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• Maximum memory allocation for 32bit linux kernel

  - by LedZeppelin

  I was reading this article that talks about how maximum amount of ram dedicated for kernel usage in 32 bit windows is 2GB even when the total amount of ram is 4GB. http://www.brianmadden.com/blogs/brianmadden/archive/2004/02/19/the-4gb-windows-memory-limit-what-does-it-really-mean.aspx\ Is this the same for 32bit linux environments like 32-bit ubuntu 10.04? IE is the max kernel allocation 2GB ram even if the total main memory 4GB? If you increase the total amount of memory to 64GB of ram by recompiling the kernel with the PAE option enabled, what is the maximum amount of ram you can dedicate for kernel usage? Is it still 2GB? Or can you increase it?

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• Tuning MySQL to consume less memory

  - by Alex

  I have a VM which has 2GB Ram, (full specs) And I am setting up a site which has one table in particular with over a million records. There's little or no usage of this particular database (perhaps once or twice a day) but simply running mysql grinds the whole server to a halt. I've looked through the top results but nothing is really denting the CPU however the memory seems to be the issue. The site isnt even live of taking requests yet. the memory situation looks like this: # free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2006 1880 126 0 3 53 -/+ buffers/cache: 1823 183 Swap: 2047 345 1702 Are there any good pointers to tune mysql to stop hogging the system memory? Thanks very much EDIT: (requested by 8bit): http://tny.cz/b41a0b12

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• innodb memory usage mysql

  - by Tiddo

  I have a small vps, with only 256mb of ram, with maximum burst up to 512mb. When I configure my vps without innodb, it only uses 130 mb of ram, so that is no problem for me. But when I turn on innodb, The memory usage grows to about 300-400 mb. Is it possible to run innodb such that I won't exceed the 256mb? preferably I don't want to use more than 100mb for innodb. I already came across some sites which said I could limit the memory usage, but if I limit it to only 100mb will the db run well enough? (compared to for example the MyISAM storage engine) If 100mb is to little memory for innodb, can you recommend me any other storage engine which supports transactions?

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• Asus P6X58-E WS motherboard memory limits

  - by Arsen Zahray

  I've just ordered motherboard Asus P6X58-E WS, and now I'm, looking for memory for it. It has 6 slots, but the strange thing is, that in specifications it says that it is limited to 24G of memory . I'm planning on using 8G Kingston KVR1333D3D4R9S/8G sticks with it. Using those sticks, I'll be teoretically limited to 48G. Does the 24G limitation mean, that even if I install all 6 sticks, I still will be limited by 24G of possible memory? Sorry if the question seems dumb, but I never faced such a limitation before

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• Dropping Cached Memory on FreeBSD

  - by user1066698

  i use FreeNAS server which is built on OS version FreeBSD 8.2-RELEASE-p6. I use ZFS file system with 13TB HDD on my 8GB physical ram installed box. It almost uses all of RAM installed while proccessing some request. However, it still uses same amount of memory on idle times. So this is becoming a problem sometimes. On my centos web server; i use following command to drop cached memory with a cronjob; sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches However, this command does not work on my Freenas server. How can i drop cached memory on my FreeNAS box which is built on FreeBSD 8.2 Thank you

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• debian out of memory error server crash

  - by user42700

  hi, the server keeps crashing due to apache, is there any way i can stop this, the server has 2GB swap space and 3GB ram May 25 03:33:41 server kernel: [ 3513.200719] [<c015959c>] out_of_memory+0x14e/0x17f May 25 03:33:41 server kernel: [ 3513.211491] Out of memory: kill process 2936 (apache2) score 87364 or a child May 25 04:35:30 server kernel: [ 7239.936995] [<c015959c>] out_of_memory+0x14e/0x17f May 25 04:35:30 server kernel: [ 7239.948878] Out of memory: kill process 2936 (apache2) score 88236 or a child May 25 05:42:57 server kernel: [11210.572510] [<c015959c>] out_of_memory+0x14e/0x17f May 25 08:13:23 server kernel: [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000

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• Why isn’t my autoreleased object getting released?

  - by zoul

  Hello. I am debugging a weird memory management error and I can’t figure it out. I noticed that some of my objects are staying in memory longer than expected. I checked all my memory management and finally got to the very improbable conclusion that some of my autorelease operations don’t result in a release. Under what circumstances is that possible? I created a small testing Canary class that logs a message in dealloc and have the following testing code in place: NSLog(@"On the main thread: %i.", [NSThread isMainThread]); [[[Canary alloc] init] autorelease]; According to the code we’re really on the main thread, but the dealloc in Canary does not get called until much later. The delay is not deterministic and can easily take seconds or more. How is that possible? The application runs on a Mac, the garbage collection is turned off (Objective-C Garbage Collection is set to Unsupported on the target.) I am mostly used to iOS, is memory management on OS X different in some important way?

