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• Effective backup and archive strategy for database and linked files

  - by busyspin

  I am using Postgres to store a variety of application data for a webapp. Part of the application involves storing and retrieving user uploaded files. I am storing the files in the filesystem with some associated metadata in the database. I am trying to come up with a backup and archive strategy so that I can effectively backup and archive/restore the database and the linked files. Here are the things I want to accomplish. Perform routine backups that can be used for recovery from failures and which include all DB data and the linked files. Ideally, this backup would be done while the app is running. Live backup is certainly possible with a DB but I am not sure how to keep the linked files consistent with the database during the backup process Archive chunks of data as they become "old". These chunks must includes the database data plus any linked files. It should be possible to put the archived data back into production again. It would be ideal if it were easy to determine which ranges of objects were stored in each chunk. Do you have any advice for how to accomplish these goals? If the files were in the database as BLOBS these tasks would be much easier since normal database backup and restore functionality would handle this. I am not sure how to accomplish the same thing when file data is linked to database rows.

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• `:Zone.Identifier` files keep on appearing in Windows XP virtual machine

  - by Jonathan Reno

  I have a Windows XP Home Edition guest and a Linux Mint 13 host. I use VirtualBox and the ~/Public directory is shared with the guest. It sometimes happens that I use IE on the guest system to download files (until I get a better Windows browser). All of the downloaded files go the the L:\ drive (the ~/Public directory). When they are finished downloading, Windows Explorer adds a :Zone.Identifier file for each file I download. When I extract a downloaded ZIP archive on the guest (on drive L:\), Windows creates a :Zone.Identifier file for every file in the extracted directory. This even occurs if I use the host to move a file to the ~/Public directory. The shared ~/Public directory is on an ext4 partition and the colon character is supposed to be illegal in file names in Windows, but not on the ext4 partition. Is there any way to stop Windows from putting all this rubbish on my filesystem? (I might have to create a shell script to clean up after Windows' act.) Here is what I see in Windows Explorer: By the way, if I were running a Mac OS X host (where colons are illegal file name characters) this would be even more horrendous.

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• How to convert a raw disk image to a copy-on-write image based on another image for use with kvm and

  - by Jean-Paul Calderone

  I have a virtual Windows machine running on kvm. Presently it has a 90GB raw disk image. I would like to clone this VM without having to keep two copies of the 90GB raw disk image around. It seems like a good approach for doing this is to make two new qcow or qcow2 images based on the original. First I converted the raw image to a qcow2 image: qemu-img convert -O qcow2 basewindowsxp.img basewindowsxp.qcow2 Then I tried creating a new image backed by this: qemu-img create -F qcow2 -f qcow2 -b `pwd`/basewindowsxp.qcow2 windowsxp-1.qcow2 Then I used virt-manager to point the original VM at windowsxp-1.qcow2. However, when I try to start up the VM in this new configuration, virt-manager reports an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtManager/engine.py", line 588, in run_domain vm.startup() File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtManager/domain.py", line 150, in startup self._backend.create() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/libvirt.py", line 300, in create if ret == -1: raise libvirtError ('virDomainCreate() failed', dom=self) libvirtError: internal error unable to start guest: qemu: could not open disk image /var/lib/libvirt/images/windowsxp-1.qcow2 The error suggests that the filename was misspecified or that the filesystem permissions are too restrictive, but neither of these is the case: $ ls -l /var/lib/libvirt/images/windowsxp-1.qcow2 -rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 262144 2010-05-27 08:32 /var/lib/libvirt/images/windowsxp-1.qcow2 Why won't virt-manager start this vm?

