Just when I think Im starting to understand the basics, I find something that brings me right back to reality. In this case, typed reference. I found an example similar to this: class Worker { Boss boss; public void Advise(Boss pBoss) { this.boss = pBoss; } How can you reference methods within the Boss class if its not static and not instantiated? I guess my real question is whats the difference between: Boss boss; and Boss boss = new Boss(); Thank you, FS