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• Java OutOfMemoryError due to Linux RAM disk cache not freed

  - by Markus Jevring

  The process will run fine all day, then, bam, without warning, it will throw this error. Sometimes seemingly in the middle of doing nothing. It will happen at seemingly random times during the day. I checked to see if anything else was running on the machine, like scheduled backups or something, but found nothing. The machine has enough physical memory (2GB, with about 1GB free for a 3-500MB load), and has sufficient -Xmx specified. According to our sysadmin, the problem is that the RAM that the kernel uses as a disk cache (apparently all but 8MB) is not freed when the JVM needs to allocate memory, so the JVM process throws an OutOfMemoryError. This could be because Java asks the kernel if enough memory is available before allocating and finds that it is insufficient, resulting in a crash. I would like to think, however, that Java simply tries to allocate the memory via the kernel, and when the kernel gets such a request, it makes room for the application by throwing our some of the disk cache. Has anyone else run in to the issue, and if so, what was the error, and how did you solve it? We are currently using jdk1.6.0_20 on SLES 10 SP2 Linux 2.6.16.60-0.42.9-smp in VMWare ESX.

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• Instruments (Leaks) and NSDateFormatter

  - by Cal

  When I run my iPhone app with Instruments Leaks and parse a bunch of NSDates using NSDateFormatter my memory goes up about 1mb and stays even though these NSDates should be dealloc'd after the parsing (I just discard them if they aren't new). I thought the malloc (in my heaviest stack trace below) could become part of the NSDate but I also thought it could be memory that only used during some intermediate step in parsing. Does anyone know which one it is or how to find out? Also, is there a way to put a breakpoint on NSDate dealloc to see if that memory is really being reclaimed? Here's what my date formatter looks like for parsing these dates: df = [[NSDateFormatter alloc] init]; [df setDateFormat:@"EEE, d MMM yyyy H:m:s z"]; Here's the Heaviest Stack trace when the memory bumps up and stays there: 0 libSystem.B.dylib 208.80 Kb malloc 1 libicucore.A.dylib 868.19 Kb icu::ZoneMeta::getSingleCountry(icu::UnicodeString const&, icu::UnicodeString&) 2 libicucore.A.dylib 868.66 Kb icu::ZoneMeta::getSingleCountry(icu::UnicodeString const&, icu::UnicodeString&) 3 libicucore.A.dylib 868.67 Kb icu::ZoneMeta::getSingleCountry(icu::UnicodeString const&, icu::UnicodeString&) 4 libicucore.A.dylib 868.67 Kb icu::DateFormatSymbols::initZoneStringFormat() 5 libicucore.A.dylib 868.67 Kb icu::DateFormatSymbols::getZoneStringFormat() const 6 libicucore.A.dylib 868.67 Kb icu::SimpleDateFormat::subParse(icu::UnicodeString const&, int&, unsigned short, int, signed char, signed char, signed char*, icu::Calendar&) const 7 libicucore.A.dylib 868.67 Kb icu::SimpleDateFormat::parse(icu::UnicodeString const&, icu::Calendar&, icu::ParsePosition&) const 8 libicucore.A.dylib 868.67 Kb icu::DateFormat::parse(icu::UnicodeString const&, icu::ParsePosition&) const 9 libicucore.A.dylib 868.67 Kb udat_parse 10 CoreFoundation 868.67 Kb CFDateFormatterGetAbsoluteTimeFromString 11 CoreFoundation 868.67 Kb CFDateFormatterCreateDateFromString 12 Foundation 868.67 Kb -[NSDateFormatter getObjectValue:forString:range:error:] 13 Foundation 868.75 Kb -[NSDateFormatter getObjectValue:forString:errorDescription:] 14 Foundation 868.75 Kb -[NSDateFormatter dateFromString:] Thanks!

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• How to find the leaky faucet that loads into Malloc 32kb

  - by Rob

  I have been messing around with Leaks trying to find which function is not being deallocated (I am still new to this) and could really use some experienced insight. I have this bit of code that seems to be the culprit. Every time I press the button that calls this code, 32kb of memory is additionally allocated to memory and when the button is released that memory does not get deallocated. What I found was that everytime that AVAudioPlayer is called to play an m4a file, the final function to parse the m4a file is MP4BoxParser::Initialize() and this in turn allocates 32kb of memory through Cached_DataSource::ReadBytes My question is, how do I go about deallocating that after it is finished so that it doesn't keep allocating 32kb every time the button is pressed? Any help you could provide is greatly appreciated! - (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { //stop playing theAudio.stop; // cancel any pending handleSingleTap messages [NSObject cancelPreviousPerformRequestsWithTarget:self selector:@selector(handleSingleTap) object:nil]; UITouch* touch = [[event allTouches] anyObject]; NSString* filename = [g_AppsList objectAtIndex: [touch view].tag]; NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource: filename ofType:@"m4a"]; theAudio=[[AVAudioPlayer alloc] initWithContentsOfURL:[NSURL fileURLWithPath:path] error:NULL]; theAudio.delegate = self; [theAudio prepareToPlay]; [theAudio setNumberOfLoops:-1]; [theAudio setVolume: g_Volume]; [theAudio play]; }

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• Core Data - How to check if a managed object's properties have been deallocated?

