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• Address (url) forwarding with Vyatta

  - by Trikks

  Hi Got this kind of noob question i suppose. I got this very basic network setup and need help to set up some address forwarding. As seen in my illustration below all traffic enters via the eth0 interface (85.123.32.23). The external dns is setup to direct all hosts to this ip as well. Now, how on earth do I filter the incoming requests to each box? The Ip's are static! Se the network layout here: http://vyatta.org/files/u11160/setup.png I do not wish to solve this by assigning tons of ports etc. In my wishful thinking something like this would be nice :) set service nat rule 10 type destination set service nat rule 10 inbound-interface eth0 set service nat rule 10 destination address ftp.myhost.com set service nat rule 10 inside-address address 192.168.100.20 This way ALL traffic to the address ftp.myhost.com (at eth0) should be routed to the internal ip, 192.168.100.20. Right, is there anyone who could point in some direction? Maybe it's wrong to use nat? Please help me! :)

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• IPCop Packet Mangling

  - by Zenham

  I've found myself in a pickle replacing an old firewall for a client this afternoon. I'm configuring their new IPCop firewall (1.4.21), Zerina OpenVPN addon is installed. What I need to do: There are three network interfaces, currently set up as red (WAN), green (LAN, 192.168.20.0/24) and orange (remote network 10.1.20.0/24). The orange interface is a direct fiber link to another organization. Simple description: Traffic and networks appear to be properly configured at this point, but I have many (150+) specific IPs on the LAN which, when accessing the resources on the 10.1.20.x network, need to be mangled to appear to be coming from the 10.1.20.0/24 network (and return traffic properly delivered). The routing on the far side was configured earlier and should be fine, but I need to redirect any packets coming across destined for those IPs to end up at their proper destination. The addressing is fixed and predictable (ie. 192.168.20.125 - 10.1.20.125). I need to insert whatever rules I have into the IPCop ruleset through /etc/rc.local I know, I'm just not sure about how I should structure this. There's CUSTOMOUTPUT and CUSTOMINPUT targets, both which currently just consist of the single rule redirecting packets to the OVPNOUTPUT/OVPNINPUT targets, so I'm guessing I should insert a rule matching outbound packets destined for the 10.1.20.x network and redirecting to a new target (maybe called TO-ORANGE) and a rule at the top of CUSTOMINPUT which redirects to a FROM-ORANGE target. Under those targets, I would have rules which do the IP matching and mangling. Am I approaching this right? If so, I'm not very familiar with mangle, and would appreciate seeing examples of how to write that source-IP rewrite. If not, how would you suggest doing this? TIA! edit: I notice additionally that the nat table has CUSTOMPREROUTING and CUSTOMPOSTROUTING targets, I guess I could alternatively post the rules in there....

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• iTunes' clandestine proxy settings

  - by pilcrow

  Problem: One user's iTunes consults a defunct HTTP proxy, but only for iTunes Store HTTP requests -- other iTunes web requests are unproxied. How do I dismiss this spurious proxy setting? Background: It's not as easy as Internet Options. Years ago my network had a mandatory HTTP proxy at 172.31.1.1:8080. When we switched to the 192.168.1/24 space and eliminated the proxy, this user's iTunes -- the only iTunes user at the time -- could no longer contact the iTunes Store, an operation which fails with "unknown error -9808". This has been the case through several iTunes.exe upgrades over the years and prevents, among other things, activation of a new or newly upgraded iPhone. wireshark and TCPView confirm that this user's iTunes.exe is attempting to contact the long-defunct http proxy when attempting to reach the iTunes Store, but is otherwise unproxied. Curious details: No other iTunes.exe HTTP traffic for this user is affected -- iTunes can successfully make HTTP chatter at Apple's servers. No other web traffic at all is proxied, whether this user or others, iTunes or browser, etc. I cannot find the spurious proxy setting anywhere in the registry nor on disk, though perhaps I haven't thought of every place to look and every format to look for. Other users who have experienced the same error code all seem to have unrelated web configuration problems (certificate validation, for example). UPDATE in response to Phoshi's excellent suggestion, reinstallation hasn't done the trick.

