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Articles indexed Sunday August 24 2014

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• spam email forwarding by server

  - by kikio

  Let's start with this scenario: We have a mailbox (i.e. in yahoo), every message is sent by this account, marked as spam by Gmail spam filter. (because the address or sender IP is blacklisted, not because of content) There is a server which is able to forward incoming messages to another address (email forwarding), for example, to a Gmail mailbox. And it is not blacklisted. The question is: If we send a message, through the dirty mailbox to the server, and server forward it to a Gmail mailbox, will it marked as spam by spam filters?

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• Conflicting ip routes with local table on attaching a virtual network interface

  - by user1071840

  I have an EC2 instance with these ip rules: $ sudo ip rule show 0: from all lookup local 32766: from all lookup main 32767: from all lookup default I can attach an elastic network interface to it with a private IP. Say the IP of my machine is 10.1.3.12 and the IP of the interface is 10.1.1.190. As soon as I attach the interface to my machine a new entry is added to the routing policy and local routing table: sudo ip rule show 0: from all lookup local 32765: from 10.1.1.190 lookup 10003 32766: from all lookup main 32767: from all lookup default $ sudo ip route show table local broadcast 10.1.1.0 dev eth3 proto kernel scope link src 10.1.1.190 local 10.1.1.190 dev eth3 proto kernel scope host src 10.1.1.190 broadcast 10.1.1.255 dev eth3 proto kernel scope link src 10.1.1.190 broadcast 10.1.3.0 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.1.3.12 local 10.1.3.12 dev eth0 proto kernel scope host src 10.1.3.12 broadcast 10.1.3.255 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.1.3.12 broadcast 127.0.0.0 dev lo proto kernel scope link src 127.0.0.1 local 127.0.0.0/8 dev lo proto kernel scope host src 127.0.0.1 local 127.0.0.1 dev lo proto kernel scope host src 127.0.0.1 broadcast 127.255.255.255 dev lo proto kernel scope link src 127.0.0.1 I can send traffic to this ENI directly from a host that can have the same IP as the host the ENI is attached to. This is where the problem starts. I ran tcpdump on the port in question and saw multiple SYNs going to the ENI with src '10.1.3.12' and destination '10.1.1.190' but didn't see even a single ACK. In my understanding if ACKs were being sent from the ENI they'd have destination as 10.1.3.12 i.e. the same as the local machine's IP and such packets will now be routed as local packets matching local routing policy: local 10.1.3.12 dev eth0 proto kernel scope host src 10.1.3.12 I'd like to send all the packets originating from 10.1.1.190 (my ENI) to go back on the same interface i.e. eth3 in this case. Contents of the nee table 10003 are: $ sudo ip route show table 10003 default via 10.1.1.1 dev eth3 I think I can do the following: I don't know if its possible but probably decrease the priority of local table so the packets match the table 10003. Use iptables to mangle these packets and update the local table route to include the mark information But I'm not sure if these are the right approaches.

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• VMWare use of Gratuitous ARP REPLY

  - by trs80

  I have an ESXi cluster that hosts several Windows Server VMs and around 30 Windows workstation VMs. Packet captures show a high number of ARP replies of the form: -sender_ip: VM IP -sender_mac: VM virtual MAC -target_ip: 0.0.0.0 -target_mac: Switch interface MAC The specific addresses aren't really a concern -- they're all legitimate and we're not having any problems with communications (most of the questions surrounding GARP and VMWare have to do with ping issues, a problem we don't have). I'm looking for an explanation of the traffic pattern in an environment that functions as expected. So the question is why would I see a high number of unsolicited ARP replies? Is this a mechanism VMWare uses for some purpose? What is it? Is there an alternative? EDIT: Quick diagram: [esxi]--[switch vlan]--[inline IDS]--[fw]--(rest of network) The IDS is complaining about these unsolicited ARPs. Several IDS vendors trigger on ARP replies without a prior request, or for ARP replies that have a target IP of 0.0.0.0. The target MAC in these replies is the VLAN interface on the switch. Capture points: -The IDS grabs the offending packets -The FW can see the same ones -A VM on the ESXi host does not see these, although there is an ARP request for a specific IP on the ESXi host that has source_ip=0.0.0.0 and source_mac=[switch vlan interface]. I can't share the captures, unfortunately. Really I'm interested in finding out if this is normal for an ESXi deployment.