  - by georryan

  I've created a program that uses core data and it works beautifully. I've since attempted to move all my core data methods calls and fetch routines into a class that is self contained. My main program then instantiates that class and makes some basic method calls into that class, and the class then does all the core data stuff behind the scenes. What I'm running into, is that sometimes I'll find that when I grab a managed object from the context, I'll have a valid object, but its properties have been deallocated, and I'll cause a crash. I've played with the zombies and looked for memory leaks, and what I have gathered is it seems that the run loop is probably responsible for deallocating the memory, but I'm not sure. Is there a way to determine if that memory has been deallocated and force the core data to get it back if I need to access it? My managedObjectContext never gets deallocated, and the fetchedResultsController never does, either. I thought maybe I needed to use the [managedObjectContext refreshObject:mergeData:] method, or the [managedObjectContext setRetainsRegisteredObjects:] method. Although, I'm under the impression that last one may not be the best bet since it will be more memory intensive (from what I understand). These errors only popped up when I moved the core data calls into another class file, and they are random when they show up. Any insight would be appreciated. -Ryan

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• How to pass parameters to manage_shared_memory.construct() in Boost.Interprocess

  - by recipriversexclusion

  I've stared at the Boost.Interprocess documentation for hours but still haven't been able to figure this out. In the doc, they have an example of creating a vector in shared memory like so: //Define an STL compatible allocator of ints that allocates from the managed_shared_memory. //This allocator will allow placing containers in the segment typedef allocator<int, managed_shared_memory::segment_manager> ShmemAllocator; //Alias a vector that uses the previous STL-like allocator so that allocates //its values from the segment typedef vector<int, ShmemAllocator> MyVector; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { //Create a new segment with given name and size managed_shared_memory segment(create_only, "MySharedMemory", 65536); //Initialize shared memory STL-compatible allocator const ShmemAllocator alloc_inst (segment.get_segment_manager()); //Construct a vector named "MyVector" in shared memory with argument alloc_inst MyVector *myvector = segment.construct<MyVector>("MyVector")(alloc_inst); Now, I understand this. What I'm stuck is how to pass a second parameter to segment.construct() to specify the number of elements. The interprocess document gives the prototype for construct() as MyType *ptr = managed_memory_segment.construct<MyType>("Name") (par1, par2...); but when I try MyVector *myvector = segment.construct<MyVector>("MyVector")(100, alloc_inst); I get compilation errors. My questions are: Who actually gets passed the parameters par1, par2 from segment.construct, the constructor of the object, e.g. vector? My understanding is that the template allocator parameter is being passed. Is that correct? How can I add another parameter, in addition to alloc_inst that is required by the constructor of the object being created in shared memory? There's very little information other than the terse Boost docs on this.

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• iPhone OS: Strategies for high density image work

  - by Jasconius

  I have a project that is coming around the bend this summer that is going to involve, potentially, an extremely high volume of image data for display. We are talking hundreds of 640x480-ish images in a given application session (scaled to a smaller resolution when displayed), and handfuls of very large (1280x1024 or higher) images at a time. I've already done some preliminary work and I've found that the typical 640x480ish image is just a shade under 1MB in memory when placed into a UIImageView and displayed... but the very large images can be a whopping 5+ MB's in some cases. This project is actually be targeted at the iPad, which, in my Instruments tests seems to cap out at about 80-100MB's of addressable physical memory. Details aside, I need to start thinking of how to move huge volumes of image data between virtual and physical memory while preserving the fluidity and responsiveness of the application, which will be high visibility. I'm probably on the higher ends of intermediate at Objective-C... so I am looking for some solid articles and advice on the following: 1) Responsible management of UIImage and UIImageView in the name of conserving physical RAM 2) Merits of using CGImage over UIImage, particularly for the huge images, and if there will be any performance gain 3) Anything dealing with memory paging particularly as it pertains to images I will epilogue by saying that the numbers I have above maybe off by about 10 or 15%. Images may or may not end up being bundled into the actual app itself as opposed to being loaded in from an external server.

