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  • How to find nth element from the end of a singly linked list?

    - by Codenotguru
    The following function is trying to find the nth to last element of a singly linked list. For example: If the elements are 8->10->5->7->2->1->5->4->10->10 then the result is 7th to last node is 7. Can anybody help me on how this code is working or is there a better and simpler approach? LinkedListNode nthToLast(LinkedListNode head, int n) { if (head == null || n < 1) { return null; } LinkedListNode p1 = head; LinkedListNode p2 = head; for (int j = 0; j < n - 1; ++j) { // skip n-1 steps ahead if (p2 == null) { return null; // not found since list size < n } p2 = p2.next; } while (p2.next != null) { p1 = p1.next; p2 = p2.next; } return p1; }

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  • Test if single linked list is circular by traversing it only once

    - by user1589754
    I am a fresher and I was asked this question in a recent interview I gave. The question was --- By traversing each element of linked list just once find if the single linked list is circular at any point. To this I answered that we will store reference of each node while traversing the list in another linked list and for every node in the list being tested we will find if the reference exists in the list I am storing the references. The interviewer said that he needs a more optimized way to solve this problem. Can anyone please tell me what would be a more optimized method to solve this problem.

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  • Refresh decorator

    - by Morgoth
    I'm trying to write a decorator that 'refreshes' after being called, but where the refreshing only occurs once after the last function exits. Here is an example: @auto_refresh def a(): print "In a" @auto_refresh def b(): print "In b" a() If a() is called, I want the refresh function to be run after exiting a(). If b() is called, I want the refresh function to be run after exiting b(), but not after a() when called by b(). Here is an example of a class that does this: class auto_refresh(object): def __init__(self, f): print "Initializing decorator" self.f = f def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): print "Before function" if 'refresh' in kwargs: refresh = kwargs.pop('refresh') else: refresh = False self.f(*args, **kwargs) print "After function" if refresh: print "Refreshing" With this decorator, if I run b() print '---' b(refresh=True) print '---' b(refresh=False) I get the following output: Initializing decorator Initializing decorator Before function In b Before function In a After function After function --- Before function In b Before function In a After function After function Refreshing --- Before function In b Before function In a After function After function So when written this way, not specifying the refresh argument means that refresh is defaulted to False. Can anyone think of a way to change this so that refresh is True when not specified? Changing the refresh = False to refresh = True in the decorator does not work: Initializing decorator Initializing decorator Before function In b Before function In a After function Refreshing After function Refreshing --- Before function In b Before function In a After function Refreshing After function Refreshing --- Before function In b Before function In a After function Refreshing After function because refresh then gets called multiple times in the first and second case, and once in the last case (when it should be once in the first and second case, and not in the last case).

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  • Random access gzip stream

    - by jkff
    I'd like to be able to do random access into a gzipped file. I can afford to do some preprocessing on it (say, build some kind of index), provided that the result of the preprocessing is much smaller than the file itself. Any advice? My thoughts were: Hack on an existing gzip implementation and serialize its decompressor state every, say, 1 megabyte of compressed data. Then to do random access, deserialize the decompressor state and read from the megabyte boundary. This seems hard, especially since I'm working with Java and I couldn't find a pure-java gzip implementation :( Re-compress the file in chunks of 1Mb and do same as above. This has the disadvantage of doubling the required disk space. Write a simple parser of the gzip format that doesn't do any decompressing and only detects and indexes block boundaries (if there even are any blocks: I haven't yet read the gzip format description)

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  • MATLAB: Reading floating point numbers and strings from a file

    - by xsound
    I am using the following functions for writing and reading 4098 floating point numbers in MATLAB: Writing: fid = fopen(completepath, 'w'); fprintf(fid, '%1.30f\r\n', y) Reading: data = textread(completepath, '%f', 4098); where y contains 4098 numbers. I now want to write and read 3 strings at the end of this data. How do I read two different datatypes? Please help me. Thanks in advance.