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• CentOS 6.5 new Kernel not active after reboot

  - by Kristofer

  Today I was running some yum updates and wanted to verify that everything went through fine by making sure I had a new kernel. To my surprise I noticed that CentOS was still running 2.6.32-431.5.1.el6.x86_64 even though it looked as though 2.6.32-431.23.3.el6 was installed. Indeed 2.6.32-431.23.3.el6 shows up in /etc/grub.conf but not in the upstart boot options. Any ideas why? In the update log it says: ---> Package kernel-firmware.noarch 0:2.6.32-431.5.1.el6 will be updated ---> Package kernel-firmware.noarch 0:2.6.32-431.23.3.el6 will be an update Could this be the reason? What does "will be an update" mean? My /etc/grub.conf: # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-root # initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img #boot=/dev/vda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu password --encrypted $1$auui(i$sODM4ni/Zts9IlMWu.wWF/ title CentOS (2.6.32-431.23.3.el6.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.23.3.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=sv-latin1 rd_NO_MD rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup00/swap SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup00/root rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet rhgb quiet audit=1 initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.23.3.el6.x86_64.img title CentOS (2.6.32-431.5.1.el6.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.5.1.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=sv-latin1 rd_NO_MD rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup00/swap SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup00/root rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet rhgb quiet audit=1 initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.5.1.el6.x86_64.img title CentOS (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=sv-latin1 rd_NO_MD rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup00/swap SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup00/root rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet rhgb quiet audit=1 initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img

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• If I don't want subdomains to send out email, do I need SPF records for them?

  - by Phil

  I have a main domain with (now) valid SPF record, but we also programmatically create lots and lots of subdomains for clients via cpanel PHPXML API. These subdomains are not intended to send any mail. When we create them, they are getting an A record of my ip, and a TXT record of "v=spf1 +a +mx +ip4:[MY IP] ?all". Those are all the DNS records they have Recently we have had a lot of email spoofing and realized there was an invalid (duplicate SPF) for our main domain. We just fixed that, but are unsure if: 1) Can spammers still spoof email from subdomains without MX records, with above current listed SPF? 2) Is it better to have no SPF for subdomains than the one I have listed? 3) Is there a way to prevent subdomains from sending/spoofing email via my main domain's SPF? Here is the main domain SPF that our host suggested we switch to: "v=spf1 a mx ptr a:dedrelay.[webhost].com include:dedrelay.[webhost].com ~all"

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• Proxmox: VMs and different public IPs

  - by Raj

  I have a server which has two NICs and both are directly connected to internet. I have five different public IP addresses available for the VMs. The host machine (Proxmox) doesn't need to use any (it'll use a private IP and that's all) but will have internet connection. I've gone through the Proxmox documentation and I'm not able to understand the big picture to set up the right network configuration for my needs. In short, what I have is: One server (Proxmox, host machine) On that server, 5 VMs are created 5 public IP addresses available (one for each VM), let's say: 80.123.21.1, 80.123.21.2, 80.123.21.3, 80.123.21.4, 80.123.21.5 What I have now for the host is the following: auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet manual auto eth1 iface eth1 inet manual auto vmbr0 iface vmbr0 inet static address 192.168.1.101 netmask 255.255.255.0 bridge_ports eth0 bridge_stp off bridge_fd 0 auto vmbr1 iface vmbr1 inet manual It can be reached from the internal network, so that's OK. It has internet connection, which is also OK. vmbr1 is going to be used by the VMs. Each VM will have its own IP on his network interfaces configuration file. For some reason, VMs will not have internet and they won't be able to have public IP address. If I use NAT, it will work correctly, but they will not use the public allocated IP addresses for them. Am I missing something?