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• Address (url) forwarding with Vyatta

  - by Trikks

  Got this kind of noob question i suppose. I got this very basic network setup and need help to set up some address forwarding. As seen in my illustration below all traffic enters via the eth0 interface (85.123.32.23). The external dns is setup to direct all hosts to this ip as well. Now, how on earth do I filter the incoming requests to each box? The Ip's are static! My network layout: I do not wish to solve this by assigning tons of ports etc. In my wishful thinking something like this would be nice :) set service nat rule 10 type destination set service nat rule 10 inbound-interface eth0 set service nat rule 10 destination address ftp.myhost.com set service nat rule 10 inside-address address 192.168.100.20 This way ALL traffic to the address ftp.myhost.com (at eth0) should be routed to the internal ip, 192.168.100.20. Right, is there anyone who could point in some direction? Maybe it's wrong to use nat? Please help me! :)

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• Cisco ASA: Routing packets based on where the connections started from

  - by DrStalker

  We have a Cisco ASA 5505 (version 8.2(2)) with three interfaces: outside: IP address 11.11.11.11, this is the default route inside: IP address 10.1.1.1, this is the local subnet newlink: 22.22.22.22, this is a new internet connection. We need to move VPN users from the 11.11.11.11 address to the 22.22.22.22 address, and we're using SSH on the ASA as to test and sort out the routing. The problem we have is this: If we define a particular IP as being on a static route out the newlink interface then it can SSH to 22.22.22.22 fine. If we do not define a static route then the traffic hits the ASA, but the return traffic does not come back over newlink; presumably it gets sent over the outside interfcae as that is the default route. We can't define a static route for each remote endpoint because there are dialup VPN users, who obviously change IP a lot What we need to do is configure the ASA so if a connection comes in on the newlink interface then the outgoing packets for that go over the newlink interface, not the default route. With iptables this should be do-able by marking the connection and doing mark-routing, but what is the equivalent for a Cisco ASA?

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• How to setup equivalent USVIDEO.ORG DNS-Proxy on Linux

  - by Gary

  I have a VPS in the USA running Ubuntu. I want to setup something similar to http://www.usvideo.org Basically, USVIDEO is a DNS service that allows Canadians to access American content like Hulu, Netflix, NBC, and etc (restricted by geographical IP). Here is how I think USVideo does it: Clients (PS3, XBOX, PC) specifies the DNS server(s) as specified on USVIDEO.org's website. If the DNS request is a video/audio site such as Netflix or Pandora, forward the request to a proxy. Otherwise, for all other requests, forward it to a different DNS server. If the specific video/audio URL is requested, return the address of the proxy server, which in turn relays traffic to the destination video/audio domain via the U.S. gateway so that it appears that the access is coming from a U.S. IP address. Once the DNS request has passed the U.S. IP address check, their proxy server steps out of the loop and lets the video streaming site contact you directly to start the video stream. This trick relies on the way that the video streaming sites check the country of your IP address once up front, but don't actually check the country of the destination IP address while the video is streaming. What is elegant about this solution is that a VPN Tunnel is not required to bypass geographical IP checks from certain websites. All that is required on the client side is to specify the DNS server (the VPS). If a certain site is geographically locked, just forward the traffic to a proxy, and that's it. These sites can be specified in the DNS entries, or perhaps in the proxy service to redirect the DNS request to its own proxy. I believe what I need to setup something similar is Squid Proxy, IPTables, and DNS. What I need help is how to exactly approach this? Would Squid Proxy be setup as a transparent proxy?

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• Solaris TCP stack tuning

  - by disserman

  We have a large web project (about 2-3k requests per second), using haproxy (http://haproxy.1wt.eu/) as a frontend and load balancer between the java application servers. The frontend (haproxy) is running on Linux but we are going to migrate it to the Solaris 10 as all our other servers are running under Solaris. After switching a traffic I see the two things: a) the web site became loading slower (5-10 seconds with images in comparison to 2-3 seconds on Linux) b) sometimes haproxy fails to perform a "lifecheck" (get a special web page and analyze http response code) due to the socket timeout. After switching traffic back to Linux everything is okay. I've tried to tune all params I found in /dev/tcp but no progress. I believe the problem is in some open socket limitations. If someone can point me to the answer, I would be greatly appreciated. p.s. haproxy is running under Xen DomU on Linux (Kernel 2.6.18, Debian 5), under zone on Solaris (10 u8). the only thing we did on Linux is increasing of ip_conntrack_max (I believe Solaris option tcp_conn_req_max_q is the equivalent).