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• Access cost of dynamically created objects with dynamically allocated members

  - by user343547

  I'm building an application which will have dynamic allocated objects of type A each with a dynamically allocated member (v) similar to the below class class A { int a; int b; int* v; }; where: The memory for v will be allocated in the constructor. v will be allocated once when an object of type A is created and will never need to be resized. The size of v will vary across all instances of A. The application will potentially have a huge number of such objects and mostly need to stream a large number of these objects through the CPU but only need to perform very simple computations on the members variables. Could having v dynamically allocated could mean that an instance of A and its member v are not located together in memory? What tools and techniques can be used to test if this fragmentation is a performance bottleneck? If such fragmentation is a performance issue, are there any techniques that could allow A and v to allocated in a continuous region of memory? Or are there any techniques to aid memory access such as pre-fetching scheme? for example get an object of type A operate on the other member variables whilst pre-fetching v. If the size of v or an acceptable maximum size could be known at compile time would replacing v with a fixed sized array like int v[max_length] lead to better performance? The target platforms are standard desktop machines with x86/AMD64 processors, Windows or Linux OSes and compiled using either GCC or MSVC compilers.

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• Is extending a base class with non-virtual destructor dangerous in C++

  - by Akusete

  Take the following code class A { }; class B : public A { }; class C : public A { int x; }; int main (int argc, char** argv) { A* b = new B(); A* c = new C(); //in both cases, only ~A() is called, not ~B() or ~C() delete b; //is this ok? delete c; //does this line leak memory? return 0; } when calling delete on a class with a non-virtual destructor with member functions (like class C), can the memory allocator tell what the proper size of the object is? If not, is memory leaked? Secondly, if the class has no member functions, and no explicit destructor behaviour (like class B), is everything ok? I ask this because I wanted to create a class to extend std::string, (which I know is not recommended, but for the sake of the discussion just bear with it), and overload the +=,+ operator. -Weffc++ gives me a warning because std::string has a non virtual destructor, but does it matter if the sub-class has no members and does not need to do anything in its destructor? -- FYI the += overload was to do proper file path formatting, so the path class could be used like class path : public std::string { //... overload, +=, + //... add last_path_component, remove_path_component, ext, etc... }; path foo = "/some/file/path"; foo = foo + "filename.txt"; //and so on... I just wanted to make sure someone doing this path* foo = new path(); std::string* bar = foo; delete bar; would not cause any problems with memory allocation

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• How to simulate OutOfMemory exception

  - by Gacek

  I need to refactor my project in order to make it immune to OutOfMemory exception. There are huge collections used in my project and by changing one parameter I can make my program to be more accurate or use less of the memory... OK, that's the background. What I would like to do is to run the routines in a loop: Run the subroutines with the default parameter. Catch the OutOfMemory exception, change the parameter and try to run it again. Do the 2nd point until parameters allow to run the subroutines without throwing the exception (usually, there will be only one change needed). Now, I would like to test it. I know, that I can throw the OutOfMemory exception on my own, but I would like to simulate some real situation. So the main question is: Is there a way of setting some kind of memory limit for my program, after reaching which the OutOfMemory exception will be thrown automatically? For example, I would like to set a limit, let's say 400MB of memory for my whole program to simulate the situation when there is such an amount of memory available in the system. Can it be done?

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• Do COM Dll References Require Manual Disposal? If so, How?

  - by Drew

  I have written some code in VB that verifies that a particular port in the Windows Firewall is open, and opens one otherwise. The code uses references to three COM DLLs. I wrote a WindowsFirewall class, which Imports the primary namespace defined by the DLLs. Within members of the WindowsFirewall class I construct some of the types defined by the DLLs referenced. The following code isn't the entire class, but demonstrates what I am doing. Imports NetFwTypeLib Public Class WindowsFirewall Public Shared Function IsFirewallEnabled as Boolean Dim icfMgr As INetFwMgr icfMgr = CType(System.Activator.CreateInstance(Type.GetTypeFromProgID("HNetCfg.FwMgr")), INetFwMgr) Dim profile As INetFwProfile profile = icfMgr.LocalPolicy.CurrentProfile Dim fIsFirewallEnabled as Boolean fIsFirewallEnabled = profile.FirewallEnabled return fIsFirewallEnabled End Function End Class I do not reference COM DLLs very often. I have read that unmanaged code may not be cleaned up by the garbage collector and I would like to know how to make sure that I have not introduced any memory leaks. Please tell me (a) if I have introduced a memory leak, and (b) how I may clean it up. (My theory is that the icfMgr and profile objects do allocate memory that remains unreleased until after the application closes. I am hopeful that setting their references equal to nothing will mark them for garbage collection, since I can find no other way to dispose of them. Neither one implements IDisposable, and neither contains a Finalize method. I suspect they may not even be relevant here, and that both of those methods of releasing memory only apply to .Net types.)

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• Integer array or struct array - which is better?