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• Connection from Apache to Tomcat via mod_jk not working

  - by Tobias Schittkowski

  I would like to connect apache to tomcat via mod_jk (same machine). The ajp connector in tomcat is listening on port 8009, the worker settings are: worker.worker1.port=8009 worker.worker1.host=localhost However, the connection fails, here is the mod_jk debug log: [debug] wc_get_name_for_type::jk_worker.c (292): Found worker type 'ajp13' [debug] init_ws_service::mod_jk.c (1097): Service protocol=HTTP/1.1 method=GET ssl=false host=(null) addr=127.0.0.1 name=localhost port=80 auth=(null) user=(null) laddr=127.0.0.1 raddr=127.0.0.1 uri=/share [debug] ajp_get_endpoint::jk_ajp_common.c (3154): acquired connection pool slot=0 after 0 retries [debug] ajp_marshal_into_msgb::jk_ajp_common.c (626): ajp marshaling done [debug] ajp_service::jk_ajp_common.c (2449): processing worker1 with 2 retries [debug] ajp_send_request::jk_ajp_common.c (1623): (worker1) all endpoints are disconnected. [debug] jk_open_socket::jk_connect.c (485): socket TCP_NODELAY set to On [debug] jk_open_socket::jk_connect.c (609): trying to connect socket 560 to 0.0.0.0:0 [info] jk_open_socket::jk_connect.c (627): connect to 0.0.0.0:0 failed (errno=47) [info] ajp_connect_to_endpoint::jk_ajp_common.c (995): Failed opening socket to (0.0.0.0:0) (errno=47) Why does mod_jk try to connect to 0.0.0.0:0 and not to 127.0.0.1:8009??? Thank you for your help! Tobias

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• Amazon EC2 Socket connection not being accepted

  - by Joseph

  I am trying to run a java application on my EC2 instance. The application accepts socket connections on port 54321. If I try and connect to it, it times out. My Security Group is set as: TCP Port (Service) Source Action 21 0.0.0.0/0 Delete 22 (SSH) 0.0.0.0/0 Delete 80 (HTTP) 0.0.0.0/0 Delete 20393 0.0.0.0/0 Delete 54321 0.0.0.0/0 Delete Is there anything else I need to do? # iptables -nvL Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination # iptables -nvL -t nat Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination #

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• reverse-proxy web access on a server where only SSH is allowed

  - by Kaii

  Every once in a while i have to connect to a server where access is highly restricted. Only inbound SSH is allowed by the DMZ firewall - outbound HTTP connections are blocked. I'm looking for a good way to tunnel web access through my SSH session, so i can install updates and software via yum / apt-get. What do you do in such a situation? SSH has the -D <port> SOCKS proxy option. But unfortunately it is one-way only from client to server and there is no reverse option.

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• What does the red x icon mean next to a user in folder permissions (Windows 7)

  - by Scott Szretter

  In trying to debug various strange issues on a machine, I found something strange - when I go to C:\Users\administrator and get properties, security tab, it lists the users (the local admin account, system, and 'administrator' which is the domain administrator account). It all looks fine in terms of permissions (full control, etc.) compared to other machines. The one difference is there is a small red circle with an X to the left of the user icon/name. Additionally, there are various folders where it says access denied under there - for example, my documents! Even logged in as the local machine administrator account (which is not named administrator), I am unable to change the permissions - it says access denied. Any ideas what this means and how to fix it? I even tried re-joining the machine to the domain.

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• Disable public Tomcat6 stack trace

  - by The NinjaSysadmin

  Can anyone advise me how I can go about disabling Tomcat6 from displaying stacktrace output to the browser? Tomcat: 6.0.29 I have made the following changes to /opt/apache-tomcat-6.0.29/conf/web.xml <error-page> <exception-type>java.lang.Throwable</exception-type> <location>/error.jsp</location> </error-page> I'm told putting this in place will give a white screen if the file doesn't exist, however I'm getting stack traces to the screen.