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• What characteristic of networking/TCP causes linear relation between TCP activity and latency?

  - by DeLongey

  The core of this problem is that our application uses websockets for real-time interfaces. We are testing our app in a new environment but strangely we're noticing an increasing delay in TCP websocket packets associated with an increase in websocket activity. For example, if one websocket event occurs without any other activity in a 1-minute period, the response from the server is instantaneous. However, if we slowly increase client activity the latency in server response increases with a linear relationship (each packet will take more time to reach the client with more activity). For those wondering this is NOT app-related since our logs show that our server is running and responding to requests in under 100ms as desired. The delay starts once the server processes the request and creates the TCP packet and sends it to the client (and not the other way around). Architecture This new environment runs with a Virtual IP address and uses keepalived on a load balancer to balance the traffic between instances. Two boxes sit behind the balancer and all traffic runs through it. Our host provider manages the balancer and we do not have control over that part of the architecture. Theory Could this somehow be related to something buffering the packets in the new environment? Thanks for your help.

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• How to determine which ports are open/closed on a FIREWALL?

  - by Rahl

  It seems no one has asked this question before (most regard host-based firewalls). Anyone familiar with port scanning tools (e.g. nmap) knows all about SYN scanning, FIN scanning, and the like to determine open ports on a host machine. Question is though, how do you determine the open ports on a firewall itself (disregard whether the host you're trying to connect to behind the firewall has those particular ports open or closed). This is assuming the firewall is blocking your IP connection. Example: We all communicate with serverfault.com through port 80 (web traffic). A scan on a host would reveal port 80 is open. If serverfault.com is behind a firewall and still allows this traffic through, then we can assume the firewall has port 80 open also. Now let's assume the firewall is blocking you (e.g. your IP address is under the deny list or is missing in the allowed list). You know port 80 has to be open (it works for appropriate IP addresses), but when you (the disallowed IP) attempt any scanning, all port scan attempts on the firewall drop the packet (including port 80, which we know to be open). So, how might we accomplish a direct firewall scan to reveal open/closed ports on the firewall itself, while still using the disallowed IP?

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• Apache 2.4 Prefork vs. PHP-FPM Event shows sig decrease in requests per second

  - by Mark

  On my Apache 2.4.2 server with a standard mod_php Prefork setup these are my server-status results Current Time: Wednesday, 24-Oct-2012 19:36:24 CDT Restart Time: Wednesday, 24-Oct-2012 01:27:30 CDT Parent Server Config. Generation: 1 Parent Server MPM Generation: 0 Server uptime: 18 hours 8 minutes 54 seconds Total accesses: 14304233 - Total Traffic: 342.3 GB CPU Usage: u12584.6 s721.93 cu.66 cs3.43 - 20.4% CPU load 219 requests/sec - 5.4 MB/second - 25.1 kB/request 507 requests currently being processed, 355 idle workers ______KKKKR_K______W_KKC___CKK_K_K_W__CC_KKK_KK._K_K_KK._KKKK_K_ K_____KK_KKKK_K_KK__K___KK_K___K_____CKKK_WK_K_____KCKK__K___K_K K_CK_K_K_____K__KKKK_K__K___K_KK_K_K_KKKCK____________KK_CK__KKK __C_KKKKKKK___CK___C_KKK_K__C__K_CK____KKK__K__K__K_K__KK_CK_K__ _KKKKK_K_W__KK______K___K__W___C_K__K____KKKKKKKK.KKKKKKKCK_K___ _C_KK_K_WK__K_KK__K__RK_KK___K____K_KK_K_K___RKC_KKKK___KKKC_K_W _C_KK_KK__W____KC__KKK__KKK___K___KKK_KK_K_KKW__K_KR_KK_KK__KKK_ R__KKK__KKKKKK__K_KKKKK_K__K_K___KKW_________KK_K___KKK___KK.K_C KKKKKKW_____K__K_KKC_KCKK_K_KK_K__KK__K___K__KK_KK__________KK__ __K___KK_K__K_C_KK_K___KK__KK__K__KCK_K__KK_________K_K_KK__.K__ K_CKK.CCRW__KKKKKKKKKKKC__W____K___KWK_KK_KKC______.K_K_KK_KKKC_ __KKK_W_KCKKK_K_K____CCCK__KC_KKKK_K____K_CK_K____K__K____KKK_KK KK___K_K_K__KW__KCKKKK____WKWK__K_KKRKK__C_K_KK_KK_K__KKCC_K__C_ KK_K___K_KK______K_____CKK_K_______KK_CKCK__KKKKK____K__K..K____ __KKWK_KW__KKK__K_KKK___K_KK_KKK__KK___KK___KK_KK___KK____KKWKKC KK_KKKK_................................` When I switch to a PHP-FPM setup with the Event MPM with no other variables changes, my requests/sec plummet and overall apache response is garbage. Current Time: Wednesday, 24-Oct-2012 19:51:21 CDT Restart Time: Wednesday, 24-Oct-2012 19:48:03 CDT Parent Server Config. Generation: 1 Parent Server MPM Generation: 0 Server uptime: 3 minutes 18 seconds Total accesses: 18720 - Total Traffic: 307.1 MB CPU Usage: u16.57 s4.74 cu0 cs0 - 10.8% CPU load 94.5 requests/sec - 1.6 MB/second - 16.8 kB/request 15 requests currently being processed, 49 idle workers PID Connections Threads Async connections total accepting busy idle writing keep-alive closing 11701 114 no 10 22 0 66 38 11702 134 no 5 27 0 81 48 Sum 248 15 49 0 147 86 __R_R__W___RRW________RR__R___W_W_______W_____W_____________R_R_ Is there any obvious reason anyone could think of why this would be the case. I can provide any other additional stats or server setup info to help out. Ive tried tweaking everything up and down and nothing really helps get the PHP-FPM setup anywhere near a baseic prefork/mod-php setup. Thanks!