  - by MusiGenesis

  In my app, I'm storing Bitmap data in a two-dimensional integer array (int[,]). To access the R, G and B values I use something like this: // read: int i = _data[x, y]; byte B = (byte)(i >> 0); byte G = (byte)(i >> 8); byte R = (byte)(i >> 16); // write: _data[x, y] = BitConverter.ToInt32(new byte[] { B, G, R, 0 }, 0); I'm using integer arrays instead of an actual System.Drawing.Bitmap because my app runs on Windows Mobile devices where the memory available for creating bitmaps is severely limited. I'm wondering, though, if it would make more sense to declare a structure like this: public struct RGB { public byte R; public byte G; public byte B; } ... and then use an array of RGB instead of an array of int. This way I could easily read and write the separate R, G and B values without having to do bit-shifting and BitConverter-ing. I vaguely remember something from days of yore about byte variables being block-aligned on 32-bit systems, so that a byte actually takes up 4 bytes of memory instead of just 1 (but maybe this was just a Visual Basic thing). Would using an array of structs (like the RGB example` above) be faster than using an array of ints, and would it use 3/4 the memory or 3 times the memory of ints?

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• What's the most efficient way to load data from a file to a collection on-demand?

  - by Dan

  I'm working on a java project that will allows users to parse multiple files with potentially thousands of lines. The information parsed will be stored in different objects, which then will be added to a collection. Since the GUI won't require to load ALL these objects at once and keep them in memory, I'm looking for an efficient way to load/unload data from files, so that data is only loaded into the collection when a user requests it. I'm just evaluation options right now. I've also thought of the case where, after loading a subset of the data into the collection, and presenting it on the GUI, the best way to reload the previously observed data. Re-run the parser/Populate collection/Populate GUI? or probably find a way to keep the collection into memory, or serialize/deserialize the collection itself? I know that loading/unloading subsets of data can get tricky if some sort of data filtering is performed. Let's say that I filter on ID, so my new subset will contain data from two previous analyzed subsets. This would be no problem is I keep a master copy of the whole data in memory. I've read that google-collections are good and efficient when handling big amounts of data, and offer methods that simplify lots of things so this might offer an alternative to allow me to keep the collection in memory. This is just general talking. The question on what collection to use is a separate and complex thing. Do you know what's the general recommendation on this type of task? I'd like to hear what you've done with similar scenarios. I can provide more specifics if needed.

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• Invalid Pointer Operation, advice requested with debugging

  - by Xanyx

  I appear to have created code that is trashing memory. Having never had such problems before, i am now settign an Invalid Pointer Operation. In the following the value of the const string sFilename gets trashed after my call to PromptForXYZPropertiesSettings. // Allow the user to quickly display the properties of XYZ without needing to display the full Editor function PromptForXYZProperties(const sFilename:string; var AXYZProperties: TXYZProperties): boolean; var PropEditor: TdlgEditor; begin PropEditor:= TdlgEditor.create(nil); try PropEditor.LoadFromFile(sFilename); Other Details: Delphi 2007, Windows 7 64 bit, but can reproduce when testing EXE on XP REMOVING CONST STOPS PROBLEM FROM EXHIBITING (but presumably the problem is thus just lurking) PropEditor.PromptForXYZPropertiesSettings creates and shows a form. If I disable the ShowModal call then the memory is not trashed. Even though i have REMOVED ALL CONTROLS AND CODE from the form So I would like some advice on how to debug the issue. I was thinking perhaps watching the memory pointer where the sFilename var exists to see where it gets trashed, but not sure how i would do that (obviously needs to be done within the app so is owned memory). Thanks

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• What is the correct way to open and close window/dialog?

  - by mree

  I'm trying to develop a new program. The work flow looks like this: Login --> Dashboard (Window with menus) --> Module 1 --> Module 2 --> Module 3 --> Module XXX So, to open Dashboard from Login (a Dialog), I use Dashboard *d = new Dashboard(); d->show(); close(); In Dashboard, I use these codes to reopen the Login if the user closes the Window (by clicking the 'X') closeEvent(QCloseEvent *) { Login *login = new Login(); login->show(); } With a Task Manager opened, I ran the program and monitor the memory usage. After clicking open Dashboard from Login and closing Dashboard to return to Login, I noticed that the memory keeps increasing about 500 KB. It can goes up to 20 MB from 12 MB of memory usage by just opening and closing the window/dialog. So, what did I do wrong here ? I need to know it before I continue developing those modules which will definitely eat more memory with my programming. Thanks in advance.

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• nothrow or exception ?