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• Optimal file system type and mount options for an rsnapshot dedicated drive

  - by Nimmy Lebby

  We have an external USB 2 drive that we are using as a backup drive for our configuration. We use rsnapshot for the backups. It uses a few standard commands for managing snapshots: rm -rf: deletes expired snapshots mv: moves older snapshots down a slot cp -al: duplicates last snapshot to new slot rsync -a --delete --numeric-ids --relative: synchronizes new snapshot As you could see by the log below, the majority of the time is spent on the rm -rf and the cp -al steps: [25/Dec/2010:14:00:02] rsnapshot hourly: started [25/Dec/2010:14:00:02] echo 21012 > /var/run/rsnapshot.pid [25/Dec/2010:14:00:02] rm -rf /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.5/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.4/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.5/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.3/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.4/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.2/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.3/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.1/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.2/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] cp -al /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.0 /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.1 [25/Dec/2010:14:23:32] rsync -a --delete --numeric-ids --relative /etc /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.0/sm4/ [25/Dec/2010:14:23:52] touch /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.0/ [25/Dec/2010:14:23:52] rm -f /var/run/rsnapshot.pid [25/Dec/2010:14:23:52] rsnapshot hourly: completed successfully My questions: I'm currently using ext4 for the filesystem. Maybe this is not the best choice from those available in Red Hat. Anyone have any recommendations that would speed up the process? The partition's mount options are sync,dirsync 1 2. Is there a way to optimize this since it's solely used for rsnapshot? Of course, reasoning would be greatly appreciated.

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• NTFS partition size not recognized after disaster recovery clone

  - by djechelon

  I'm in the middle of a disaster recovery of a 250GB hard disk that was "clicking". Obviously I didn't have a backup copy. I managed to salvage all the files thanks to GParted Live that was able to read the disk without a single "click" sound. So I cloned the partition to a new drive sized 500GB. Unfortunately, GParted process went to some kind of infinite loop, disks stopped I/O and after a couple of hours I interrupted the clone process I started. Now the problem is: when cloning the partition I also chose to expand 250GB to the whole 500GB of the target disk. Windows sees the partition sized 500GB in computer management, but Windows Explorer only sees 250. chkdsk e: /f says the filesystem is OK. How can I repair the file system and let Windows see the full 500GB of the new partition? An alternate idea is to deep-copy the files from the backup disk to a newly formatted disk. This should definitely fix. Any other ideas?

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• High disk I/O - jbd2/sda2-8 process

  - by Evan Hamlet

  I have run a file server on a CentOS 5.8 final server. My only concern at the moment is what appears to be intermittent but continuous high disk I/O activity causing a general slowdown because of jbd2/sda2-8 process. jbd2/sda2-8 is making use of /dev/sda2, which is the 2nd partition of the first harddrive (IE: root partition). More info: using "iotop" the culprit appears to be "jbd2/sda1-8" making writes every second, which appears to be a kernel process associated with journaling on the ext4 filesystem, if my googling around is correct. I see "jbd2/sda2-8" appearing here every now and then, but certainly not every 3 seconds.. when idle, it appears about 1 or 2 times per minute. When I'm using the system, it appears more frequently. ATOP results: http://grabilla.com/02b14-8022db2e-4eb9-4f10-8e10-d65c49ad7530.png IOTOP results: http://grabilla.com/02b14-cf74b25d-4063-4447-9210-7d1b9b70e25b.png HTOP results: grabilla. com/02b14-ad8cad0e-89b0-46d3-849d-4fd515c1e690.png jbd2/sda2-8 is the processes I see with iotop making writes on disk even though it's not in use at all. Does someone has any idea how could I solve the high disk usage caused jbd2/sda2-8 process?

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• Millions of files in php's tmp error - how to delete?

