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• Static route in conflict with a default route

  - by Ossan Sokiv

  Hi guys, I have a default route configured. 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.1 I'd like to add a static route to pass traffic destined for 192.168.1.51 via a load balancer's redundant virtual interface at 192.168.1.2. ip route add 192.168.1.51 mask 255.255.255.255 via 192.168.1.2 When I try to add the static route I get this error. Error: either "to" is duplicate or "default" is garbage." It doesn't want to add the static route because it's in conflict with the default route. Is there a way around this? Regards Ossan

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• Default route is matched instead specific route

  - by Supertino7

  www.domain.com community :action/* member/profile-(\d+)-(.+) member/profile-%d-%s 1 2 As you can see, I use a route with :action/* in to cover the homepages and the basics actions on index controller. domain.com/community/random_action = works good. domain.com/community/ doesn't work. The whole homepage is displayed. I checked, and the default route is matched. I tried assemble() on route "www-community-index" and it gives well www.domain.com/community I don't see from where comes the problem :(

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• Can't remove route from routing table

  - by anon

  (I am on Windows Server 2003.) I see a couple of unusual entries in my routing table that I would like to remove: Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric XXX.27.44.1 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 20 XXX.27.255.255 255.255.255.255 XXX.27.44.1 XXX.27.44.1 20 All the "XXX"'s are the same octet. I would strongly prefer NOT to clear the routing table, since this is a production server. Here is what I've tried: route delete XXX.27.44.1 The route specified was not found. route delete XXX.27.44.1 mask 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 metric 20 The route specified was not found. route delete XXX.27.255.255 The route specified was not found. route delete XXX.27.255.255 mask 255.255.255.255 XXX.27.44.1 metric 20 The route specified was not found. I also tried adding the routes in hopes that I could delete them: route add XXX.27.44.1 mask 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 metric 20 The route addition failed: The parameter is incorrect. route add XXX.27.255.255 mask 255.255.255.255 XXX.27.44.1 metric 20 The route addition failed: The parameter is incorrect. Bonus question: What do these entries do, and how did they get there?

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• Altering a Column Which has a Default Constraint

  - by Dinesh Asanka

  Setting up a default column is a common task for  developers.  But, are we naming those default constraints explicitly? In the below  table creation, for the column, sys_DateTime the default value Getdate() will be allocated. CREATE TABLE SampleTable (ID int identity(1,1), Sys_DateTime Datetime DEFAULT getdate() ) We can check the relevant information from the system catalogs from following query. SELECT sc.name TableName, dc.name DefaultName, dc.definition, OBJECT_NAME(dc.parent_object_id) TableName, dc.is_system_named  FROM sys.default_constraints dc INNER JOIN sys.columns sc ON dc.parent_object_id = sc.object_id AND dc.parent_column_id = sc.column_id and results would be: Most of the above columns are self-explanatory. The last column, is_system_named, is to identify whether the default name was given by the system. As you know, in the above case, since we didn’t provide  any default name, the  system will generate a default name for you. But the problem with these names is that they can differ from environment to environment.  If example if I create this table in different table the default name could be DF__SampleTab__Sys_D__7E6CC920 Now let us create another default and explicitly name it: CREATE TABLE SampleTable2 (ID int identity(1,1), Sys_DateTime Datetime )   ALTER TABLE SampleTable2 ADD CONSTRAINT DF_sys_DateTime_Getdate DEFAULT( Getdate()) FOR Sys_DateTime If we run the previous query again we will be returned the below output. And you can see that last created default name has 0 for is_system_named. Now let us say I want to change the data type of the sys_DateTime column to something else: ALTER TABLE SampleTable2 ALTER COLUMN Sys_DateTime Date This will generate the below error: Msg 5074, Level 16, State 1, Line 1 The object ‘DF_sys_DateTime_Getdate’ is dependent on column ‘Sys_DateTime’. Msg 4922, Level 16, State 9, Line 1 ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN Sys_DateTime failed because one or more objects access this column. This means, you need to drop the default constraint before altering it: ALTER TABLE [dbo].[SampleTable2] DROP CONSTRAINT [DF_sys_DateTime_Getdate] ALTER TABLE SampleTable2 ALTER COLUMN Sys_DateTime Date   ALTER TABLE [dbo].[SampleTable2] ADD CONSTRAINT [DF_sys_DateTime_Getdate] DEFAULT (getdate()) FOR [Sys_DateTime] If you have a system named default constraint that can differ from environment to environment and so you cannot drop it as before, you can use the below code template: DECLARE @defaultname VARCHAR(255) DECLARE @executesql VARCHAR(1000)   SELECT @defaultname = dc.name FROM sys.default_constraints dc INNER JOIN sys.columns sc ON dc.parent_object_id = sc.object_id AND dc.parent_column_id = sc.column_id WHERE OBJECT_NAME (parent_object_id) = 'SampleTable' AND sc.name ='Sys_DateTime' SET @executesql = 'ALTER TABLE SampleTable DROP CONSTRAINT ' + @defaultname EXEC( @executesql) ALTER TABLE SampleTable ALTER COLUMN Sys_DateTime Date ALTER TABLE [dbo].[SampleTable] ADD DEFAULT (Getdate()) FOR [Sys_DateTime]

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• ASP.NET MVC 2 / Localization / Dynamic Default Value?