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• How can I bridge a VM to a remote network?

  - by asciiphil

  I have a system running QEMU/KVM (via libvirt). One of its VMs needs to have a presence on a subnet that is not local to the VM host. I have a Linux system on the remote subnet. Is there a way to set up some sort of tunneled bridge to cause the VM to appear present on the remote system? This will be a temporary situation (hopefully just until the VM owner can configure their system) and network performance and long-term maintainability aren't really issues. To give some more concrete information: My VM host has IP address 192.168.54.155/24. The VM has IP address 192.168.65.71/24. I have a remote system at 192.168.65.254/24. Both the VM host and remote system are running Scientific Linux 6.5. I do not control the network or routing in between the VM host and remote system. I do not have access to the guest OS on the VM. I would like traffic to the VM's IP address to end up at the VM even though its host isn't directly connected to the appropriate network. I've tried using iproute2's tunnelling, but Linux won't let me add a tunnel to a bridge. I've considered using some sort of iptables mangling to route traffic over the tunnel and make the VM think it's on the right network, but I'm not sure whether there are better approaches. What's the best way to accomplish this hack?

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• Apache ProxyPassReverse and https

  - by joshuaball

  Hi, I would like to map all traffic on 80 and 443 from foo.com to an internal server: 192.168.1.101. I have a VirtualHost (Apache 2.2 on Ubuntu) setup as follows (note, I had to break up the hyperlinks below because I am a 'new user'): <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName foo.com ServerAlias *.foo.com ProxyRequests Off ProxyPreserveHost On <Proxy *> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Proxy> ProxyPass / http://192.168.1.101/ ProxyPassReverse / http://192.168.1.101/ </VirtualHost> And that works great for http traffic. However, I can't seem to do the same thing for https. I have tried: Changing VirtualHost *:80 to * - but that doesn't work (I need it http-http and https-https) Creating a new VirtualHost entry for *:443 that redirects to http://192.168.1.101/, but that fails as well (browser timeouts) I did some searching, here and elsewhere, and the closest question I could find was this, but that didn't quite answer it. Also, just out of curiosity, I tried mapping all ports to https (by changing the two ProxyPass lines from http to https (and removing the :80 from VH), and that didn't work either. How would you do that as well? Any thoughts? Thanks in advance.