  - by Jonatan Littke

  Hey. I've got a tmp-folder with 14 million php session files in my home directory. At least that's what I think it is, it's not like I could ls it or anything. How can I empty this folder? I've tried using find with the -exec rm {} \; commands but that didn't work. ls 'sess_0*' | xargs rm did neither. I'm currently running rm -rf tmp but after two hours the folder appears to be the same size. REFERENCE INFO: I suddenly encountered an error where SESSIONS could no longer be written to disk: [Mon Apr 19 19:58:32 2010] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Warning: Unknown: open(/var/www/clients/client1/web1/tmp/sess_8e12742b62aa68a3f9476ec80222bbfb, O_RDWR) failed: No space left on device (28) in Unknown on line 0 [Mon Apr 19 19:58:32 2010] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Warning: Unknown: Failed to write session data (files). Please verify that the current setting of session.save_path is correct (/var/www/clients/client1/web1/tmp) in Unknown on line 0 I ran: $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md0 457G 126G 308G 29% / tmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 10M 664K 9.4M 7% /dev tmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev/shm But as you can see, the disk isn't full. So I had a look in the syslog which says the following 20 times per second: kernel: [19570794.361241] EXT3-fs warning (device md0): ext3_dx_add_entry: Directory index full! This led me thinking to a full folder, obviously, but since my web folder only has 60k files (having counted them), I guessed it was the tmp folder (the local one, for this instance of php) that messed things up. Some commands I ran: $ sudo ls sess_a* | xargs rm -f bash: /usr/bin/sudo: Argument list too long find . -exec rm {} \; rm: cannot remove directory '.' find: cannot fork: Cannot allocate memory I'm running Debian Lenny, php5, ISPConfig, SuEXEC and Fast-CGI.

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• virtual disk image - file or partition

  - by tylerl

  I'm looking at the differences between using a file versus a partition to store a virtual disk image in VM use. The common knowledge is that partition-based images are faster than file-based images because of a decreased overhead. It makes sense, but I've never seen any actual numbers. My own testing bears out a different result. When I benchmark a direct-to-partition virtual disk, then format that same partition with ext4, create a virtual disk image stored on that ext4 filesystem, and then benchmark that, I see no speedup at all for the direct-to-partition virtual disk. Instead on some systems the file-based image is even faster (possibly due to host OS caching or something like that). This test was repeated many times on many systems, with fairly consistent results. So perhaps throwing out the performance justification, is it still considered better to use a partition rather than a virtual disk image? Is there some other reason why direct partition access is better than image files? Or perhaps is there some reason to go the other way around? Perhaps an advantage in one of the virtual disk file formats that you don't get with raw partition images?

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• Performance associated with storing millions of files on NTFS

  - by Tim Brigham

  Does anyone have a method / formula, etc that I could use - hopefully based on both current and projected numbers of files - to project the 'right' length of the split and the number of nested folders? Please note that although similar it isn't quite the same as Storing a million images in the filesystem. I'm looking for a way to help make the theories outlined more generic. Assumptions I have 'some' initial number of files. This number would be arbitrary but large. Say 500k to 10m+. I have considered the underlying physical hardware disk IO requirements that would be necessary to support such an endeavor. Put another way As time progresses this store will grow. I want to have the best balance of current performance and as my needs increase. Say I double or triple my storage. I need to be able to address both current needs and projected future growth. I need to both plan ahead and not sacrifice too much of current performance. What I've come up with I'm already thinking about using a hash split every so many characters to split things out across multiple directories and keeping the trees even, very similar as outlined in the comments in the question above. It also avoids duplicate files, which would be critical over time. I'm sure that the initial folder structure would be different based on what I've outlined, and depending on the initial scale. As far as I can figure there isn't a one size fits all solution here. It would be horrendously time intensive to work something out experimentally.

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• Xen domU passwd file overwritten with console log output

  - by malfy

  I was setting up a Debian Xen domU and after booting it fine, I added basic configuration to /etc/network/interfaces and ran /etc/init.d/networking restart. This failed so I decided to reboot. After the reboot I also ran xm shutdown box. When dropped to a shell prompt it wouldn't let me login. Upon further inspection, I now have garbage in some critical files in /etc: root@box:/# tail +1 mnt/etc/{passwd-,shadow} tail: cannot open `+1' for reading: No such file or directory ==> mnt/etc/passwd- <== 0000000000100000 (reserved) Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] Xen: 0000000000100000 - 0000000004000000 (usable) Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] DMI not present or invalid. Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] last_pfn = 0x4000 max_arch_pfn = 0x1000000 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] initial memory mapped : 0 - 033ff000 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: 0000000000000000-0000000004000000 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] 0000000000 - 0004000000 page 4k Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] kernel direct mapping tables up to 4000000 @ 7000-2c000 Nov 23 02:02:3 ==> mnt/etc/shadow <== 32 nr_cpumask_bits:32 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] PERCPU: Embedded 15 pages/cpu @c15b0000 s37688 r0 d23752 u65536 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] pcpu-alloc: s37688 r0 d23752 u65536 alloc=16*4096 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] pcpu-alloc: [0] 0 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] Xen: using vcpu_info placement Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16160 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] Kernel command line: root=/dev/mapper/xen-guest_root ro quiet root=/dev/xvda1 ro Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] PID hash table entries: The garbage is also present in the passwd file and the group file (although I didn't paste that above since I have since ran debootstrap on the filesystem again). Does anyone have any insight into what happened and why?