  - by Muggen

  I am a student and I have small knowledge on C++, which I try to expand. This is more of a philosophical question.. I am not trying to implement something. Since #include <new> //... T * t = new (std::nothrow) T(); if(t) { //... } //... Will hide the Exception, and since dealing with Exceptions is heavier compared to a simple if(t), why isn't the normal new T() not considered less good practice, considering we will have to use try-catch() to check if a simple allocation succeeded (and if we don't, just watch the program die)?? What are the benefits (if any) of the normal new allocation compared to using a nothrow new? Exception's overhead in that case is insignificant ? Also, Assume that an allocation fails (eg. no memory exists in the system). Is there anything the program can do in that situation, or just fail gracefully. There is no way to find free memory on the heap, when all is reserved, is there? Incase an allocation fails, and an std::bad_alloc is thrown, how can we assume that since there is not enough memory to allocate an object (Eg. a new int), there will be enough memory to store an exception ?? Thanks for your time. I hope the question is in line with the rules.

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• Why is my Internet connection randomly dropping?

  - by Jeanno

  Ever since I have installed 12.04 (clean install not an upgrade), i have been having a drop in the Internet connection. The drop in the connection can be anything from 15 seconds to about 3 mins, and then the connection comes back. This behaviour happens while I am actively browsing the Internet, or if I wake up the computer and open Firefox (sometimes I have connection and sometimes I don't) . Please note that when the internet connection is on, it is not slow (as speedtest.net results show) In the beginning, I thought it was a problem with the driver r8169 for my RTL8111/8168B Ethernet card, so I downloaded the r8168 from Realtek website, followed the detailed instructions (blacklisted r8169, changed the file to '.bsh' ...), but still the same problem persisted. So I switched to a wireless connection, and I got the same problem with internet connection dropping randomly. Any ideas? Thanks in advance Output from 'lspci -v' Code: 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller (rev 09) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information: Len=0c <?> 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200/2nd Generation Core Processor Family PCI Express Root Port (rev 09) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000e000-0000efff Memory behind bridge: f8000000-fa0fffff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000d0000000-00000000dbffffff Capabilities: [88] Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Capabilities: [80] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [90] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [a0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [140] Root Complex Link Kernel driver in use: pcieport Kernel modules: shpchp 00:01.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200/2nd Generation Core Processor Family PCI Express Root Port (rev 09) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=02, subordinate=02, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000d000-0000dfff Memory behind bridge: f4000000-f60fffff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000c0000000-00000000cbffffff Capabilities: [88] Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Capabilities: [80] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [90] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [a0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [140] Root Complex Link Kernel driver in use: pcieport Kernel modules: shpchp 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 (rev 04) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 52 Memory at f6108000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [8c] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Kernel driver in use: mei Kernel modules: mei 00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 05) (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at f6107000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0 Capabilities: [98] PCI Advanced Features Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller (rev 05) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 53 Memory at f6100000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [60] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [70] Express Root Complex Integrated Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [130] Root Complex Link Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=03, subordinate=03, sec-latency=0 Memory behind bridge: fa400000-fa4fffff Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pcieport Kernel modules: shpchp 00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 2 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=04, subordinate=04, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000c000-0000cfff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000dc100000-00000000dc1fffff Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pcieport Kernel modules: shpchp 00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=05, subordinate=05, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000b000-0000bfff Memory behind bridge: fa300000-fa3fffff Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pcieport Kernel modules: shpchp 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=06, subordinate=06, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000a000-0000afff Memory behind bridge: fa200000-fa2fffff Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pcieport Kernel modules: shpchp 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 05) (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 23 Memory at f6106000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0 Capabilities: [98] PCI Advanced Features Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation P67 Express Chipset Family LPC Controller (rev 05) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information: Len=0c <?> Kernel modules: iTCO_wdt 00:1f.2 RAID bus controller: Intel Corporation 82801 SATA Controller [RAID mode] (rev 05) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 42 I/O ports at f070 [size=8] I/O ports at f060 [size=4] I/O ports at f050 [size=8] I/O ports at f040 [size=4] I/O ports at f020 [size=32] Memory at f6105000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=2K] Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [70] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.0 Capabilities: [b0] PCI Advanced Features Kernel driver in use: ahci 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller (rev 05) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: medium devsel, IRQ 5 Memory at f6104000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] I/O ports at f000 [size=32] Kernel modules: i2c-i801 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation Device 0dc5 (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation Device 085b Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at f8000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=128M] Memory at d8000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=32M] I/O ports at e000 [size=128] Expansion ROM at fa000000 [disabled] [size=512K] Capabilities: [60] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [68] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [78] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [b4] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?> Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [128] Power Budgeting <?> Capabilities: [600] Vendor Specific Information: ID=0001 Rev=1 Len=024 <?> Kernel driver in use: nouveau Kernel modules: nouveau, nvidiafb 01:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GF106 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1) Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation Device 085b Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 Memory at fa080000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [60] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [68] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [78] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel 02:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation Device 0dc5 (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation Device 085b Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 Memory at f4000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=32M] Memory at c0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=128M] Memory at c8000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=64M] I/O ports at d000 [size=128] Expansion ROM at f6000000 [disabled] [size=512K] Capabilities: [60] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [68] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [78] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [b4] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?> Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [128] Power Budgeting <?> Capabilities: [600] Vendor Specific Information: ID=0001 Rev=1 Len=024 <?> Kernel driver in use: nouveau Kernel modules: nouveau, nvidiafb 02:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GF106 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1) Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation Device 085b Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18 Memory at f6080000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [60] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [68] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [78] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel 03:00.0 USB controller: NEC Corporation uPD720200 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 03) (prog-if 30 [XHCI]) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at fa400000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [70] MSI: Enable- Count=1/8 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [90] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=8 Masked- Capabilities: [a0] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting Capabilities: [140] Device Serial Number ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff Capabilities: [150] Latency Tolerance Reporting Kernel driver in use: xhci_hcd 04:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller (rev 06) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 51 I/O ports at c000 [size=256] Memory at dc104000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=4K] Memory at dc100000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01 Capabilities: [b0] MSI-X: Enable- Count=4 Masked- Capabilities: [d0] Vital Product Data Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number 03-00-00-00-68-4c-e0-00 Kernel driver in use: r8168 Kernel modules: r8168 05:00.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6315 Series Firewire Controller (rev 01) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18 Memory at fa300000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=2K] I/O ports at b000 [size=256] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable+ 64bit+ Capabilities: [98] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting Capabilities: [130] Device Serial Number 00-10-dc-ff-ff-cf-56-1a Kernel driver in use: firewire_ohci Kernel modules: firewire-ohci 06:00.0 SATA controller: JMicron Technology Corp. JMB362 SATA Controller (rev 10) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0]) Subsystem: Dell Device 04a7 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 19 I/O ports at a040 [size=8] I/O ports at a030 [size=4] I/O ports at a020 [size=8] I/O ports at a010 [size=4] I/O ports at a000 [size=16] Memory at fa210000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=512] Capabilities: [8c] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [50] Express Legacy Endpoint, MSI 00 Kernel driver in use: ahci Note that my wireless card is not showing, I have the Ralink 3390 card (which apparently does not show up on Ubuntu for some reason), however I am able to connect to wireless network and connect to the internet (when it is working)