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• Apache2 - 500 internal server error

  - by Lucio Coire Galibone

  i'm running a VPS with Linux CentOs 6 with 4 GB of RAM, 10 GB of HD and 2 virtual CPU Intel(R) Xeon(R)CPU L5640 @ 2.27GHz. As my host says each virtual CPU must be at least 0.5 physical cpu. At certain times of the day, those with more traffic, trying accessing my php script i receive intermittently "500 internal server error". I activate logging to debug level from apache, and also the PHP logging with E_ALL, but I can't find reference to Error 500 in any logs(I checked the right logs!). I haven't got any .htaccess file in path script. The strange thing is that the error start at first php line in the script (the previous html displays correctly, but at the first php line the script send 500 error). The cpu load is always good (max 0.15 0.08 0.01) and RAM is close to 95% but it arrived to swap just 2 times in a month with 2-5 MB. Apache works with prefork with this values: <IfModule prefork.c> StartServers 8 MinSpareServers 5 MaxSpareServers 20 ServerLimit 280 MaxClients 280 MaxRequestsPerChild 4000 </IfModule> Everthing works correctly and I don't get any error in quiet times, but i start receive errors when traffic rises (6-9000 visits per hour). Can i solve the problem increasing resources? (i can upgrade RAM up to 16 GB). It can depend from reaching MaxClients (but apache must write it on log, right?)? If I upgrade RAM to 6 or 8 GB i have to calculate MaxClients value with this? MaxClients = Total RAM dedicated to the web server / Max child process size Max child process size is around 20M. How else can the problem be? Thanks in advance

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• IPTables: NAT multiple IPs to one public IP

  - by Kaemmelot

  I'm looking for a way how to nat 2 or more inner IPs (in my case xen doms) to one outer IP. I tried to use iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 123.123.123.123 -j DNAT --to 1.2.3.4 --to 1.2.3.7 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 1.2.3.4 -j SNAT --to 123.123.123.123 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 1.2.3.7 -j SNAT --to 123.123.123.123 And got an error: iptables v1.4.14: DNAT: Multiple --to-destination not supported Try `iptables -h' or 'iptables --help' for more information. I found this in the manpage: Later Kernels (= 2.6.11-rc1) don't have the ability to NAT to multiple ranges anymore. So my question is: Why is it not possible anymore and is there a workaround? Maybe I should use an other method I don't know yet? EDIT: The idea is to use the system like a router, so I have one address but multiple users behind. The problem is I don't know which connection reffers to a user (for example 1.2.3.4). But I know, they all have different ports open for incomming traffic. So my solution (for DNAT) would be to nat all incoming connections to all users and filter all unused ports, so the connection goes to one single user. For outgoing traffic I would use iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -d 1.2.3.4 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

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• Esx servers in a DMZ

  - by James

  I have two ESX 3.5 servers in a DMZ. I can access these servers on any port from my lan via a VPN. Servers in the DMZ are unable to initiate connections back to the lan, for obvious reasons. I have a vCenter server on my lan and can initially connect to the esx servers fine. However the esx servers then try to send a hearth beat back to the vCenter server on udp/902 obviously this will not get back to the vCenter server, which then marks the ESX servers as not responding and disconnects. There are two broad solutions I can think of; 1) Try to tell vCenter to ignore not getting heart beats. The best I can do here is delay the disconnect by 3 mins. 2) Try some clever network solution. However again I am at loss. Note: The vCenter server is on a lan, and cannot be given a public IP, so firewall rules back will not work. And also I cannot setup a VPN from the DMZ to the lan. **I am adding the following, explanation that I added to the comments Ok maybe this is the bit that I not explaining well. The DMZ is on a remote site, an entirely independent network (network 1). The vCenter server is on our office lan (network 2). Network 2 can connect to any machine on any port on network 1. But network 1 is not allowed to initiate a connection to network 2. Any traffic destined to network 2 from network 1 gets dropped by the firewall as it is traffic to a non-routable address. The only solution I can think of is setting up a VPN from network 1 to network 2, but this is not acceptable So any clever folk out there any ideas? J

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• Secondary IP (eth0:0) acts like main server IP