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• File system concepts (df command)

  - by mkab

  I'm finding it difficult to understand some stuffs about the df command. Suppose I type df and I have the following output Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1 some number some number number percentage /win /dev/da0s2 some number some number number percentage /win/home /dev/da0s3a some number some number number percentage / devfs some number some number number percentage /dev /dev/da0s3g some number some number number percentage /local /dev/da0s3h some number some number -number 102% /reste /dev/da0s3d some number some number number percentage /tmp /dev/da1s3f some number some number number percentage /usr /dev/da1s3e some number some number number percentage /var /dev/da1s1a some number some number number percentage /public Are the answers to the following questions correct? How many physical drives do I have? Ans: 2. da0s1 and da1s1 How many physical partitions on each disk? Ans: 8 for da0s1 and 1 for da1s1 How many BSD partition on each physical partition Ans: Impossible to determine. We have to use the -T to determine its type How is it possible for the file system /dev/da0s3h filled at 102%? And where is this overflowed data written?Ans: I have no idea for this one Thanks.

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• One USB flash drive to rule them all

  - by Chris

  Yesterday I purchased a 32GB USB flash drive. I have a myrid of systems in my home, and would like to have one flash drive with setup files for all the various systems throughout the house. I kept the Fat 32 filesystem on the drive, as I figured that is probably the most universal. I then made the partition bootable using fdisk. I then copied the Windows 7 setup files to the drive. I then installed grub 2 (1.98) onto the drive using backtrack 5. I was then able to load the windows 7 setup / install from the flash drive on an older BIOS type motherboard. Now I would like to know how to get this to work on my MacBook Pro 8,2 with still retaining support for legacy computers. Is this possible, or is this just a pipe dream. I plan on getting OS X on the drive, gparted, and OS X86 on the drive when all is said and done. I've done various google searches but really haven't found a guide on how to setup a swiss army usb flash drive.

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• How do I boot [embedded] linux from sd card?

  - by Brandon Yates

  I am hacking together a quick embedded linux system on a DM816x evm board. Previously I have been using TFTP and NFS to load my kernel and root filesystem to the board. I am now trying to switch over to loading everything from an SD card. I have my card partitioned such that uBoot and my kernel image are in one partition, and my rootFS in another partition. At power-on, Uboot starts correctly and successfully launches the kernel. However, the kernel is unable to mount the root file system. It appears that it doesn't recognize any SD (mmc) cards. It gives this error message. VFS: Cannot open root device "mmcblk0p2" or unknown-block(2,0) Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions: 1f00 256 mtdblock0 (driver?) 1f01 8 mtdblock1 (driver?) 1f02 2560 mtdblock2 (driver?) 1f03 1272 mtdblock3 (driver?) 1f04 2432 mtdblock4 (driver?) 1f05 128 mtdblock5 (driver?) 1f06 4352 mtdblock6 (driver?) 1f07 204928 mtdblock7 (driver?) 1f08 50304 mtdblock8 (driver?) Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(2,0) I feel like I'm missing something fundamental here. Why does it not recognize the root device I am trying to load from? Here is my uBoot boot script that is running: setenv bootargs console=ttyO2,115200n8 root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw mem=124M earlyprink vram=50M ti816xfb.vram=0:16M,1:16M,2:6M ip=off noinitrd;mmc init;fatload mmc 1 0x80009000 uImage;bootm 0x80009000

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• How to manage processes-to-CPU cores affinities ?