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• MySQL Cluster transaction isolation level - READ_COMMITTED

  - by Doori Bar

  I'm learning by mostly reading the documentation. Unfortunately, http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/set-transaction.html#isolevel_read-committed doesn't say anything, while it says everything. Confused? Me too. ndb engine supports only "READ_COMMITTED" transaction isolation level. A. It starts by saying "sets and reads its own fresh snapshot", which I translate to: The transaction is having a separated 'zone' which whatever it stores there - is what it reads back. B. While out-side of the transaction, the old-values are unlocked. C. It continues with: "for locking reads" sentence - No idea what it means. Question: they claim only READ_COMMITTED transaction isolation level is supported, but while handling a BLOB or a TEXT, they say the isolation is now "locked for reading" too. So is it a contradiction? can a transaction LOCK for reading just as well while handling something other than BLOB/TEXT? (such as integers)

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• Issue with Toshiba Satellite C50 A-1JM

  - by Nathan Hawkes

  I am having some odd problems with my Toshiba laptop. For the last two days, it has not loaded past the boot screen for hours, if at all. When I force the laptop off and switch it back on, it goes to the Preparing Automatic Repair process but will not complete the process and go to the desktop. However, this only happens when the battery is plugged in. When I remove the battery and run the laptop on power, it works without issue. Would this be a battery issue (given it works without the battery) or a hard drive issue (given it won't get past the boot screen)? If neither, what would you suggest as a solution?

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• Graphic driver for Targa Now NT9231

  - by Lumio

  I thought of installing Xubuntu on my elder Targa Now nettop and didn't think about the driver option. So now I'm here with a fresh Xubuntu installation and looking for graphic drivers. I found someone who might have had a "good" result with SiS - and the package is already installed, but I can't get my xorg.conf right. This is how my xorg.conf looks like right now: Section "Device" Identifier "Configured Video Device" Driver "sis" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "Screen 0" Modeline "1024x768_60.00" 64.11 1024 1080 1184 1344 768 769 772 795 -HSync +Vsync #HorizSync 30.0-62.0 #VertRefresh 50.0-70.0 EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "Default Screen" Monitor "Configured Monitor" Device "Configured Video Device" DefaultDepth 24 SubSection "Display" Depth 24 Modes "1024x768" "800x600" EndSubSection EndSection Thanks for every help given!

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• Grub Installation Failed: Fatal Error ... now what I do?

  - by eklavya

  I know there are some threads that touch this but I feel I have done something uniquely stupid. hence the post and plea for help. I am a beginner @ Linux. So I have a PC with a HDD (hard disk drive) and SSD (solid state drive) It was running Linux Mint /dev/sda1 - HDD Partition 1 - 2 TB (mounted this is /home /dev/sda2 - HDD Partition 2 - 1 TB (separate back up drive, i was backing up files to this) /dev/sdb1 - SSD Partition 1 - 100 GB (OS) /dev/sdb2 - SSD Partition 2 - 20 GB (Swap) The operating system was Linux Mint and was installed on the /dev/sdb1 i.e the solid state drive. I had partitioned off the sda into 2 TB and 1TB and presented the 2 TB as the /home to the OS. Anyway last night I decided to make a return to Ubuntu via the path of Elementary OS. Everything went fine with the install until it stated that GRUB installed failed and this was a Fatal error (no kidding I said). No I am stuck. I have definitely done something wrong and don't know what it is... My biggest pain is the files on the /dev/sda2. I want to save these before I try something drastic like wiping off the /dev/sda completely. So I have the following questions... Can I use a liveCD USB to save these files ? I can see the /dev/sda2 but was unable to access the files in the liveCD last not least ... how do I fix the main issue here. Why could the OS not install GRUB 2b... why is my SSD the /dev/sdb ... and not /dev/sda. Does that have something to do with it that my master boot record sits on the HDD /dev/sda and not /dev/sdb

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• Change to different user, or let different user execute a command

  - by WG-

  I have a problem. There is a server which I can access with an account by ssh, lets say WG. Now there is a folder with the following permissions. drwxr-s---+ 855 vvz www-data 20K Aug 21 17:56 pictures I want to copy this folder using rsync, however since I am not the user www-data but WG I cannot execute rsync. So I want www-data to execute a rsync command. However, I do not posses sudo powers. My friend however tells me that I am actually able to execute the rsync command as www-data, but he will not tell me how. I asked him for some clues and he told me that it had something to do with reverse shell (which I figured out to be that you connect by ssh to your server and then you connect back to your own server, or something). I also asked if it was by-design or actually a flaw in the system. He tells me it is both. Furthermore I think it has something to do with the group permissions. If I just make sure that I am with the group permissions then I can also read the files. Anybody has a clue?

