileo = fopen($nname,"rb"); if($fileo) { $imgData = addslashes(file_get_contents($nname)); echo $imgdata; $qryy="update videos set thumbnail='{$imgData}' where input_file='$outfile'"; $ress=mysql_query($qryy); } else echo "Could not open<br><br>"; unlink('$nname'); } ?>

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• Elfsign Object Signing on Solaris

  - by danx

  Elfsign Object Signing on Solaris Don't let this happen to you—use elfsign! Solaris elfsign(1) is a command that signs and verifies ELF format executables. That includes not just executable programs (such as ls or cp), but other ELF format files including libraries (such as libnvpair.so) and kernel modules (such as autofs). Elfsign has been available since Solaris 10 and ELF format files distributed with Solaris, since Solaris 10, are signed by either Sun Microsystems or its successor, Oracle Corporation. When an ELF file is signed, elfsign adds a new section the ELF file, .SUNW_signature, that contains a RSA public key signature and other information about the signer. That is, the algorithm used, algorithm OID, signer CN/OU, and time stamp. The signature section can later be verified by elfsign or other software by matching the signature in the file agains the ELF file contents (excluding the signature). ELF executable files may also be signed by a 3rd-party or by the customer. This is useful for verifying the origin and authenticity of executable files installed on a system. The 3rd-party or customer public key certificate should be installed in /etc/certs/ to allow verification by elfsign. For currently-released versions of Solaris, only cryptographic framework plugin libraries are verified by Solaris. However, all ELF files may be verified by the elfsign command at any time. Elfsign Algorithms Elfsign signatures are created by taking a digest of the ELF section contents, then signing the digest with RSA. To verify, one takes a digest of ELF file and compares with the expected digest that's computed from the signature and RSA public key. Originally elfsign took a MD5 digest of a SHA-1 digest of the ELF file sections, then signed the resulting digest with RSA. In Solaris 11.1 then Solaris 11.1 SRU 7 (5/2013), the elfsign crypto algorithms available have been expanded to keep up with evolving cryptography. The following table shows the available elfsign algorithms: Elfsign Algorithm Solaris Release Comments elfsign sign -F rsa_md5_sha1   S10, S11.0, S11.1 Default for S10. Not recommended* elfsign sign -F rsa_sha1 S11.1 Default for S11.1. Not recommended elfsign sign -F rsa_sha256 S11.1 patch SRU7+   Recommended ___ *Most or all CAs do not accept MD5 CSRs and do not issue MD5 certs due to MD5 hash collision problems. RSA Key Length. I recommend using RSA-2048 key length with elfsign is RSA-2048 as the best balance between a long expected "life time", interoperability, and performance. RSA-2048 keys have an expected lifetime through 2030 (and probably beyond). For details, see Recommendation for Key Management: Part 1: General, NIST Publication SP 800-57 part 1 (rev. 3, 7/2012, PDF), tables 2 and 4 (pp. 64, 67). Step 1: create or obtain a key and cert The first step in using elfsign is to obtain a key and cert from a public Certificate Authority (CA), or create your own self-signed key and cert. I'll briefly explain both methods. Obtaining a Certificate from a CA To obtain a cert from a CA, such as Verisign, Thawte, or Go Daddy (to name a few random examples), you create a private key and a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) file and send it to the CA, following the instructions of the CA on their website. They send back a signed public key certificate. The public key cert, along with the private key you created is used by elfsign to sign an ELF file. The public key cert is distributed with the software and is used by elfsign to verify elfsign signatures in ELF files. You need to request a RSA "Class 3 public key certificate", which is used for servers and software signing. Elfsign uses RSA and we recommend RSA-2048 keys. The private key and CSR can be generated with openssl(1) or pktool(1) on Solaris. Here's a simple example that uses pktool to generate a private RSA_2048 key and a CSR for sending to a CA: $ pktool gencsr keystore=file format=pem outcsr=MYCSR.p10 \ subject="CN=canineswworks.com,OU=Canine SW object signing" \ outkey=MYPRIVATEKEY.key $ openssl rsa -noout -text -in MYPRIVATEKEY.key Private-Key: (2048 bit) modulus: 00:d2:ef:42:f2:0b:8c:96:9f:45:32:fc:fe:54:94: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . c9:c7 publicExponent: 65537 (0x10001) privateExponent: 