  - by cyberblast

  Hello In an ASP.NET MVC 2 application, i'm having a route like this: routes.MapRoute( "Default", // Route name "{lang}/{controller}/{action}/{id}", // URL with parameters new // Parameter defaults { controller = "Home", action = "Index", lang = "de", id = UrlParameter.Optional }, new { lang = new AllowedValuesRouteConstraint(new string[] { "de", "en", "fr", "it" }, StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase) } Now, basically I would like to set the thread's culture according the language passed in. But there is one exception: If the user requests the page for the first time, like calling "http://www.mysite.com" I want to set the initial language if possible to the one "preferred by the browser". How can I distinguish in an early procesing stage (like global.asax), if the default parameter has been set because of the default value or mentioned explicit through the URL? (I would prefer a solution where the request URL is not getting parsed). Is there a way to dynamically provide a default-value for a paramter? Something like a hook? Or where can I override the default value (good application event?). This is the code i'm actually experimenting with: protected void Application_AcquireRequestState(object sender, EventArgs e) { string activeLanguage; string[] validLanguages; string defaultLanguage; string browsersPreferredLanguage; try { HttpContextBase contextBase = new HttpContextWrapper(Context); RouteData activeRoute = RouteTable.Routes.GetRouteData(new HttpContextWrapper(Context)); if (activeRoute == null) { return; } activeLanguage = activeRoute.GetRequiredString("lang"); Route route = (Route)activeRoute.Route; validLanguages = ((AllowedValuesRouteConstraint)route.Constraints["lang"]).AllowedValues; defaultLanguage = route.Defaults["lang"].ToString(); browsersPreferredLanguage = GetBrowsersPreferredLanguage(); //TODO: Better way than parsing the url bool defaultInitialized = contextBase.Request.Url.ToString().IndexOf(string.Format("/{0}/", defaultLanguage), StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase) > -1; string languageToActivate = defaultLanguage; if (!defaultInitialized) { if (validLanguages.Contains(browsersPreferredLanguage, StringComparer.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)) { languageToActivate = browsersPreferredLanguage; } } //TODO: Where and how to overwrtie the default value that it gets passed to the controller? contextBase.RewritePath(contextBase.Request.Path.Replace("/de/", "/en/")); SetLanguage(languageToActivate); } catch (Exception ex) { //TODO: Log Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); } } protected string GetBrowsersPreferredLanguage() { string acceptedLang = string.Empty; if (HttpContext.Current.Request.UserLanguages != null && HttpContext.Current.Request.UserLanguages.Length > 0) { acceptedLang = HttpContext.Current.Request.UserLanguages[0].Substring(0, 2); } return acceptedLang; } protected void SetLanguage(string languageToActivate) { CultureInfo cultureInfo = new CultureInfo(languageToActivate); if (!Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture.TwoLetterISOLanguageName.Equals(languageToActivate, StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)) { Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = cultureInfo; } if (!Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture.TwoLetterISOLanguageName.Equals(languageToActivate, StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)) { Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture(cultureInfo.Name); } } The RouteConstraint to reproduce the sample: public class AllowedValuesRouteConstraint : IRouteConstraint { private string[] _allowedValues; private StringComparison _stringComparism; public string[] AllowedValues { get { return _allowedValues; } } public AllowedValuesRouteConstraint(string[] allowedValues, StringComparison stringComparism) { _allowedValues = allowedValues; _stringComparism = stringComparism; } public AllowedValuesRouteConstraint(string[] allowedValues) { _allowedValues = allowedValues; _stringComparism = StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase; } public bool Match(HttpContextBase httpContext, Route route, string parameterName, RouteValueDictionary values, RouteDirection routeDirection) { if (_allowedValues != null) { return _allowedValues.Any(a => a.Equals(values[parameterName].ToString(), _stringComparism)); } else { return false; } } } Can someone help me out with that problem? Thanks, Martin

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• Ubuntu 12.04 VPN default route issue when using the UI