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• RAM Part Numbers - Meaning?

  - by 1Up

  I hope this is the appropriate stackexchange to post this question. EDIT: I'm attempting to replace faulty ram and am trying to understand the meanings of the label to make correct decision. I have a 2gb stick of ram which appears to have gone bad. It is a SAMSUNG Top line: 2GB 1Rx8 PC3-10600U-9-10-A0 The part number: M378B5773CH0-CH9 1051 Doing a number of searches, I end up here: http://www.reusetek.com/samsung-m378b5773ch0-ch9-1110-4gb-2x2gb-1rx8-pc310600u-09-10-a0-ddr3-desktop-memory/ M378B5773CH0-CH9 1110 Notice there is a difference: 1051 OR 1110 What is the meaning of the part number, and the last 4 digits? Is this a significant difference, and one that affects the machine?

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• How do I connect to my home's primary wired network through an extra (wireless) router?

  - by Matthew Patrick Cashatt

  Thanks for looking! I have set up a desktop PC in my workshop. The Cat 5 cable connects from this PC to a wireless router which is connected to my home network. The Internet connection is working just fine. However, the "wired" network this is on shows up as a different wired network than the one that the PCs inside my house are connected to. This is a problem because I would like to connect this workshop PC to various shared resources like printers, HD Homerun (cable tv card), shared drives, etc. When I go to "Network and Sharing" and attempt to find the network that the PCs inside my home are connected to, I don't see it. Any help is appreciated. Thanks!

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• Git on Windows 7 expecting Linux? /dev/null not found error

  - by Klikini

  I have installed git (not GitHub) on Windows 7 x64 Home Premium, and I cannot get it to work. Opening Git Bash outputs the following: Welcome to Git (version 1.9.4-preview20140815) Run 'git help git' to display the help index. Run 'get help <command>' to display help for specific commands. sh.exe": /dev/null: No such file or directory sh.exe": /dev/null: No such file or directory sh.exe": /dev/null: No such file or directory sh.exe": /dev/null: No such file or directory sh.exe": /dev/null: No such file or directory sh.exe": /dev/null: No such file or directory Andy@ANDY-DELL ~ $ If I open the Git GUI, I get a this box: Title: git-gui: fatal error Content: fatal: open /dev/null or dup failed: No such file or directory Git Gui requires Git 1.5.0 or later. I also tried GitHub for Windows, but I got an internet connection error when attempting to clone a repo, even though my connection is fine. Is this possibly related? I have learned so far that /dev/null is the Linux version of the Windows NUL, but why is it trying to do this on Windows? Thanks in advance.

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• Why is my metro screen getting extended to half of the second screen?

  - by maximusyoda

  When I extend my desktop to the second screen, it stays fine for a few minutes, but after a while, the first metro screen stretches all the way to half of the second screen. The search bar etc stops working. The desktop itself shares fine. But the metro screen is messed up as well as the resolution. The second screen is using the recommended resolution. All I want is to have an extended screen. The problem occurs in my office Windows 8 laptop as well. Not sure what to do with it. Device: Surface Pro 2 External Monitor: Dell 2208WFP 1680 x 1050 Pixel Resoultion 22''

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• Transferring to a SSD using Windows Explorer?

  - by Nick

  I've just bought a new SSD (regretting this already) which I want to make my primary hard drive on my new computer. It's a fresh Windows 8 install, so I'm wondering if I can just copy the entire contents of C: onto my new SSD drive, or will I need to copy other things too such as boot records? I don't have a CD drive unfortunately (I removed it to put in the SSD - it's a very small HTPC) and I don't have any USB stick to make a bootable copy of Clonezilla or similar. UPDATE: I have decided to re-install Windows 8 from scratch onto the SSD, the problem is obtaining the serial key that is embedded into the BIOS. I actually have a spare, unused product key from my desktop I'm writing on now, but I'd rather not use that when I already have a valid key in my new HTPC :( Thanks :)

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• Can a website see/know my MAC address even if I use a VPN?