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• How do I get .NET to garbage collect aggressively?

  - by mmr

  I have an application that is used in image processing, and I find myself typically allocating arrays in the 4000x4000 ushort size, as well as the occasional float and the like. Currently, the .NET framework tends to crash in this app apparently randomly, almost always with an out of memory error. 32mb is not a huge declaration, but if .NET is fragmenting memory, then it's very possible that such large continuous allocations aren't behaving as expected. Is there a way to tell the garbage collector to be more aggressive, or to defrag memory (if that's the problem)? I realize that there's the GC.Collect and GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers calls, and I've sprinkled them pretty liberally through my code, but I'm still getting the errors. It may be because I'm calling dll routines that use native code a lot, but I'm not sure. I've gone over that C++ code, and make sure that any memory I declare I delete, but still I get these C# crashes, so I'm pretty sure it's not there. I wonder if the C++ calls could be interfering with the GC, making it leave behind memory because it once interacted with a native call-- is that possible? If so, can I turn that functionality off? EDIT: Here is some very specific code that will cause the crash. According to this SO question, I do not need to be disposing of the BitmapSource objects here. Here is the naive version, no GC.Collects in it. It generally crashes on iteration 4 to 10 of the undo procedure. This code replaces the constructor in a blank WPF project, since I'm using WPF. I do the wackiness with the bitmapsource because of the limitations I explained in my answer to @dthorpe below as well as the requirements listed in this SO question. public partial class Window1 : Window { public Window1() { InitializeComponent(); //Attempts to create an OOM crash //to do so, mimic minute croppings of an 'image' (ushort array), and then undoing the crops int theRows = 4000, currRows; int theColumns = 4000, currCols; int theMaxChange = 30; int i; List<ushort[]> theList = new List<ushort[]>();//the list of images in the undo/redo stack byte[] displayBuffer = null;//the buffer used as a bitmap source BitmapSource theSource = null; for (i = 0; i < theMaxChange; i++) { currRows = theRows - i; currCols = theColumns - i; theList.Add(new ushort[(theRows - i) * (theColumns - i)]); displayBuffer = new byte[theList[i].Length]; theSource = BitmapSource.Create(currCols, currRows, 96, 96, PixelFormats.Gray8, null, displayBuffer, (currCols * PixelFormats.Gray8.BitsPerPixel + 7) / 8); System.Console.WriteLine("Got to change " + i.ToString()); System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(100); } //should get here. If not, then theMaxChange is too large. //Now, go back up the undo stack. for (i = theMaxChange - 1; i >= 0; i--) { displayBuffer = new byte[theList[i].Length]; theSource = BitmapSource.Create((theColumns - i), (theRows - i), 96, 96, PixelFormats.Gray8, null, displayBuffer, ((theColumns - i) * PixelFormats.Gray8.BitsPerPixel + 7) / 8); System.Console.WriteLine("Got to undo change " + i.ToString()); System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(100); } } } Now, if I'm explicit in calling the garbage collector, I have to wrap the entire code in an outer loop to cause the OOM crash. For me, this tends to happen around x = 50 or so: public partial class Window1 : Window { public Window1() { InitializeComponent(); //Attempts to create an OOM crash //to do so, mimic minute croppings of an 'image' (ushort array), and then undoing the crops for (int x = 0; x < 1000; x++){ int theRows = 4000, currRows; int theColumns = 4000, currCols; int theMaxChange = 30; int i; List<ushort[]> theList = new List<ushort[]>();//the list of images in the undo/redo stack byte[] displayBuffer = null;//the buffer used as a bitmap source BitmapSource theSource = null; for (i = 0; i < theMaxChange; i++) { currRows = theRows - i; currCols = theColumns - i; theList.Add(new ushort[(theRows - i) * (theColumns - i)]); displayBuffer = new byte[theList[i].Length]; theSource = BitmapSource.Create(currCols, currRows, 96, 