  - by Philippe

  I use a distributed user-space filesystem (GlusterFS) and I would like to be sure GlusterFS processes will always have the computing power they need. Each execution node of my grid have 2 CPU, with 4 cores per CPU and 2 threads per core (16 "processors" are seen by Linux). My goal is to guarantee that GlusterFS processes have enough processing power to be reliable, responsive and fast. (There is no marketing here, just the dreams of a sysadmin ;-) I consider two main points : GlusterFS processes I/O for data access (on local disks, or remote disks) I thought about binding the Linux Kernel and GlusterFS instances on a specific "processor". I would like to be sure that : No grid job will impact the kernel and the GlusterFS instances Researchers jobs won't be affected by system processes (I'd like to reserve a pool of cores to job execution and be sure that no system process will use these CPUs) But what about I/O ? As we handle a huge amount of data (several terabytes), we'll have a lot of interuptions. How can I distribute these operations on my processors ? What are the "best practices" ? Thanks for your comments!

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• Ubuntu 64bit Xen DomU Issues after upgrade from Karmic to Lucid

  - by Shoaibi

  I was upgrading my servers today and it all went fine except the last machine which has the following issues: [Resolved using http://www.ndchost.com/wiki/server-administration/upgrade-ubuntu-pre-10.04#post-1004-upgradefinal-steps] No login prompt on console Done. Begin: Mounting root file system... ... Begin: Running /scripts/local-top ... Done. [ 0.545705] blkfront: xvda: barriers enabled [ 0.546949] xvda: xvda1 [ 0.549961] blkfront: xvde: barriers enabled [ 0.550619] xvde: xvde1 xvde2 Begin: Running /scripts/local-premount ... Done. [ 0.870385] kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds [ 0.870449] EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Begin: Running /scripts/local-bottom ... Done. Done. Begin: Running /scripts/init-bottom ... Done. Also tried by pressing ENTER and CTRL+C many times, no use. Resolved: [/tmp was mounted as noexec, changing that fix it]: I get errors when i try to re-install udev in single user mode: Unpacking replacement udev ... Processing triggers for ureadahead ... ureadahead will be reprofiled on next reboot Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up udev (151-12.1) ... udev start/running, process 1003 Removing `local diversion of /sbin/udevadm to /sbin/udevadm.upgrade' update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated) Processing triggers for initramfs-tools ... update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-25-server /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/local-premount/fixrtc: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/local-premount/ntfs_3g: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/local-premount/resume: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/nfs-top/udev: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/panic/console_setup: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/init-top/all_generic_ide: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/init-top/blacklist: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/init-top/udev: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/init-bottom/udev: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/local-bottom/ntfs_3g: Permission denied

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• Expand disk space on Ubuntu 10.04 (VMWare Guest)

  - by Jason Clawson

  I need to resize the disk space of an ubuntu guest in VMWare Workstation. After using the expand disk utility in vmware workstation, I need to do some linux magic to resize the parition. I have searched and found a lot of posts about resizing it. Unfortunately I don't really understand it all that well. Can anyone help me out with this? df -h gives me: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root 19G 2.6G 16G 15% / none 496M 172K 495M 1% /dev none 500M 0 500M 0% /dev/shm none 500M 64K 500M 1% /var/run none 500M 0 500M 0% /var/lock none 500M 0 500M 0% /lib/init/rw none 19G 2.6G 16G 15% /var/lib/ureadahead/debugfs /dev/sda1 228M 36M 181M 17% /boot lvs says: LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert root ubuntu -wi-ao 18.88g swap_1 ubuntu -wi-ao 884.00m fdisk -l says: Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00033718 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 32 248832 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 32 2611 20719617 5 Extended /dev/sda5 32 2611 20719616 8e Linux LVM I really appreciate the help.

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• Will these instructions work when turning of journaling on a n ext4 SSD?