  - by Pieter Pabst

  When setting up a VPN connection using the UI (System settings = Network) the VPN connection is used as the default route after connecting to it. How can I avoid this? That is without assigning manual addresses. I want the connection to use DHCP. It should use the eth* interfaces for my default route, like they are used before making the connection. The VPN route should only be used when connecting to addresses in the ppp0 adapters range. If possible using the UI only, not that I'm not used to editing config files... But the point of using Ubuntu for me was the "it just works" concept (which is true for 99% of the time, keep up the good work). I tried setting the "Method" combobox in the "Configure..." dialogue to "Automatic (VPN) addresses only". That doesn't make a difference. (Another thing I noticed; the UI shows my connection as a "Wireless connection" in the list control on the left. Don't know why... it has the right icon, but that's probably something for the bug tracker)

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• IIS7 defaulting to default.php instead of default.aspx

  - by emzero

  Hi guys. My client has just got a new dedicated server running Win2008 (we had 2003 before), II7, etc. I started setting a little ASP.NET 2.0 web application we have. Running on its own AppPool 2.0. The problem is that when I browse the site root (locally or remotely), I get 404 because the url now points to http://domain/default.php, when it should be default.aspx. Yes, I've checked the Defaults Documents settins for the website and I deleted everything but default.aspx (default.php was not even listed). To finish, I'll say that if I navigate to http://domain/default.aspx, the site works perfectly and I can follow links without problem. Any idea why is this happening? Or at least where I should start looking? Thanks!

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• bridge network using route

  - by wannabe

  I have been googeling and searching on how to do bridge my wifi connections to my internet connection using route. I have a ubuntu server 12.04 with a wifi and normal network card I also have a router that is connected to the internet on my ubuntu server i have eth0 connected to the router; IP 192.168.1.12 GW 192.168.1.1 DNS 212.54.40.25 this all works great I have set up my wlan0 as my accespoint, and DHCP to feed an IP to any device that connects to it. if i connect, for example, my android smartphone to my wlan0 acces point it will get the following IP 10.10.0.2 GW 10.10.0.1 DNS 212.54.40.25 How in earth can I bridge this connection and acces the internet from my android? I dont want to make use of BR0 bridge-utils but accomplish this using route. Many thanks in advance

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• howto only tunnel specific hosts route through openvpn client on tomato

  - by kcome

  I am relatively newbie in networking world although I did coding and know some sysadmin background for a long time. and here I'm only one step from my destination. The whole picture is : at home I use one LinkSys E3000 as the gateway(don't know yet if this is it's name), wireless AP and no other routing/switching devices. It serves 1 PC and 1 Mac with LAN, 1 Mac Mini + 1 iPad + 2 smartphones with WIFI. My goal is use an openvpn client on the E3000 (with tomato firmware) and make my iPad and smartphone's all WiFi traffic through it, and other devices route remain the same non-openvpn route. So far I'm able to connect openvpn client on E3000 to an openvpn server, tunnel all my devices' all traffic through that openvpn connection. What's left is howto selectively route by source IP (at least in my guessing) to the tunnel while don't bother others. I had learned some 'iptables' and 'route' in past few days however without much luck, so here comes my question. Here are some info which will help you get the structure. ifconfig -a output, some useless lines striped, and in the web interface C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:28 is WAN, C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:27 is LAN, C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:29 is 2.4G wifi AP, C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:2A is 5G wifi AP. root@router:/tmp/home/root# ifconfig -a br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:27 inet addr:192.168.1.1 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:27 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:29 UP BROADCAST RUNNING ALLMULTI MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 eth2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:2A UP BROADCAST RUNNING ALLMULTI MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host ppp0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol inet addr:172.200.1.43 P-t-P:172.200.0.1 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1480 Metric:1 vlan1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:27 UP BROADCAST RUNNING ALLMULTI MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 vlan2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:28 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 wl0.1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:29 BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 brctl show output root@router:/tmp/home/root# brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br0 8000.c0c1c01ae027 no vlan1 eth1 eth2 before openvpn route-up script root@router:/tmp/home/root# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 172.200.0.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 br0 127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo 0.0.0.0 172.200.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ppp0 openvpn server push PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,redirect-gateway,dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8,route 172.20.0.1,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig 172.20.0.6 172.20.0.5' openvpn's stock route-up script Apr 24 14:52:06 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/ifconfig tun11 172.20.0.6 pointopoint 172.20.0.5 mtu 1500 Apr 24 14:52:08 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/route add -net 72.14.177.29 netmask 255.255.255.255 gw 172.200.0.1 Apr 24 14:52:08 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/route add -net 0.0.0.0 netmask 128.0.0.0 gw 172.20.0.5 Apr 24 14:52:08 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/route add -net 128.0.0.0 netmask 128.0.0.0 gw 172.20.0.5 Apr 24 14:52:08 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/route add -net 172.20.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.255 gw 172.20.0.5 route after openvpn root@router:/tmp/home/root# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 172.20.0.5 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun11 72.14.177.29 172.200.0.1 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 ppp0 172.200.0.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0 172.20.0.1 172.20.0.5 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 tun11 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 br0 127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo 0.0.0.0 172.20.0.5 128.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun11 128.0.0.0 172.20.0.5 128.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun11 0.0.0.0 172.200.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ppp0 something I had noticed and tried: * on the web interface of openvpn client there is an option "Create NAT on tunnel", if i check this, there is the following script (probably executed after openvpn connection established) root@router:/tmp/home/root# cat /tmp/etc/openvpn/fw/client1-fw.sh #!/bin/sh iptables -I INPUT -i tun11 -j ACCEPT iptables -I FORWARD -i tun11 -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 -o tun11 -j MASQUERADE if i uncheck this option, the last line will not appear. Then I guess probably the my issue will be solved by iptables and NAT related commands, I just haven't got enough knowledge to figure them out. I tried run iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.6 -o tun11 -j MASQUERADE manually after openvpn connected (192.168.1.6 is the ip address of my iPad), then my iPad get internet with openvpn tunnel, however all other devices can't reach internet. in case if needed, here is the iptables about NAT root@router:/tmp/home/root# iptables -t nat -L -n Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.1.0/24 WANPREROUTING all -- 0.0.0.0/0 172.200.1.43 upnp all -- 0.0.0.0/0 172.200.1.43 Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 SNAT all -- 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.0/24 to:192.168.1.1 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain WANPREROUTING (1 references) target prot opt source destination DNAT icmp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 to:192.168.1.1 Chain upnp (1 references) target prot opt source destination DNAT udp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:5353 to:192.168.1.3:5353 Thanks in advance for helping and read this so much, I hope i made every info you need to give a help :)