26:14:fc:49:26:bc:a3:14:ee:31:5e:6b:ac:69:83: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 81 prime1: 00:f6:b7:52:73:bc:26:57:26:c8:11:eb:6c:dc:cb: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . bc:91:d0:40:d6:9d:ac:b5:69 prime2: 00:da:df:3f:56:b2:18:46:e1:89:5b:6c:f1:1a:41: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . f3:b7:48:de:c3:d9:ce:af:af exponent1: 00:b9:a2:00:11:02:ed:9a:3f:9c:e4:16:ce:c7:67: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 55:50:25:70:d3:ca:b9:ab:99 exponent2: 00:c8:fc:f5:57:11:98:85:8e:9a:ea:1f:f2:8f:df: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 23:57:0e:4d:b2:a0:12:d2:f5 coefficient: 2f:60:21:cd:dc:52:76:67:1a:d8:75:3e:7f:b0:64: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 06:94:56:d8:9d:5c:8e:9b $ openssl req -noout -text -in MYCSR.p10 Certificate Request: Data: Version: 2 (0x2) Subject: OU=Canine SW object signing, CN=canineswworks.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (2048 bit) Modulus: 00:d2:ef:42:f2:0b:8c:96:9f:45:32:fc:fe:54:94: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . c9:c7 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) Attributes: Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption b3:e8:30:5b:88:37:68:1c:26:6b:45:af:5e:de:ea:60:87:ea: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 06:f9:ed:b4 Secure storage of RSA private key. The private key needs to be protected if the key signing is used for production (as opposed to just testing). That is, protect the key to protect against unauthorized signatures by others. One method is to use a PIN-protected PKCS#11 keystore. The private key you generate should be stored in a secure manner, such as in a PKCS#11 keystore using pktool(1). Otherwise others can sign your signature. Other secure key storage mechanisms include a SCA-6000 crypto card, a USB thumb drive stored in a locked area, a dedicated server with restricted access, Oracle Key Manager (OKM), or some combination of these. I also recommend secure backup of the private key. Here's an example of generating a private key protected in the PKCS#11 keystore, and a CSR. $ pktool setpin # use if PIN not set yet Enter token passphrase: changeme Create new passphrase: Re-enter new passphrase: Passphrase changed. $ pktool gencsr keystore=pkcs11 label=MYPRIVATEKEY \ format=pem outcsr=MYCSR.p10 \ subject="CN=canineswworks.com,OU=Canine SW object signing" $ pktool list keystore=pkcs11 Enter PIN for Sun Software PKCS#11 softtoken: Found 1 asymmetric public keys. Key #1 - RSA public key: MYPRIVATEKEY Here's another example that uses openssl instead of pktool to generate a private key and CSR: $ openssl genrsa -out cert.key 2048 $ openssl req -new -key cert.key -out MYCSR.p10 Self-Signed Cert You can use openssl or pktool to create a private key and a self-signed public key certificate. A self-signed cert is useful for development, testing, and internal use. The private key created should be stored in a secure manner, as mentioned above. The following example creates a private key, MYSELFSIGNED.key, and a public key cert, MYSELFSIGNED.pem, using pktool and displays the contents with the openssl command. $ pktool gencert keystore=file format=pem serial=0xD06F00D lifetime=20-year \ keytype=rsa hash=sha256 outcert=MYSELFSIGNED.pem outkey=MYSELFSIGNED.key \ subject="O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com" $ pktool list keystore=file objtype=cert infile=MYSELFSIGNED.pem Found 1 certificates. 1. (X.509 certificate) Filename: MYSELFSIGNED.pem ID: c8:24:59:08:2b:ae:6e:5c:bc:26:bd:ef:0a:9c:54:de:dd:0f:60:46 Subject: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Issuer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Not Before: Oct 17 23:18:00 2013 GMT Not After: Oct 12 23:18:00 2033 GMT Serial: 0xD06F00D0 Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption $ openssl x509 -noout -text -in MYSELFSIGNED.pem Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 3496935632 (0xd06f00d0) Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption Issuer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Validity Not Before: Oct 17 23:18:00 2013 GMT Not After : Oct 12 23:18:00 2033 GMT Subject: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (2048 bit) Modulus: 00:bb:e8:11:21:d9:4b:88:53:8b:6c:5a:7a:38:8b: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . bf:77 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption 9e:39:fe:c8:44:5c:87:2c:8f:f4:24:f6:0c:9a:2f:64:84:d1: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 5f:78:8e:e8 $ openssl rsa -noout -text -in MYSELFSIGNED.key Private-Key: (2048 bit) modulus: 00:bb:e8:11:21:d9:4b:88:53:8b:6c:5a:7a:38:8b: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . bf:77 