  - by George Tasioulis

  I have a CentOS server, configured with 4 consecutive IPs: eth0 5.x.x.251 eth0:0 5.x.x.252 eth0:1 5.x.x.253 eth0:2 5.x.x.254 The problem is that all traffic goes out to the internet with eth0:0 (5.x.x.252) as the source IP, instead of eth0. # curl ifconfig.me 5.x.x.252 How can I fix this, so that all traffic goes out via eth0, ie my main IP? PS: My server is VPS running on a Xen dom0, the latter being configured in routed mode networking. Thanks in advance! Server configuration # ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:x:x:x:x:AE inet addr:5.x.x.251 Bcast:5.x.x.255 Mask:255.255.255.255 inet6 addr: fe80::x:x:x:x/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:14675569 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:9463227 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:4122016502 (3.8 GiB) TX bytes:25959110751 (24.1 GiB) Interrupt:23 eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:x:x:x:x:AE inet addr:5.x.x.252 Bcast:5.x.x.255 Mask:255.255.255.224 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:23 eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:x:x:x:x:AE inet addr:5.x.x.253 Bcast:5.x.x.255 Mask:255.255.255.224 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:23 eth0:2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:x:x:x:x:AE inet addr:5.x.x.254 Bcast:5.x.x.255 Mask:255.255.255.224 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:23 # cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost 5.x.x.251 [fqdn] [hostname] # cat ifcfg-eth0 DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=5.x.x.251 NETMASK=255.255.255.224 SCOPE="peer 5.x.y.82" # cat ifcfg-eth0:0 DEVICE=eth0:0 BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=5.x.x.252 NETMASK=255.255.255.224 # cat route-eth0 ADDRESS0=0.0.0.0 NETMASK0=0.0.0.0 GATEWAY0=5.x.y.82 # netstat -rn Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 5.x.y.82 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 5.x.x.224 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 5.x.y.82 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

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• Squid Authentication & streaming

  - by Steve Butler

  I've got squid setup using Kerberos authentication. I'm also using squidguard as an URL redirector to block out the usual nastiness of the web. There are some sites though that we allow certain users to, and others not. This all works well, assuming I'm not using any streaming. From what i can determine from the squid logs and the wireshark traces I've done, when the initial request to stream is sent, everything is good, the authenticated username is sent with the request to squidguard. The problem is that on subsequent traffic the username is not sent to squidguard, causing it to be blocked based on default policy. I've tried using the squid built-in allow/deny stuff, but its relatively clunky, and so far squidguard has been pretty easy and fast. Here comes the question(s): How do i get Squid to pass username on all requests? (something tells me this isn't the best way) How do i get squidguard to see traffic is authenticated to a specific user even when a username isn't passed? Is there any other way of accomplishing this? A few details that may be of importance: I'm using a list of users stored in a text file for squidguard to compare against. I'm using full kerberos auth with Squid. CentOS 6.0 Squid 3.1.4 Squidguard 1.3

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• BGP Multihomed/Multi-location best practice

  - by Tom O'Connor

  We're in the process of designing a new iteration of our network where we improve resilliency by adding a second datacentre. We'll be adding a second datacentre, with an identical configuration of servers as our primary location. To achieve network connectivity, we're looking into a couple of possible methods. See earlier questions http://serverfault.com/questions/86736/best-way-to-improve-resilience and http://serverfault.com/questions/101582/dns-round-robin-failover-and-load-balancing I'm pretty convinced that BGP is the right way to go about this, and this question is not about RRDNS. 1) If we have 2 locations, do we announce the same IP address block from both locations? 2) If we did this, but had a management ssh interface on x.x.x.50 from datacentre A, but it was on x.x.x.150 in datacentre B. What is the best practice mechanism for achieving this? Because if I were nearest to A, then all my traffic would go to x.50, but if i attempted to connect to x.150, I'd not be able to connect, because this address wouldn't be valid at A, but only at B. Is the best solution to announce 2 different netblocks, one at each location, facilitating the need for RRDNS, or to announce a single block, and run some form of VPN between the two sites for managment traffic?

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• NAT ports - how do they work?