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• Route eth0 to internet traffic and eth1 to local traffic

  - by Romain Caire

  How can I route all my internet traffic on eth0 (everything except 192.168.1.0/24) and route my local traffic through eth1 (192.168.1.0)? Here is my attempt : # Flush ALL THE THINGS. ip route flush table main # Restore the main table. I flushed it because OpenVPN does weird things to it. ip route add 127.0.0.0/8 via 127.0.0.1 dev lo ip route add 0.0.0.0/0 via 164.67.195.1 ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 ip route flush cache

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• C#/.NET Little Wonders: Using ‘default’ to Get Default Values

  - by James Michael Hare

  Once again, in this series of posts I look at the parts of the .NET Framework that may seem trivial, but can help improve your code by making it easier to write and maintain. The index of all my past little wonders posts can be found here. Today’s little wonder is another of those small items that can help a lot in certain situations, especially when writing generics.  In particular, it is useful in determining what the default value of a given type would be. The Problem: what’s the default value for a generic type? There comes a time when you’re writing generic code where you may want to set an item of a given generic type.  Seems simple enough, right?  We’ll let’s see! Let’s say we want to query a Dictionary<TKey, TValue> for a given key and get back the value, but if the key doesn’t exist, we’d like a default value instead of throwing an exception. So, for example, we might have a the following dictionary defined: 1: var lookup = new Dictionary<int, string> 2: { 3: { 1, "Apple" }, 4: { 2, "Orange" }, 5: { 3, "Banana" }, 6: { 4, "Pear" }, 7: { 9, "Peach" } 8: }; And using those definitions, perhaps we want to do something like this: 1: // assume a default 2: string value = "Unknown"; 3:  4: // if the item exists in dictionary, get its value 5: if (lookup.ContainsKey(5)) 6: { 7: value = lookup[5]; 8: } But that’s inefficient, because then we’re double-hashing (once for ContainsKey() and once for the indexer).  Well, to avoid the double-hashing, we could use TryGetValue() instead: 1: string value; 2:  3: // if key exists, value will be put in value, if not default it 4: if (!lookup.TryGetValue(5, out value)) 5: { 6: value = "Unknown"; 7: } But the “flow” of using of TryGetValue() can get clunky at times when you just want to assign either the value or a default to a variable.  Essentially it’s 3-ish lines (depending on formatting) for 1 assignment.  So perhaps instead we’d like to write an extension method to support a cleaner interface that will return a default if the item isn’t found: 1: public static class DictionaryExtensions 2: { 3: public static TValue GetValueOrDefault<TKey, TValue>(this Dictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, 4: TKey key, TValue defaultIfNotFound) 5: { 6: TValue value; 7:  8: // value will be the result or the default for TValue 9: if (!dict.TryGetValue(key, out value)) 10: { 11: value = defaultIfNotFound; 12: } 13:  14: return value; 15: } 16: } 17:  So this creates an extension method on Dictionary<TKey, TValue> that will attempt to get a value using the given key, and will return the defaultIfNotFound as a stand-in if the key does not exist. This code compiles, fine, but what if we would like to go one step further and allow them to specify a default if not found, or accept the default for the type?  Obviously, we could overload the method to take the default or not, but that would be duplicated code and a bit heavy for just specifying a default.  It seems reasonable that we could set the not found value to be either the default for the type, or the specified value. So what if we defaulted the type to null? 1: public static TValue GetValueOrDefault<TKey, TValue>(this Dictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, 2: TKey key, TValue defaultIfNotFound = null) // ... No, this won’t work, because only reference types (and Nullable<T> wrapped types due to syntactical sugar) can be assigned to null.  So what about a calling parameterless constructor? 1: public static TValue GetValueOrDefault<TKey, TValue>(this Dictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, 2: TKey key, TValue defaultIfNotFound = new TValue()) // ... No, this won’t work either for several reasons.  