publicExponent: 65537 (0x10001) privateExponent: 0a:06:0f:23:e7:1b:88:62:2c:85:d3:2d:c1:e6:6e: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 9c:e1:e0:0a:52:77:29:4a:75:aa:02:d8:af:53:24: c1 prime1: 00:ea:12:02:bb:5a:0f:5a:d8:a9:95:b2:ba:30:15: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 5b:ca:9c:7c:19:48:77:1e:5d prime2: 00:cd:82:da:84:71:1d:18:52:cb:c6:4d:74:14:be: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 5f:db:d5:5e:47:89:a7:ef:e3 exponent1: 32:37:62:f6:a6:bf:9c:91:d6:f0:12:c3:f7:04:e9: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 97:3e:33:31:89:66:64:d1 exponent2: 00:88:a2:e8:90:47:f8:75:34:8f:41:50:3b:ce:93: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . ff:74:d4:be:f3:47:45:bd:cb coefficient: 4d:7c:09:4c:34:73:c4:26:f0:58:f5:e1:45:3c:af: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . af:01:5f:af:ad:6a:09:bf Step 2: Sign the ELF File object By now you should have your private key, and obtained, by hook or crook, a cert (either from a CA or use one you created (a self-signed cert). The next step is to sign one or more objects with your private key and cert. Here's a simple example that creates an object file, signs, verifies, and lists the contents of the ELF signature. $ echo '#include <stdio.h>\nint main(){printf("Hello\\n");}'>hello.c $ make hello cc -o hello hello.c $ elfsign verify -v -c MYSELFSIGNED.pem -e hello elfsign: no signature found in hello. $ elfsign sign -F rsa_sha256 -v -k MYSELFSIGNED.key -c MYSELFSIGNED.pem -e hello elfsign: hello signed successfully. format: rsa_sha256. signer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com. signed on: October 17, 2013 04:22:49 PM PDT. $ elfsign list -f format -e hello rsa_sha256 $ elfsign list -f signer -e hello O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com $ elfsign list -f time -e hello October 17, 2013 04:22:49 PM PDT $ elfsign verify -v -c MYSELFSIGNED.key -e hello elfsign: verification of hello failed. format: rsa_sha256. signer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com. signed on: October 17, 2013 04:22:49 PM PDT. Signing using the pkcs11 keystore To sign the ELF file using a private key in the secure pkcs11 keystore, replace "-K MYSELFSIGNED.key" in the "elfsign sign" command line with "-T MYPRIVATEKEY", where MYPRIVATKEY is the pkcs11 token label. Step 3: Install the cert and test on another system Just signing the object isn't enough. You need to copy or install the cert and the signed ELF file(s) on another system to test that the signature is OK. Your public key cert should be installed in /etc/certs. Use elfsign verify to verify the signature. Elfsign verify checks each cert in /etc/certs until it finds one that matches the elfsign signature in the file. If one isn't found, the verification fails. Here's an example: $ su Password: # rm /etc/certs/MYSELFSIGNED.key # cp MYSELFSIGNED.pem /etc/certs # exit $ elfsign verify -v hello elfsign: verification of hello passed. format: rsa_sha256. signer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com. signed on: October 17, 2013 04:24:20 PM PDT. After testing, package your cert along with your ELF object to allow elfsign verification after your cert and object are installed or copied. Under the Hood: elfsign verification Here's the steps taken to verify a ELF file signed with elfsign. The steps to sign the file are similar except the private key exponent is used instead of the public key exponent and the .SUNW_signature section is written to the ELF file instead of being read from the file. Generate a digest (SHA-256) of the ELF file sections. This digest uses all ELF sections loaded in memory, but excludes the ELF header, the .SUNW_signature section, and the symbol table Extract the RSA signature (RSA-2048) from the .SUNW_signature section Extract the RSA public key modulus and public key exponent (65537) from the public key cert Calculate the expected digest as follows:     signaturepublicKeyExponent % publicKeyModulus Strip the PKCS#1 padding (most significant bytes) from the above. The padding is 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, . . ., 0xff, 0x00. If the actual digest == expected digest, the ELF file is verified (OK). Further Information elfsign(1), pktool(1), and openssl(1) man pages. "Signed Solaris 10 Binaries?" blog by Darren Moffat (2005) shows how to use elfsign. "Simple CLI based CA on Solaris" blog by Darren Moffat (2008) shows how to set up a simple CA for use with self-signed certificates. "How to Create a Certificate by Using the pktool gencert Command" System Administration Guide: Security Services (available at docs.oracle.com)