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  • Zoom image to pixel level

    - by zaf
    For an art project, one of the things I'll be doing is zooming in on an image to a particular pixel. I've been rubbing my chin and would love some advice on how to proceed. Here are the input parameters: Screen: sw - screen width sh - screen height Image: iw - image width ih - image height Pixel: px - x position of pixel in image py - y position of pixel in image Zoom: zf - zoom factor (0.0 to 1.0) Background colour: bc - background colour to use when screen and image aspect ratios are different Outputs: The zoomed image (no anti-aliasing) The screen position/dimensions of the pixel we are zooming to. When zf is 0 the image must fit the screen with correct aspect ratio. When zf is 1 the selected pixel fits the screen with correct aspect ratio. One idea I had was to use something like povray and move the camera towards a big image texture or some library (e.g. pygame) to do the zooming. Anyone think of something more clever with simple pseudo code? To keep it more simple you can make the image and screen have the same aspect ratio. I can live with that. I'll update with more info as its required.

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  • Drawing N-width lines?

    - by user146780
    Given a series of points, how could I calculate the vector for that line 5 pixels away? Ex: Given: \ \ \ How could I find the vector for \ \ \ \ \ \ The ones on the right. But bear in mind that it may not always be a nice straight line. I'm trying to figure out how programs like Flash can make thick outlines. Thanks

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  • How to draw/manage a hexagon grid?

    - by W.N.
    I've read this article: generating/creating hexagon grid in C . But look like both the author and answerer have already abandoned it. v(hexagonSide - hexagonWidth * hexagonWidth): What's hexagonSide and hexagonWidth? Isn't it will < 0 (so square root can't be calculated). And, can I put a hexagon into a rectangle? I need to create a grid like this: One more thing, how can I arrange my array to store data, as well as get which cells are next to one cell? I have never been taught about hexagon, so I know nothing about it, but I can easily learn new thing, so if you can explain or give me a clue, I may do it myself.

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  • Detecting Singularities in a Graph

    - by nasufara
    I am creating a graphing calculator in Java as a project for my programming class. There are two main components to this calculator: the graph itself, which draws the line(s), and the equation evaluator, which takes in an equation as a String and... well, evaluates it. To create the line, I create a Path2D.Double instance, and loop through the points on the line. To do this, I calculate as many points as the graph is wide (e.g. if the graph itself is 500px wide, I calculate 500 points), and then scale it to the window of the graph. Now, this works perfectly for most any line. However, it does not when dealing with singularities. If, when calculating points, the graph encounters a domain error (such as 1/0), the graph closes the shape in the Path2D.Double instance and starts a new line, so that the line looks mathematically correct. Example: However, because of the way it scales, sometimes it is rendered correctly, sometimes it isn't. When it isn't, the actual asymptotic line is shown, because within those 500 points, it skipped over x = 2.0 in the equation 1 / (x-2), and only did x = 1.98 and x = 2.04, which are perfectly valid in that equation. Example: In that case, I increased the window on the left and right one unit each. My question is: Is there a way to deal with singularities using this method of scaling so that the resulting line looks mathematically correct? I myself have thought of implementing a binary search-esque method, where, if it finds that it calculates one point, and then the next point is wildly far away from the last point, it searches in between those points for a domain error. I had trouble figuring out how to make it work in practice, however. Thank you for any help you may give!

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  • Return a number between 0 and 4

    - by munchine
    How do I return a number between 0 and 4, depending the input number? For example if I pass it number 23 it will return 3. The number set should look like 0 5 10 15 20 .. 1 6 11 16 21 .. 2 7 12 17 22 .. 3 8 13 18 23 .. 4 9 14 19 24 What's the math for this?

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  • Deletion procedure for a Binary Search Tree

    - by Metz
    Consider the deletion procedure on a BST, when the node to delete has two children. Let's say i always replace it with the node holding the minimum key in its right subtree. The question is: is this procedure commutative? That is, deleting x and then y has the same result than deleting first y and then x? I think the answer is no, but i can't find a counterexample, nor figure out any valid reasoning. EDIT: Maybe i've got to be clearer. Consider the transplant(node x, node y) procedure: it replace x with y (and its subtree). So, if i want to delete a node (say x) which has two children i replace it with the node holding the minimum key in its right subtree: y = minimum(x.right) transplant(y, y.right) // extracts the minimum (it doesn't have left child) y.right = x.right y.left = x.left transplant(x,y) The question was how to prove the procedure above is not commutative.