First, we’d expect a reference type to return null, not an “empty” instance.  Secondly, not all reference types have a parameter-less constructor (string for example does not).  And finally, a constructor cannot be determined at compile-time, while default values can. The Solution: default(T) – returns the default value for type T Many of us know the default keyword for its uses in switch statements as the default case.  But it has another use as well: it can return us the default value for a given type.  And since it generates the same defaults that default field initialization uses, it can be determined at compile-time as well. For example: 1: var x = default(int); // x is 0 2:  3: var y = default(bool); // y is false 4:  5: var z = default(string); // z is null 6:  7: var t = default(TimeSpan); // t is a TimeSpan with Ticks == 0 8:  9: var n = default(int?); // n is a Nullable<int> with HasValue == false Notice that for numeric types the default is 0, and for reference types the default is null.  In addition, for struct types, the value is a default-constructed struct – which simply means a struct where every field has their default value (hence 0 Ticks for TimeSpan, etc.). So using this, we could modify our code to this: 1: public static class DictionaryExtensions 2: { 3: public static TValue GetValueOrDefault<TKey, TValue>(this Dictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, 4: TKey key, TValue defaultIfNotFound = default(TValue)) 5: { 6: TValue value; 7:  8: // value will be the result or the default for TValue 9: if (!dict.TryGetValue(key, out value)) 10: { 11: value = defaultIfNotFound; 12: } 13:  14: return value; 15: } 16: } Now, if defaultIfNotFound is unspecified, it will use default(TValue) which will be the default value for whatever value type the dictionary holds.  So let’s consider how we could use this: 1: lookup.GetValueOrDefault(1); // returns “Apple” 2:  3: lookup.GetValueOrDefault(5); // returns null 4:  5: lookup.GetValueOrDefault(5, “Unknown”); // returns “Unknown” 6:  Again, do not confuse a parameter-less constructor with the default value for a type.  Remember that the default value for any type is the compile-time default for any instance of that type (0 for numeric, false for bool, null for reference types, and struct will all default fields for struct).  Consider the difference: 1: // both zero 2: int i1 = default(int); 3: int i2 = new int(); 4:  5: // both “zeroed” structs 6: var dt1 = default(DateTime); 7: var dt2 = new DateTime(); 8:  9: // sb1 is null, sb2 is an “empty” string builder 10: var sb1 = default(StringBuilder()); 11: var sb2 = new StringBuilder(); So in the above code, notice that the value types all resolve the same whether using default or parameter-less construction.  This is because a value type is never null (even Nullable<T> wrapped types are never “null” in a reference sense), they will just by default contain fields with all default values. However, for reference types, the default is null and not a constructed instance.  Also it should be noted that not all classes have parameter-less constructors (string, for instance, doesn’t have one – and doesn’t need one). Summary Whenever you need to get the default value for a type, especially a generic type, consider using the default keyword.  This handy word will give you the default value for the given type at compile-time, which can then be used for initialization, optional parameters, etc. Technorati Tags: C#,CSharp,.NET,Little Wonders,default

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• route view for new IPs?

  - by Clear.Cache

  The route view method is not working for me telnet route-views.routeviews.org (logged in with user "rviews") route-viewsshow ip bgp 173.244.44.0 | inc 10464 route-viewsshow ip bgp 173.244.44.0 % Network not in table route-views Am I doing something wrong?

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• Webmin no route to host

  - by xloumbos

  Using Webmin ? Network Configuration, I added a new DNS address to the existing server (10.100.200.300). While I saved the new configuration, I lost access to webmin and ssh to this server. How can I retrieve access? I pinged 10.100.200.300 and its dead. When I tried to login with ssh it says: error no route to host. I usually log in to webmin the server IP address and port 10000 but now I cannot. Any help to go back to my previous state?