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• How to make the tokenizer detect empty spaces while using strtok()

  - by Shadi Al Mahallawy

  I am designing a c++ program, somewhere in the program i need to detect if there is a blank(empty token) next to the token used know eg. if(token1==start) { token2=strtok(NULL," "); if(token2==NULL) {LCCTR=0;} else {LCCTR=atoi(token2);} so in the previous peice token1 is pointing to start , and i want to check if there is anumber next to the start , so I used token2=strtok(NULL," ") to point to the next token but unfortunattly the strtok function cannot detect empty spaces so it gives me an error at run time"INVALID NULL POINTER" how can i fix it or is there another function to use to detect empty spaces #include <iostream> #include<string> #include<map> #include<iomanip> #include<fstream> #include<ctype.h> using namespace std; const int MAX=300; int LCCTR; int START(char* token1); char* PASS1(char*token1); void tokinizer() { ifstream in; ofstream out; char oneline[MAX]; in.open("infile.txt"); out.open("outfile.txt"); if(in.is_open()) { char *token1; in.getline(oneline,MAX); token1 = strtok(oneline," \t"); START (token1); //cout<<'\t'; while(token1!=NULL) { //PASS1(token1); //cout<<token1<<" "; token1=strtok(NULL," \t"); if(NULL==token1) {//cout<<endl; //cout<<LCCTR<<'\t'; in.getline(oneline,MAX); token1 = strtok(oneline," \t"); } } } in.close(); out.close(); } int START(char* token1) { string start("START"); char*token2; if(token1 != start) {LCCTR=0;} else if(token1==start) { token2=strchr(token1+2,' '); cout<<token2; if(token2==NULL) {LCCTR=0;} else {LCCTR=atoi(token2); if(atoi(token2)>9999||atoi(token2)<0){cout<<"IVALID STARTING ADDRESS"<<endl;exit(1);} } } return LCCTR; } char* PASS1 (char*token1) { map<string,int> operations; map<string,int>symtable; map<string,int>::iterator it; pair<map<string,int>::iterator,bool> ret; char*token3=NULL; char*token2=NULL; string test; string comp(" "); string start("START"); string word("WORD"); string byte("BYTE"); string resb("RESB"); string resw("RESW"); string end("END"); operations["ADD"] = 18; operations["AND"] = 40; operations["COMP"] = 28; operations["DIV"] = 24; operations["J"] = 0X3c; operations["JEQ"] =30; operations["JGT"] =34; operations["JLT"] =38; operations["JSUB"] =48; operations["LDA"] =00; operations["LDCH"] =50; operations["LDL"] =55; operations["LDX"] =04; operations["MUL"] =20; operations["OR"] =44; operations["RD"] =0xd8; operations["RSUB"] =0x4c; operations["STA"] =0x0c; operations["STCH"] =54; operations["STL"] =14; operations["STSW"] =0xe8; operations["STX"] =10; operations["SUB"] =0x1c; operations["TD"] =0xe0; operations["TIX"] =0x2c; operations["WD"] =0xdc; if(operations.find("ADD")->first==token1) { token2=strtok(NULL," "); //test=token2; cout<<token2; //if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} //else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } /*else if(operations.find("AND")->first==token1) { token2=strtok(NULL," "); test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("COMP")->first==token1) { token2=token1+5; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("DIV")->first==token1) { token2=token1+4; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("J")->first==token1) { token2=token1+2; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("JEQ")->first==token1) { token2=token1+5; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("JGT")->first==token1) { token2=strtok(NULL," "); test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("JLT")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("JSUB")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("LDA")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("LDCH")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("LDL")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("LDX")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("MUL")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("OR")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("RD")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("RSUB")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("STA")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("STCH")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("STL")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("STSW")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("STX")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("SUB")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("TD")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("TIX")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} } else if(operations.find("WD")->first==token1) { token2=token1+6; test=token2; if(test.empty()){cout<<"MISSING OPERAND"<<endl;exit(1);} else{LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} }*/ //else if( if(word==token1) {LCCTR=LCCTR+3;} else if(byte==token1) {string test; token2=token1+7; test=token2; if(test[0]=='C') {token3=token1+10; test=token3; if(test.length()>15) {cout<<"ERROR"<<endl; exit(1);} } else if(test[0]=='X') {token3=token1+10; test=token3; if(test.length()>14) {cout<<"ERROR"<<endl; exit(1);} } LCCTR=LCCTR+test.length(); } else if(resb==token1) {token3=token1+5; LCCTR=LCCTR+atoi(token3);} else if(resw==token1) {token3=token1+5; LCCTR=LCCTR+3*atoi(token3);} else if(end==token1) {exit(1);} /*else { test=token1; int last=test.length(); if(token1==start||test[0]=='C'||test[0]=='X'||ispunct(test[last])||isdigit(test[0])||isdigit(test[1])||isdigit(test[2])||isdigit(test[3])){} else { token2=strtok(NULL," "); //test=token2; cout<<token2; if(token2!=NULL) { symtable.insert( pair<string,int>(token1,LCCTR)); for(it=symtable.begin() ;it!=symtable.end() ;++it) {/*cout<<"symbol: "<<it->first<<" LCCTR: "<<it->second<<endl;} } else{} } }*/ return token3; } int main() { tokinizer(); return 0; }

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