  - by snowlord

  I have an Acer Aspire One with an SSD for storage. I recently installed Ubuntu on it and chose ext4 for my filesystem. Then I read that journaling on an SSD isn't the best idea, so I will try to disable journaling and I have found these intstructions (from http://fenidik.blogspot.com/2010/03/ext4-disable-journal.html): # Create ext4 fs on /dev/sda10 disk mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda10 # Enable writeback mode. This mode will typically provide the best ext4 performance. tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/sda10 # Delete has_journal option tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sda10 # Required fsck e2fsck -f /dev/sda10 # Check fs options dumpe2fs /dev/sda10 |more For more performance add fstab opions: data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime i.e: /dev/sda10 /opt ext4 defaults,data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime 0 0 I will use them on my boot partition. Are there any particularly bad parts here, or are there any missing steps? Will my boot partition be fit for being on an SSD after this? Or should I consider switching to ext2, or even reinstall it all and choose ext2 at partitioning time (I'd rather not though, since I've configured quite some stuff already)?

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• GRUB reporting wrong partition type

  - by plok

  It all started when I had to replace one of the disks that the software RAID 1 on this machine currently uses. From that moment on I have not been able to boot to the Windows XP that is installed on the fourth hard drive, /dev/sdd. I am almost positive that the problem is related not to Windows but to GRUB, as if I unplug all the other hard drives so that the Windows XP disk is now /dev/sda it boots with no problem. The problem seems to be that GRUB detects a wrong partition type, which I understand suggest that something is really messed up. This is what I get when I try to follow the steps that until now had worked like a charm: grub> map (hd0) (hd3) grub> map (hd3) (hd0) grub> root (hd3,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0xfd 0xfd? That doesn't make sense. /dev/sdb and sdc are 0xfd (Linux raid), but not /dev/sdd: edel:~# fdisk -l [...] Disk /dev/sdd: 250.0 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00048d89 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 * 1 30400 244187968+ 7 HPFS/NTFS edel:/boot/grub# cat device.map (hd0) /dev/sda (hd1) /dev/sdb (hd2) /dev/sdc (hd3) /dev/sdd I have been trying to work this out for hours, to no avail. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

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• Is there a way to do something like LVM over NFS?

  - by warren

  I realize that since NFS is not block-level, LVM can't be used directly. However: is there a way to combine multiple NFS exports (from, say, 3 servers) into one mount point on a different server? Specifically, I'd like to be able to do this on RHEL 4 (or 5, and re-export the combined mount to my RHEL 4 server). expansion The reason I pegged lvm is that I want a bunch of exported mounts (servera:/mnt/export, serverb:/mnt/export, serverc:/mnt/export, etc) to all mount at /mnt/space so that my /mnt/space on this server (serverx) as one large filesystem. Yes, I know that re-exporting is generally a Bad Thing™ but thought it might work, if there was a way to accomplish this on a newer release as opposed to an older one From reading the unionfs docs, it appears that I can't use it over a remote connection - have I misread it? More accurately, since Union FS merges the contents of multiple branches, but makes them appear as one, it doesn't seem to go in reverse: I'm trying to mount a bunch of NFS points in a merged fashion, then write to them - not caring where data goes, a la LVM .

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• Migrating away from LVM

  - by Kye

  I have an Ubuntu home media server setup with 4.5TB split across a few hard-drives (1x3TB, 2x1TB) and I'm using LVM2 to manage the volumes. I have recently added a 60GB SSD to my server, and I wish to use it to house the 'root' partition of my server (which is currently under the LVM group). I don't want to simply add it to the LVM volume group, because (afaik) there's no way to ensure that the SSD will be used for the root filesystem. If I just throw it at the VG, it may be used to house my media, which would defeat the purpose of having the SSD in the first place. I feel that my only solution is to somehow remove my root partition from the LVM setup and copy it across to the SSD. My boot partition is, of course, not part of the LVM group. My disk setup is as follows: 60GB SSD: EMPTY. 1TB HDD: /boot, LVM space. 1TB HDD: LVM space. 3TB HHD: LVM space. I have a few logical volumes. my root (/), a 'media' volume for my media collection, a backup one for my network backups.etc. Does anyone have any advice as to how to go about this? My end goal is to have the 60GB SSD used for my boot and root partitions, with everything else on the 3TB/1TB/1TB hard-drives.