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  • Find a missing 32bit integer among a unsorted array containing at most 4 billion ints

    - by pierr
    Hi, This is the problem described in Programming pearls. I can not understand binary search method descrbied by the author. Can any one helps to elaborate? Thanks. EDIT: I can understand binary search in general. I just can not understand how to apply binary search in this special case. How to decide the missing number is in or not in some range so that we can choose another. English is not my native language, that is one reason I can not understand the author well. So, use plain english please:) EDIT: Thank you all for your great answer and comments ! The most important lesson I leant from solving this question is Binary search applies not only on sorted array!

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  • Minimum cost strongly connected digraph

    - by Kazoom
    I have a digraph which is strongly connected (i.e. there is a path from i to j and j to i for each pair of nodes (i, j) in the graph G). I wish to find a strongly connected graph out of this graph such that the sum of all edges is the least. To put it differently, I need to get rid of edges in such a way that after removing them, the graph will still be strongly connected and of least cost for the sum of edges. I think it's an NP hard problem. I'm looking for an optimal solution, not approximation, for a small set of data like 20 nodes. Edit A more general description: Given a grap G(V,E) find a graph G'(V,E') such that if there exists a path from v1 to v2 in G than there also exists a path between v1 and v2 in G' and sum of each ei in E' is the least possible. so its similar to finding a minimum equivalent graph, only here we want to minimize the sum of edge weights rather than sum of edges. Edit: My approach so far: I thought of solving it using TSP with multiple visits, but it is not correct. My goal here is to cover each city but using a minimum cost path. So, it's more like the cover set problem, I guess, but I'm not exactly sure. I'm required to cover each and every city using paths whose total cost is minimum, so visiting already visited paths multiple times does not add to the cost.

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  • KD-Trees and missing values (vector comparison)

    - by labratmatt
    I have a system that stores vectors and allows a user to find the n most similar vectors to the user's query vector. That is, a user submits a vector (I call it a query vector) and my system spits out "here are the n most similar vectors." I generate the similar vectors using a KD-Tree and everything works well, but I want to do more. I want to present a list of the n most similar vectors even if the user doesn't submit a complete vector (a vector with missing values). That is, if a user submits a vector with three dimensions, I still want to find the n nearest vectors (stored vectors are of 11 dimensions) I have stored. I have a couple of obvious solutions, but I'm not sure either one seem very good: Create multiple KD-Trees each built using the most popular subset of dimensions a user will search for. That is, if a user submits a query vector of thee dimensions, x, y, z, I match that query to my already built KD-Tree which only contains vectors of three dimensions, x, y, z. Ignore KD-Trees when a user submits a query vector with missing values and compare the query vector to the vectors (stored in a table in a DB) one by one using something like a dot product. This has to be a common problem, any suggestions? Thanks for the help.

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  • C++ string array binary search

    - by Jose Vega
    string Haystack[] = { "Alabama", "Alaska", "American Samoa", "Arizona", "Arkansas", "California", "Colorado", "Connecticut", "Delaware", "District of Columbia", "Florida", "Georgia", "Guam", "Hawaii", "Idaho", "Illinois", "Indiana", "Iowa", "Kansas", "Kentucky", "Louisiana", "Maine", "Maryland", "Massachusetts", "Michigan", "Minnesota", "Mississippi", "Missouri", "Montana", "Nebraska", "Nevada", "New Hampshire", "New Jersey", "New Mexico", "New York", "North Carolina", "North Dakota", "Northern Mariana Islands", "Ohio", "Oklahoma", "Oregon", "Pennsylvania", "Puerto Rico", "Rhode Island", "South Carolina", "South Dakota", "Tennessee", "Texas", "US Virgin Islands", "Utah", "Vermont", "Virginia", "Washington", "West Virginia", "Wisconsin", "Wyoming"}; string Needle = "Virginia"; if(std::binary_search(Haystack, Haystack+56, Needle)) cout<<"Found"; If I also wanted to find the location of the needle in the string array, is there an "easy" way to find out?

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  • Algorithms behind load-balancers?

