When did the idea of macros (user-defined code transformation) appear?

Posted by Jay on Stack Overflow See other posts from Stack Overflow or by Jay
Published on 2010-06-17T20:59:49Z Indexed on 2010/06/17 21:03 UTC
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macros

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lisp

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Scheme

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common-lisp

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forth

I have read McCarthy's 1960 paper on LISP and found no reference to anything that's similar to user-defined macros or normal order evaluation. I was wondering when marcos first appeared in programming language history (and also in Lisp history):

When was the idea of user-defined code transformation (before interpretation or compilation) first described (theoretically)?
What was the first programming language implementation to have Lisp-like macros (by "Lisp-like" I mean "using a readable Turing-complete language to do code-transformation")? (including non-Lisps -- Forth for example is quite old, but I'm not sure if the first Forth implementation already had "IMMEDIATE")
What was the first Lisp dialect to have macros?

Thank you!

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