96, PixelFormats.Gray8, null, displayBuffer, (currCols * PixelFormats.Gray8.BitsPerPixel + 7) / 8); } //should get here. If not, then theMaxChange is too large. //Now, go back up the undo stack. for (i = theMaxChange - 1; i >= 0; i--) { displayBuffer = new byte[theList[i].Length]; theSource = BitmapSource.Create((theColumns - i), (theRows - i), 96, 96, PixelFormats.Gray8, null, displayBuffer, ((theColumns - i) * PixelFormats.Gray8.BitsPerPixel + 7) / 8); GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers();//force gc to collect, because we're in scenario 2, lots of large random changes GC.Collect(); } System.Console.WriteLine("Got to changelist " + x.ToString()); System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(100); } } } If I'm mishandling memory in either scenario, if there's something I should spot with a profiler, let me know. That's a pretty simple routine there. Unfortunately, it looks like @Kevin's answer is right-- this is a bug in .NET and how .NET handles objects larger than 85k. This situation strikes me as exceedingly strange; could Powerpoint be rewritten in .NET with this kind of limitation, or any of the other Office suite applications? 85k does not seem to me to be a whole lot of space, and I'd also think that any program that uses so-called 'large' allocations frequently would become unstable within a matter of days to weeks when using .NET. EDIT: It looks like Kevin is right, this is a limitation of .NET's GC. For those who don't want to follow the entire thread, .NET has four GC heaps: gen0, gen1, gen2, and LOH (Large Object Heap). Everything that's 85k or smaller goes on one of the first three heaps, depending on creation time (moved from gen0 to gen1 to gen2, etc). Objects larger than 85k get placed on the LOH. The LOH is never compacted, so eventually, allocations of the type I'm doing will eventually cause an OOM error as objects get scattered about that memory space. We've found that moving to .NET 4.0 does help the problem somewhat, delaying the exception, but not preventing it. To be honest, this feels a bit like the 640k barrier-- 85k ought to be enough for any user application (to paraphrase this video of a discussion of the GC in .NET). For the record, Java does not exhibit this behavior with its GC.

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• How to expose game data in the game without a singelton?

  - by zardon

  I'm quite new to cocos2d and games programming, and am currently I am writing a game that is currently in Prototype stage. Everything is going okay, but I've realized a potentially big problem and I am not sure how to solve it. I am using a singelton to store a bunch of arrays for everything, a global list of planets, a global list of troops, a global list of products, etc. And only now I'm realizing that all of this will be in memory and this is the wrong way to do it. I am not storing files or anything on the disk just yet, with exception to a save/load state, which is a capture of everything. My game makes use of a map which allows you to select a planet, then it will give you a breakdown of that planets troops and resources, Lets use this scenario: My game has 20 planets. On which you can have 20 troops. Straight away that's an array of 400! This does not add the NPC, which is another 10. So, 20x10 = 200 So, now we have 600 all in arrays inside a Singelton. This is obviously very bad, and very wrong. Especially as the game scales in the amount of data. But I need to expose pretty much everything, especially on the map page, and I am not sure how else to do it. I've been told that I can use a controller for the map page which has the information I need for each planet, and other controllers for other items I require global display for. I've also thought about storing each planet's data in a save file, using initWithCoder however there could be a boatload of files on the user's device? I really don't want to use a database, mainly because I would need to translate NSObjects and non-NSObjects like CGRects and CGPoints and Colors into/from SQL. I am open to other ideas on how to store and read game data to prevent using a singelton to store everything, everywhere. Thanks for your time.

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