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• MySQL Database Query Problem

  - by moustafa

  I need your help!!!. I need to query a table in my database that has record of goods sold. I want the query to detect a particular product and also calculate the quantity sold. The product are 300 now, but it would increase in the future. Below is a sample of my DB Table #---------------------------- # Table structure for litorder #---------------------------- CREATE TABLE `litorder` ( `id` int(10) NOT NULL auto_increment, `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `address` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `xdate` date NOT NULL default '0000-00-00', `ref` varchar(20) NOT NULL default '', `code1` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code2` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code3` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code4` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code5` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code6` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code7` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code8` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code9` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code10` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code11` varchar(50) character set latin1 collate latin1_bin NOT NULL default '', `code12` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code13` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code14` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `code15` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `product1` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product2` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product3` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product4` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product5` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product6` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product7` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product8` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product9` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product10` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product11` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product12` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product13` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product14` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `product15` varchar(100) NOT NULL default '0', `price1` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price2` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price3` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price4` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price5` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price6` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price7` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price8` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price9` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price10` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price11` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price12` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price13` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price14` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `price15` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity1` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity2` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity3` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity4` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity5` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity6` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity7` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity8` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity9` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity10` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity11` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity12` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity13` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity14` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `quantity15` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount1` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount2` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount3` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount4` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount5` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount6` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount7` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount8` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount9` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount10` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount11` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount12` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount13` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount14` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `amount15` int(10) NOT NULL default '0', `totalNaira` double(20,0) NOT NULL default '0', `totalDollar` int(20) NOT NULL default '0', PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COMMENT='InnoDB free: 4096 kB; InnoDB free: 4096 kB; InnoDB free: 409'; #---------------------------- # Records for table litorder #---------------------------- insert into litorder values (27, 'Sanyaolu Fisayo', '14 Adegboyega Street Palmgrove Lagos', '2010-05-31', '', 'DL 001', 'DL 002', 'DL 003', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 'AILMENT & PREVENTION DVD- ENGLISH', 'AILMENT & PREVENTION DVD- HAUSA', 'BEAUTY CD', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 800, 800, 3000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 16, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12800, 12800, 60000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '85600', 563), (28, 'Irenonse Esther', 'Lagos,Nigeria', '2010-06-01', '', 'DL 005', 'DL 008', 'FC 004', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 'GET HEALTHY DVD', 'YOUR FUTURE DVD', 'FOREVER FACE CAP (YELLOW)', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 1000, 900, 2000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2000, 1800, 6000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '9800', 64), (29, 'Kalu Lekway', 'Lagos, Nigeria', '2010-06-01', '', 'DL 001', 'DL 003', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 'AILMENT & PREVENTION DVD- ENGLISH', 'BEAUTY CD', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 800, 3000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2400, 18000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '20400', 133), (30, 'Dele', 'Ilupeju', '2010-06-02', '', 'DL 001', 'DL 003', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 'AILMENT & PREVENTION DVD- ENGLISH', 'BEAUTY CD', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 800, 3000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 10, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8000, 30000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '38000', 250);

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• Change the default route without affecting existing TCP connections

  - by Patrick Horn

  Let's say I have two public network addresses on my server: one NAT through an ISP (192.168.99.0/24), and a VPN through a different ISP (192.168.1.0/24), already configured with a per-host route to the VPN server through my ISP. Here is my initial routing table. I am currently routing through my ISP on subnet 192.168.99.0/24. $ route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.99.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 55.66.77.88 192.168.99.1 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.99.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 tap0 Now, I want new TCP connections to switch to my 192.168.1.0/24 so I type the following: $ route add -net 0.0.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 dev tap0 When I do this, it causes some long-standing TCP connections to hang. Is there a way to I safely change the default interface for new connections, while allowing existing TCP connections to use the old route (i.e. do I need enable some sort of stateful routing table)? I am okay with a solution that only works with established TCP connections, and I don't care how hacky it is. For example, if there is a way to add temporary iptables rules for existing connections to force them over the old route. But there has to be some way to do this. EDIT: Just a note about a simple "route add -host ... " for existing connections: this solution would work if I am fine with leaving a subset of IPs on the old interface. However, in my application, this actually doesn't solve my problem because I want to allow new connections to come on the new interface even if they have the same source IP. I'm now looking at using the "ip route" command to set source-based routing rules.