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• Windows 7 boot issues

  - by Michael

  Ok, I tried to install linux and dual boot my laptop with 7 ultimate. I messed up. When I tried to boot to 7 it said no. Something along the lines of device not found. So I being young and stupid I uninstalled linux which I could boot into, and I still could not boot to windows. Next step was to run the startup fixes from the boot cd. Swing and a miss, I also ran the fixmbr and fixboot. Which brings us up to my current place. I installed 7 again on my blank partition in hopes I could access my other partion. No dice. So my question to yall is how can I fix my original filesystem or at least get to the stuff on it. In the new 7 install the old partion does not even have a drive letter. That is my sad story any help would be apreciated.

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• convert a logical partition to a primary partition

  - by ant2009

  Hello, Fedora 14 xfce I have the following partition setup. I would like to know how can I convert the logical partition sda6 to a primary partition. Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x1707a8a5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1026048 205844479 102409216 83 Linux /dev/sda3 205844480 214228991 4192256 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda4 214228992 625141759 205456384 5 Extended /dev/sda5 214231040 573562879 179665920 83 Linux /dev/sda6 573564928 625141759 25788416 7 HPFS/NTFS Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 97G 5.0G 91G 6% / tmpfs 494M 176K 494M 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 485M 68M 392M 15% /boot /dev/sda5 169G 26G 135G 16% /home # partition table of /dev/sda unit: sectors /dev/sda1 : start= 2048, size= 1024000, Id=83 /dev/sda2 : start= 1026048, size=204818432, Id=83 /dev/sda3 : start=205844480, size= 8384512, Id=82 /dev/sda4 : start=214228992, size=410912768, Id= 5 /dev/sda5 : start=214231040, size=359331840, Id=83 /dev/sda6 : start=573564928, size= 51576832, Id= 7 I would like to convert sda6 to a primary partition, the reason for this it to install windows 7 starter. Many thanks for any suggestions,

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• DAS vs SAN storage for serving 2 to 4 nodes

  - by Luke404

  We currently have 4 Linux nodes with local storage, arranged in two active/passive pairs with storage mirrored using DRBD, running virtual machines (actually using Xen Hypervisor) for typical hosting workloads (mail, web, a couple VPS, etc.). We're approaching the (presumed) maximum IOPS of those servers, and we're planning to migrate to an external storage solution with two active nodes, with capacity for up to four active nodes. Since we're an all-Dell shop I've done some research and found the MD3200 / MD3200i products should be the ones we're looking for. We are pretty sure we won't be attaching more than 4 hosts on a single storage and I'm wondering if there is any clear advantage for one or the other. In theory I should be able to attach 4 SAS hosts to a single MD3200 (single links on a single controller MD3200, or dual redundant SAS links from each host to a dual-controller MD3200), or 4 iSCSI hosts to a single MD3200i (directly on its 4 GigE ports without any switch, again with dual links for the dual controller option). Both setups should let us implement live VM migration since all hosts can access all the LUNs at the same time, and also some shared filesystem like GFS2 or OCFS2. Also, both setups should allow full redundancy of the whole system (assuming dual controllers in the storage). One difference I can see is that the DAS solution is actually limited to 4 hosts while the iSCSI one should be able to grow to more hosts (adding two GigE switches to the mix). One point for the iSCSI solution is that it would allow us to start out with our current nodes and upgrade them at a later time (we can't add other SAS controllers, but they already have 4 GigE ports each). With the right (iSCSI|SAS) controllers I should be able to connect diskless nodes and boot them off the external storage which I think is a good thing (get rid of any local storage). On the other hand, I would have thought the SAS one to be cheaper but it seems like an MD3200 actually costs a little less than an MD3200i (?) (please note: I've used Dell gear in my examples since that's what we're looking for but I assume the same goes with other vendors) I would like to know if my assumptions above are correct, and if I'm missing any important difference between the two setups.