  - by ilhan

  I have searched other results and read many of them but I could not get an enough information. My question is that can a website see my MAC address or can they have an information about that I'm the same person under these conditions: I am using a VPN and I use two IPs: first one is normal one, the second one is the VPN's IP. I use two browsers to hide behind browser fingerprinting. I use both browsers with Incognito Mode. I always use one for normal IP, one for the VPN IP. I do not know that if the website uses cookies or not. But can they collect an enough information to prove that these two identities belong to same person? Is there any other way for them to see that I am the same person? I use different IPs, different browsers and I use both browsers in incognito mode. I even changed one of browsers language to only English. So even if they collect my info from browser, they will see two browsers using different languages. (Addition after edit): So I have changed my IP and browser information and the website can not reach this information anymore to prove that I am the same person using two accounts. Then let's come to the title: Can they see my MAC address? Because I think that it is the last way that they can identify me and my main question is that. I wrote the information above to mention that I changed IPs and I have some precautions to avoid browser fingerprinting (btw my VPN provider already has a service about blocking it). I wrote them because I read similar advices in some related questions but my question is that can they see my MAC address (or anything else that can make me detected) despite all these precautions. And lastly, Is there an extra way to be anonymized that I can do? For example, can my system clock or anything else give an information? Thanks in advance.

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• Streaming a large file

  - by Rich

  quick question say i wanted to download a file of considerable size 10gb say and i sent the GET request to a web server to download that file question is, if the client stopped reading the TCP connection, would the entire file still be downloaded, or does it depend on the client sending back an ack or something to the circuit asking for the next packet hope that makes sense This question was originally asked involving the Tor network, but i just want to know how a standard internet connection would handle this Thanks

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• Can't burn 8.1G iso onto 8.4GB DVD - "Media does not have enough free space"

  - by Max Williams

  I'm trying to burn a dvd on a mac with an external (firewire-connected) dvd drive. I'm checking the size of the iso thus: DVD-4:dvd_files macbook$ ls -l /tmp/hybrid.iso -rw-r--r-- 1 macbook wheel 8700884992 Aug 22 10:57 /tmp/hybrid.iso DVD-4:dvd_files macbook$ ls -lh /tmp/hybrid.iso -rw-r--r-- 1 macbook wheel 8.1G Aug 22 10:57 /tmp/hybrid.iso The "human-readable" size is 8.1 Gig but when i try to burn, onto an 8.4G dual-layer dvd, it says "Media does not have enough free space" The definition of a "Gigabyte" according to Wikipedia is 1 billion bytes, so the iso size should actually be 8.7 Gig according to this definition, in which case the disk definitely isn't big enough, and it's just that the -h option to ls is misleading. Is the discrepancy just due to the ls command using a different definition of "G" (eg 1024 Meg aka 1.07 Gig? This comes out as 8.103 which fits what ls is displaying)

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• Alienware Aurora R2 Slow Boot Up

  - by James R

  I have an Aurora R2 bought a few years ago, and recently I decided a RAM update and new Samsung SSD would be good for speed. So now it's super fast, with the exception of booting up. It still takes good 2 minutes to get past the first splash screen on the BIOS, it's only the BIOS, after that it's like lightning. I've Googled the issue, and the usual problem is the BIOS trying to boot from anything it can, with the fix being to change the boot menu. However I've changed it now, and it's still slow. When I disconnect the USB devices it speeds up, but I can't do that every time I want to boot the PC up! The only other option I can think of is upgrading the BIOS, however it seems that A04 is the recommended on for Aurora R2s, so I don't know if upgrading the BIOS could cause issues, especially not if it doesn't solve the issue. Also, when I disable my original hard drive in the boot menu, the PC won't boot up. Despite the Samsung one being fine to boot from, and the original not being needed as far as I know for starting Windows, it gives me an error message and makes me restart the PC, with a new boot configuration (with the original drive as second choice). Any ideas on how to make the BIOS boot faster? And why I need to have my original drive in the boot menu?

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