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• HP MSR 30-10a Router - Route Traffic over Default Route

  - by SteadH

  We have a brand new HP MSR 30-10a Router. We have a fairly simple routing situation - we have two IP blocks, one which has a route out. We need things on the first block to go through the router, and out. I have an old Cisco 2801 router doing the job right now. For our example - IP Block 1: 50.203.110.232/29, Router interface on this block is 50.203.110.237, route out is 50.203.110.233. IP Block 2: 50.202.219.1/27, Router interface on this block at 50.202.219.20. I have a static route created for: 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 50.203.110.233 The router seems to understand this. When on the CLI via serial cable, I can ping 8.8.8.8 and hear responses from Google DNS. Woo hoo! The issue arrives when any client sits on the IP Block 2 side. I configured my client with a static IP of 50.202.219.15/27, default gateway 50.202.219.20. I can ping myself. I can ping the near side of the router (50.202.219.20), and I can ping the far side of the router (50.203.110.237. I cannot ping anything else in IP block 1, nor can I ping 8.8.8.8. Here is my configuration file: <HP>display current-configuration # version 5.20.106, Release 2507, Standard # sysname HP # domain default enable system # dar p2p signature-file flash:/p2p_default.mtd # port-security enable # undo ip http enable # password-recovery enable # vlan 1 # domain system access-limit disable state active idle-cut disable self-service-url disable # user-group system group-attribute allow-guest # local-user admin password cipher $c$3$40gC1cxf/wIJNa1ufFPJsjKAof+QP5aV authorization-attribute level 3 service-type telnet # cwmp undo cwmp enable # interface Aux0 async mode flow link-protocol ppp # interface Cellular0/0 async mode protocol link-protocol ppp # interface Ethernet0/0 port link-mode route ip address 50.203.110.237 255.255.255.248 # interface Ethernet0/1 port link-mode route ip address 50.202.219.20 255.255.255.224 # interface NULL0 # ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 50.203.110.233 permanent # load xml-configuration # load tr069-configuration # user-interface tty 12 user-interface aux 0 user-interface vty 0 4 authentication-mode scheme # My guess right now is there is some sort of "permission" needed to use the default route. The manuals haven't turned up a lot in this area that don't make the situation much more complicated (but maybe it needs to be more complicated?) Background: we use HP switches, and I love the CLI. I bought HP thinking the command line interface would be similar, or at least speak the same language. Whoops! I'd be happy to provide more information or perform any additional tests. Thanks in advance! Update 1: The manual mentions routing rules. I hadn't previously added these (since our Cisco 2801 seems to route anything by default). I added: ip ip-prefix 1 permit 0.0.0.0 0 less-equal 32 alas, still no dice.

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• Setting different default applications for different Desktop Environment

  - by Anwar

  I am using Ubuntu 12.04 with default Unity interface. I installed later the KDE desktop, XFCE, LXDE, gnome-shell and Cinnamon. The KDE comes with different default applications than Unity, such as kwrite for text editing, konsole as virtual terminal, kfontview for font viewing and installing, dolphin as File browser etc. Other DE come with some other default applications. The problem arises when you want to open a file such as a text file, with which can both be opened by gedit and kwrite, I want to use kwrite on KDE and gedit on Unity or Gnome. But, there is no way to set like this. I can set default application for text file by changing respective settings in both KDE and Unity, but It become default for both DE. For example, If I set kfontviewer as default font viewing application in KDE, it also opens fonts when I am in Unity or Gnome and vice versa. This is a problem because, loading other DE's program takes long time than the default one for the used DE. My question is: Can I use different default applications for different DE? How?

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• ASP.net 4.0 default.aspx problem on IIS6

  - by Dimonina

  I installed .net framework 4 on my windows 2003 enterprise x64, wrote simple asp.net 4.0 application (default.aspx page only). The application works great if request is to default.aspx, not to the root site: contoso.com/ - doesn't work (Get 404 error) contoso.com/default.aspx - works. Default.aspx is in list of default documents in IIS. Please help.

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• iMac OSX "no route to host"

  - by jairo

  I have an issue with one of my computer on my network. It is an iMac running OS X 10.5.8. The issue is accessing certain websites. For instance, one of these websites is that the computer is unable to connect to is farmville.com. When I ping farmville.com it returns "no route to host": $ ping farmville.com PING farmville.com (50.16.253.102): 56 data bytes ping: sendto: No route to host ping: sendto: No route to host ping: sendto: No route to host When I traceroute farmville: $ traceroute farmville.com traceroute: Warning: farmville.com has multiple addresses; using 50.16.253.109 traceroute to farmville.com (50.16.253.109), 64 hops max, 40 byte packets traceroute: sendto: No route to host 1 traceroute: wrote farmville.com 40 chars, ret=-1 tracerouting the farmville ip address: 50.16.253.109 $ traceroute 50.16.253.109 traceroute to farmville.com (50.16.253.109), 64 hops max, 40 byte packets traceroute: sendto: No route to host 1 traceroute: wrote farmville.com 40 chars, ret=-1 Now the interesting part is that I on another computer (running Ubuntu 10.10) I have no issues at all accessing this website. Which tells me that it's not the internet connection. I've also disabled the firewall on the router to no avail. The /etc/hosts file in the mac is the following. The /private/etc/hosts file is empty: ## # Host Database # # localhost is used to configure the loopback interface # when the system is booting. Do not change this entry. ## 127.0.0.1 localhost #255.255.255.255 broadcasthost ::1 localhost fe80::1%lo0 localhost Any help is appreciated. Many thanks

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• When would a persistent route not be an active route?