  - by Davidoper

  I have the following network schema: Computer A: three nics: NIC 1 (eth0): dhcp, public internet NIC 2 (eth1): static 192.168.1.1, gateway for Computer B NIC 3 (eth2): static 192.168.2.1, gateway for Computer C Computer B: static 192.168.1.2, using gateway 192.168.1.1 (NIC 2). Computer C: static 192.168.2.2, using gateway 192.168.2.1 (NIC 3). So I applied this to get NAT working: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE Every computer can connect to the internet now. I have been applying rules to the main computer (Computer A), like dropping connections to some ports, e.g ssh: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP But for instance, now I would like only allow connections for ports 20,21,22,53 and 80 in Computer C, and ignore the outside traffic if it's not related to those ports. The allowed connections should be FROM Computer C to outside, but not from outside to Computer C (I mean - Computer C is not hosting any HTTP or SSH, but it is going to use them as a client). I guess this sould be done like this: iptables -A OUTPUT -i eth2 -o eth0 -p tcp --dport 21 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i eth2 -o eth0 -p tcp --sport 21 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT The last rule (dropping any other traffic different from those) is at the end of the configuration, so -A should be working correctly. The thing is... it is not working. If I put the last rule like this: iptables -A FORWARD -i eth2 -o eth0 -j DROP It just drops everything and, for instance, port 21 (previously opened as you can see above) is not either working. Can you tell me what could I have done wrong? I have been struggling with this problem for some time and I am unable to solve it. Thanks!

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• How do I determine the cause of a sustained spike in mysql queries/activity?

  - by mattmcmanus

  So this is more of a "I'm trying to learn about how this works" question rather than "there is a serious problem I can't figure out!" question. I'm setting up a VPS and have been tweaking and changing things here and there. I recently installed munin (like two days ago) and yesterday I noticed a significant increase in mysql activity. So now my curiosity is going crazy. How do I setup/access mysql's query log? I have about 5 databases on the server so I want to see which one is getting all the action. Is there anything else I can do to keep a better eye on what's going on? Here are the graphs. As you can tell, it's not that much activity at all but I'm just curious at the change. The sites that are on the server right now do not get a lot of traffic. It's running a couple drupal sites, only one of which is live. The live one hasn't had a spike in traffic and the last spike was 250 visitors so it's barely a spike at all.

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• Cisco Catalyst 3750 connected to Cisco ASA 5505 and dropping packets

  - by Bo102010

  (Cross posted from Super User per suggestion there) At the office, I have inherited a network that I am still trying to fully comprehend. I have a problem today with a new connection between: A port on a Cisco Catalyst 3750 [WS-C3750G-48TS-S running C3750-IPSERVICESK9-M version 12.2(53)SE1] A port on a Cisco ASA 5505 [ASA Software version 8.3(2)] The 3750 is home to a Vlan that has a few ports assigned to it. interface Vlan3 description Internal network (172.18.160.0/24) ip address 172.18.160.1 255.255.255.0 I have a host (outside of my control) that needs to be in this VLAN (i.e it must have an address 172.18.160.something/24) that also needs to access the Internet. To accomplish this, I ran a link from the Catalyst (Gi1/0/13) to the ASA (Ethernet 0/5). I configured the Catalyst port like so: interface GigabitEthernet1/0/13 description To ASA, 172.18.160.69 switchport access vlan 3 switchport mode access speed 100 duplex full I configured the ASA like so: interface Vlan1 nameif inside security-level 100 ip address 172.18.160.69 255.255.255.0 interface Ethernet0/5 speed 100 duplex full Then I plugged the host into Ethernet 0/4 on the ASA and instructed its owner to make its default gateway 172.18.160.69. I made a NAT rule in the ASA and set up some rules, and it's able to access the Internet without issue. However, I noticed that the Catalyst reports a ton of packets being dropped toward the ASA. Catalyst3750#show interfaces GigabitEthernet 1/0/13 | include counters|drops Last clearing of "show interface" counters 00:28:13 Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 136909347 This is a huge number of drops, since there's not much traffic on this VLAN at all. I tried these things: Make sure speed and duplex agree on both sides (100 Mbps / Full) Set no cdp enable on the Catalyst Gi10/13 Set no keepalive on the Catalyst Gi10/13 Checked for excessive CPU usage on both Checked for excessive traffic on both Am I missing something? Any help would be appreciated.

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• KVM guest VLAN aware problems

  - by baraka

  Hi, We are using Centos 5.5. as KVM host. It has two nics. One for management and the other one for services. As we have services in multiple vlans this nic is configured as a 802.1Q trunk. Any VM must be able to have access to any vlan, so host trunk interface is bridged to its tap interface and vlan is configured inside VM. Everything works fine while there is not heavy traffic. I can not find any log on guest or host, but, after some certain sustained big file transfer (about 6Gb) bridging stop working. Other guest on the same host continue working without problems. tcpdump on bridge interface is Ok, but on guest tap inferface I can see only outgoing traffic. Restarting bridge or rejoining tap interface doesn't provide any clue. Rebooting guest turns on bridge again. Bridge configuration is minimal: just addbr and addif (no stp). Any idea welcome!