    - by Vimvq1987
    I need to study about load-balancers, such as Network Load Balancing, Linux Virtual Server, HAProxy,...There're somethings under-the-hood I need to know: What algorithms/technologies are used in these load-balancers? Which is the most popular? most effective? I expect that these algorithms/technologies will not be too complicated. Are there some resources written about them? Thank you very much for your help.

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  • Reverse factorial

    - by dada
    Well, we all know that if N is given it's easy to calculate N!. But what about reversing? N! is given and you are about to find N - Is that possible ? I'm curious.

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  • UVA Online Judge 3n+1 : Right answer is Wrong answer

    - by Samuraisoulification
    Ive been toying with this problem for more than a week now, I have optimized it a lot, I seem to be getting the right answer, since it's the same as when I compare it to other's answers that got accepted, but I keep getting wrong answer. Im not sure what's going on! Anyone have any advice? I think it's a problem with the input or the output, cause Im not exactly sure how this judge thing works. So if anyone could pinpoint the problem, and also give me any advice on my code, Id be very appreciative!!! #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <stdio.h> #include <vector> using namespace std; class Node{ // node for each number that has teh cycles and number private: int number; int cycles; bool cycleset; // so it knows whether to re-set the cycle public: Node(int num){ number = num; cycles = 0; cycleset = false; } int getnumber(){ return number; } int getcycles(){ return cycles; } void setnumber(int num){ number = num; } void setcycles(int num){ cycles = num; cycleset = true; } bool cycled(){ return cycleset; } }; class Cycler{ private: vector<Node> cycleArray; int biggest; int cycleReal(unsigned int number){ // actually cycles through the number int cycles = 1; if (number != 1) { if (number < 1000000) { // makes sure it's in vector bounds if (!cycleArray[number].cycled()) { // sees if it's been cycled if (number % 2 == 0) { cycles += this->cycleReal((number / 2)); } else { cycles += this->cycleReal((3 * number) + 1); } } else { // if cycled get the number of cycles and don't re-calculate, ends recursion cycles = cycleArray[number].getcycles(); } } else { // continues recursing if it's too big for the vector if (number % 2 == 0) { cycles += this->cycleReal((number / 2)); } else { cycles += this->cycleReal((3 * number) + 1); } } } if(number < 1000000){ // sets cycles table for the number in the vector if (!cycleArray[number].cycled()) { cycleArray[number].setcycles(cycles); } } return cycles; } public: Cycler(){ biggest = 0; for(int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++){ // initialize the vector, set the numbers Node temp(i); cycleArray.push_back(temp); } } int cycle(int start, int end){ // cycles thorugh the inputted numbers. int size = 0; for(int i = start; i < end ; i++){ size = this->cycleReal(i); if(size > biggest){ biggest = size; } } int temp = biggest; biggest = 0; return temp; } int getBiggest(){ return biggest; } }; int main() { Cycler testCycler; int i, j; while(cin>>i>>j){ //read in untill \n int biggest = 0; if(i > j){ biggest = testCycler.cycle(j, i); }else{ biggest = testCycler.cycle(i, j); } cout << i << " " << j << " " << biggest << endl; } return 0; }

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  • Pruning: When to Stop?

    - by cam
    When does pruning stop being efficient in a depth-first search? I've been working on an efficient method to solve the N-Queens problem and I'm looking at pruning for the first time. I've implemented it for the first two rows, but when does it stop being efficient? How far should I prune to?

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  • circuit/block-diagram drawing

    - by JCLL
    I'm looking for either algorithms or visualization tool for (nice) circuit/block-diagram drawing. I am also interested in a general formulation of the problem. By "circuit drawing", I mean the capability of exploring place & route for block-diagrams (rectangles) with I/O ports and their connections (wires). These block-diagrams can be hierarchical i.e some blocks may have some nested internal sub-structure etc. This topic is strongly related to classical graph-drawing, with the supplemental constraint of the need to take ports location into account, and possibly the shape of the blocks (rectangle of various sizes). Graphviz tools do not respond to the problem (at least my previous experiments have not been satisfactory). Force-directed algorithms retain my attention, but I have just found papers on classical directed graphs. Any hints ?

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