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• bind9 named.conf zones size limit

  - by mox601

  I am trying to set up a test environment on my local machine, and I am trying to start a DNS daemon that loads tha configuration from a named.conf.custom file. As long as the size of that file is like 3-4 zones, the bind9 daemon loads fine, but when i enter the config file i need (like 10000 lines long), bind can't startup and in the syslog i find this message: starting BIND 9.7.0-P1 -u bind Jun 14 17:06:06 cibionte-pc named[9785]: built with '--prefix=/usr' '--mandir=/usr/share/man' '--infodir=/usr/share/info' '--sysconfdir=/etc/bind' '--localstatedir=/var' '--enable-threads' '--enable-largefile' '--with-libtool' '--enable-shared' '--enable-static' '--with-openssl=/usr' '--with-gssapi=/usr' '--with-gnu-ld' '--with-dlz-postgres=no' '--with-dlz-mysql=no' '--with-dlz-bdb=yes' '--with-dlz-filesystem=yes' '--with-dlz-ldap=yes' '--with-dlz-stub=yes' '--with-geoip=/usr' '--enable-ipv6' 'CFLAGS=-fno-strict-aliasing -DDIG_SIGCHASE -O2' 'LDFLAGS=-Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions' 'CPPFLAGS=' Jun 14 17:06:06 cibionte-pc named[9785]: adjusted limit on open files from 1024 to 1048576 Jun 14 17:06:06 cibionte-pc named[9785]: found 1 CPU, using 1 worker thread Jun 14 17:06:06 cibionte-pc named[9785]: using up to 4096 sockets Jun 14 17:06:06 cibionte-pc named[9785]: loading configuration from '/etc/bind/named.conf' Jun 14 17:06:06 cibionte-pc named[9785]: /etc/bind/named.conf.saferinternet:1: unknown option 'zone' Jun 14 17:06:06 cibionte-pc named[9785]: loading configuration: failure Jun 14 17:06:06 cibionte-pc named[9785]: exiting (due to fatal error) Are there any limits on the file size bind9 is allowed to load?

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• MD RAID 1 with external bitmap doesn't fully resync

  - by user64744

  I have an interesting configuration: dual boot system with a RAID 1 that needs to be visible in both Windows and Linux. The Windows install is Win 7 Enterprise, and the Linux install is Kubuntu 10.04. To get the RAID to work, I set it up using Windows's "Dynamic Disks" RAID 1, and brought it up in Linux using MD with no persistent superblock, and a write-intent bitmap on another partition. (Without this bitmap, MD had no way of knowing that the array was in sync, and would do a complete resync every time the array started.) The array is assembled like so: mdadm --build /dev/md1 -l 1 -n 2 -b /var/local/md1.bitmap /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc2 I expected that the first time I ran this command, it would resync the array, write out a bitmap with no dirty chunks, and all would be good. This wasn't the case: after completing the resync, the bitmap was mostly clean, but about 5% dirty blocks remained, as revealed by mdadm -X /var/local/md1.bitmap I didn't mount the filesystem on /dev/md1 or touch it in any other way. I then found that stopping and restarting the array: mdadm --stop /dev/md1 mdadm --build /dev/md1 -l 1 -n 2 -b /var/local/md1.bitmap /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc2 did indeed read in the bitmap, with an ensuing resync that went quickly because most of the blocks were marked clean. The confusing part is that this resync further reduced the number of dirty blocks, but still did not remove all of them. By repeatedly stopping and restarting I could slowly bring the dirty block count down to around 0.6%, where it seemed to level out. Any ideas what could be causing this? It smells to me of a race condition somewhere that leads to blocks either being skipped over during synchronization or not properly cleared from the bitmap, but I really have no evidence to prove this. It doesn't look like hardware issues since both drives are new and have zero read errors and reallocated sectors reported by smartctl -a.

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