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• Changing Mac OS X 10.6 Routing after VPN'd In

  - by Matt Rogish

  I have a coffee shop around the corner that I use to do some work when I want to get away from home. They offer free wi-fi and I then use my Mac 10.6 VPN to log into my work network. I have "Send all traffic over VPN connection" checked. Before, their network was 10.0.0.x. I think they got a new router because it's now 192.168.2.x However, this interferes with one of the subnets at work so now I can't visit 192.168.2.x at work. So: 1) Office network: VPN gives IPs as 192.168.1.x. Another network is 192.168.2.x 2) Coffee network: Gives IPs as 192.168.2.x I think if I set a route to send all 2.x traffic over the tunnel, it would blow up my routing to their system, right? What should I do? I know the individual IPs of the servers I want... Maybe I could add each one, or can I add all of them minus the default gateway of their router? How do I set that up "temporarily" in my Mac? Thanks!!

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• Internet slowed down because of SQUID Server setup

  - by Ranjith Kumar

  Recently I have setup a squid server for our office. I have computer (A) with two ethernet cards, one for internet and the second one for local networkIt has Ubuntu server OS with squid-server and dhcp3-server installedI have added few iptable rules to work like a router and redirect all http traffic to 3128 port This link is my reference. Everything worked fine for 2 days. All of a sudden internet speed went down drastically. When I connected the internet cable to my laptop to test the internet speed it was fine. Again when I reconnected it back to computer A everything was normal. This happened 4 times in a week. Could anyone here please help me why the internet speed is going down and it becomes normal when I reconnect the cable. EDIT: Rebooting the system (computer A) didn't make a difference. I have changed iptables so that http traffic doesn't redirect to 3128 port any further, still no change in the internet speed. I think the problem is not with squid but with something else. Here are my iptable rules SQUID_SERVER="10.1.1.1" INTERNET="eth1" LAN_IN="eth0" SQUID_PORT="3128" PROXYSERVERS=(Atlanta Baltimore Boston Chicago Dallas Denver Houston KansasCity LosAngeles Miami NewYork Philadelphia Phoenix SanAntonio SanDiego SanJose Seattle Washington) SERVERLEN=${#PROXYSERVERS[*]} I=0 iptables -F iptables -X iptables -t nat -F iptables -t nat -X iptables -t mangle -F iptables -t mangle -X modprobe ip_conntrack modprobe ip_conntrack_ftp echo 1 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i $INTERNET -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables --table nat --append POSTROUTING --out-interface $INTERNET -j MASQUERADE iptables --append FORWARD --in-interface $LAN_IN -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i $LAN_IN -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -o $LAN_IN -j ACCEPT while [ $I -lt $SERVERLEN ]; do iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $LAN_IN -p tcp -d ${PROXYSERVERS[$I]}.wonderproxy.com --dport 80 -j ACCEPT let I++ done iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $LAN_IN -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to $SQUID_SERVER:$SQUID_PORT iptables -A INPUT --protocol tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT --protocol tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT --protocol tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -j LOG iptables -A INPUT -j DROP

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• Possible to IPSec VPN Tunnel Public IP Addresses?

  - by caleban

  A customer uses an IBM SAS product over the internet. Traffic flows from the IBM hosting data center to the customer network through Juniper VPN appliances. IBM says they're not tunneling private IP addresses. IBM says they're tunneling public IP addresses. Is this possible? What does this look like in the VPN configuration and in the packets? I'd like to know what the source/destination ip/ports would look like in the encrypted tunneled IPSec Payload and in the IP packet carrying the IPSec Payload. IPSec Payload: source:1.1.1.101:1001 destination:2.2.2.101:2001 IP Packet: source:1.1.1.1:101 destination:2.2.2.1:201 Is it possible to send public IP addresses through an IPSec VPN tunnel? Is it possible for IBM to send a print job from a server on their network using the static-nat public address over a VPN to a printer at a customer network using the printer's static-nat public address? Or can a VPN not do this? Can a VPN only work with interesting traffic from and to private IP addresses?

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