  - by alnorth29

  I've added a persistent route to our Windows Server 2003 box using "route -p add". After a reboot the "route print" gave this: Active Routes: Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.91.131.1 10.91.131.9 20 10.88.0.0 255.255.255.252 10.88.0.1 10.88.0.1 30 10.88.0.1 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 30 10.91.131.0 255.255.255.0 10.91.131.9 10.91.131.9 20 10.91.131.9 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 20 10.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 10.88.0.1 10.88.0.1 30 10.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 10.91.131.9 10.91.131.9 20 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 10.88.0.1 10.88.0.1 30 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 10.91.131.9 10.91.131.9 20 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 10.88.0.1 10.88.0.1 1 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 10.91.131.9 10.91.131.9 1 Default Gateway: 10.91.131.1 =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: Network Address Netmask Gateway Address Metric 10.88.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.88.0.2 1 The route I added is listed as a persistent route, but not an active one. Why might this be the case? The route in question is for an OpenVPN connection, would that have anything to do with it?

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• Route all wlan0 traffic over tun0

  - by Tuinslak

  I'm looking for a way to route all wlan0 traffic (tcp and udp) over tun0 (openvpn). However, all other traffic originating from the device itself should not be routed through tun0. I'm guessing this could be realized using iptables or route, but none of my options seem to work. # route add -net 0.0.0.0 gw 172.27.0.1 dev wlan0 SIOCADDRT: No such process Info: This is because the VPN server is not redundant, and wlan users are not really important. However, all services running on the device are fairly important and having a VPN virtual machine with no SLA on it is just a bad idea. Trying to minimize the odds of something going wrong. So setting the VPN server as default gateway is not really an option. I also want all wlan0 user to use the VPN server's IP address as external IP. Edit with the script provided: root@ft-genesi-xxx ~ # route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 172.27.0.17 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.13.37.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0 172.27.0.0 172.27.0.17 255.255.192.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 root@ft-genesi-xxx ~ # ./test.sh RTNETLINK answers: No such process root@ft-genesi-xxx ~ # cat test.sh #!/bin/sh IP=/sbin/ip # replace with the range of your wlan network, or use fwmark instead ${IP} rule add from 10.13.37.0/24 table from-wlan ${IP} route add default dev tun0 via 127.72.0.1 table from-wlan ${IP} route add 10.13.37.0/24 dev wlan0 table from-wlan

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• which default.list should i modify for default applications and what are the differences between the 2

  - by damien

  I would like to add miro to the default application GUI in system settings/default applications.I added ;miro.desktopnext to all rhythmbox.desktop entries eventually discovering if it was not added to audio/x-vorbis+ogg=rhythmbox.desktop as audio/x-vorbis+ogg=rhythmbox.desktop;miro.desktop it would not appear in the system settings/default applications drop down list for audio. I can find default.list in either /etc/gnome/defaults.list or /usr/share/applications/defaults.list modifying either gives me the same results.What is the difference and which is the correct list to modify?

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• Cannot set Chrome as default browser

  - by user1951615

  This has been asked before but there is no answer that works for me. The last answer I saw said to use System Settings. If I look there (Details, Default applications, Web), it says that Chrome IS my default browser. But every time I launch Chrome, it asks me again. If I look within Chrome under Settings, Default Browser, it says that it is not the default browser. There is a large button marked "Make Google Chrome the default browser" but, as someone else as already reported, this button has no effect. I am on the stable channel for Chrome. I tried making a comment to the existing thread but was unable to. That is why I am asking as a new question.

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• What is the netmask equivalent on the verision of route for the Mac

  - by Wes Reing

  In order to create some special routes for debugging I used the following command on my linux server: sudo route add -net 10.78.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 10.101.1.1 which works, and sets up the routes I need. But when I run the same command on my Mac I get: route: bad address: netmask I'm guessing that the version of route that is included in OS X requires a different format but I'm at a loss to figure it out.

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• Why is Lubuntu default desktop environment

  - by John

  So I just wanted to try things out on 14.04, so I did sudo apt-get install lxde sudo apt-get install lubuntu-desktop When I get to the greeter, it reads Lubuntu (Default) Lubuntu Netbook LXDE Openbox Ubuntu Why is Lubuntu default? I don't know if its because its the last thing I installed or if its because it is in alphabetical order. I'm tempted to test this theory by installing Xubuntu and see if it becomes default. I'd like it to read Ubuntu (Default) and have the Ubuntu splash instead. When I open lightdm.conf, there is no line "user-session" nor "greeter-session". They are missing. Is this normal and I have to add it manually?

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