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  • SQL SERVER – History of SQL Server Database Encryption

    - by pinaldave
    I recently met Michael Coles and Rodeney Landrum the author of one of the kind book Expert SQL Server 2008 Encryption at SQLPASS in Seattle. During the conversation we ended up how Microsoft is evolving encryption technology. The same discussion lead to talking about history of encryption tools in SQL Server. Michale pointed me to page 18 of his book of encryption. He explicitly give me permission to re-produce relevant part of history from his book. Encryption in SQL Server 2000 Built-in cryptographic encryption functionality was nonexistent in SQL Server 2000 and prior versions. In order to get server-side encryption in SQL Server you had to resort to purchasing or creating your own SQL Server XPs. Creating your own cryptographic XPs could be a daunting task owing to the fact that XPs had to be compiled as native DLLs (using a language like C or C++) and the XP application programming interface (API) was poorly documented. In addition there were always concerns around creating wellbehaved XPs that “played nicely” with the SQL Server process. Encryption in SQL Server 2005 Prior to the release of SQL Server 2005 there was a flurry of regulatory activity in response to accounting scandals and attacks on repositories of confidential consumer data. Much of this regulation centered onthe need for protecting and controlling access to sensitive financial and consumer information. With the release of SQL Server 2005 Microsoft responded to the increasing demand for built-in encryption byproviding the necessary tools to encrypt data at the column level. This functionality prominently featured the following: Support for column-level encryption of data using symmetric keys or passphrases. Built-in access to a variety of symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms, including AES, DES, Triple DES, RC2, RC4, and RSA. Capability to create and manage symmetric keys. Key creation and management. Ability to generate asymmetric keys and self-signed certificates, or to install external asymmetric keys and certificates. Implementation of hierarchical model for encryption key management, similar to the ANSI X9.17 standard model. SQL functions to generate one-way hash codes and digital signatures, including SHA-1 and MD5 hashes. Additional SQL functions to encrypt and decrypt data. Extensions to the SQL language to support creation, use, and administration of encryption keys and certificates. SQL CLR extensions that provide access to .NET-based encryption functionality. Encryption in SQL Server 2008 Encryption demands have increased over the past few years. For instance, there has been a demand for the ability to store encryption keys “off-the-box,” physically separate from the database and the data it contains. Also there is a recognized requirement for legacy databases and applications to take advantage of encryption without changing the existing code base. To address these needs SQL Server 2008 adds the following features to its encryption arsenal: Transparent Data Encryption (TDE): Allows you to encrypt an entire database, including log files and the tempdb database, in such a way that it is transparent to client applications. Extensible Key Management (EKM): Allows you to store and manage your encryption keys on an external device known as a hardware security module (HSM). Cryptographic random number generation functionality. Additional cryptography-related catalog views and dynamic management views. SQL language extensions to support the new encryption functionality. The encryption book covers all the tools in its various chapter in one simple story. If you are interested how encryption evolved and reached to the stage where it is today, this book is must for everyone. You can read my earlier review of the book over here. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQLAuthority Book Review, SQLAuthority News, T SQL, Technology Tagged: Encryption, SQL Server Encryption, SQLPASS

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  • Paranoid Encryption

    - by Lord Jaguar
    Call me paranoid, but I really like to keep my stuff secret, but readily available on the cloud. So, asking this question. How safe and reliable is encryption software (e.g., truecrypt)? The reason I ask is that, what is I encrypt my data today with this software and after a couple of years, the software is gone ! What happens to my encrypted data? Is it equally safe to AES encrypt using 7-zip? Will it provide the same level or equivalent level of encryption as truecrypt or other encryption software? (I agree truecrypt will be better because of the container encryption it gives.) And what happens if 7-zip shuts down after 5 years? I am sorry if I am sounding paranoid, but I am coming back to my original question... Is there any application/software independent encryption? Meaning, can I encrypt with one software and decrypt with another so that I will not be dependent on just one vendor? I want my encryption to depend ONLY on the password and NOT on the encryption program/software? The next question, can I write my own program that does AES/stronger encryption when I give it a passphrase, so that I don't need to depend on third party software for encryption? If yes, which language supports the same? Can someone give me a heads up as to where to look for in case of writing my own encryption program?

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  • Encryption Product Keys : Public and Private key encryption

    - by Aran Mulholland
    I need to generate and validate product keys and have been thinking about using a public/private key system. I generate our product keys based on a client name (which could be a variable length string) a 6 digit serial number. It would be good if the product key would be of a manageable length (16 characters or so) I need to encrypt them at the base and then distrubute the decryption/validation system. As our system is written in managed code (.NET) we dont want to distribute the encryption system, only the decryption. I need a public private key seems a good way to do this, encrypt with the one key that i keep and distribute the other key needed for decrpytion/verification. What is an appropriate mechanism to do this with the above requirements?

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  • Confused about encryption with public and private keys (which to use for encryption)

    - by jax
    I am making a licensing system when clients ask my server for a license and I send them a license if they are permitted to have one. On my current system I encrypt the license using a single private key and have the public key embedded into the client application that they use to decrypt the license. It works! Others have told me that I should be encrypting with the public key on the server and distributing the private key to clients. I have searched the web and can see that sometimes they use the private key to encrypt and other times they use the public key to encrypt. In this case what am I supposed to do?

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  • Full Disk Encryption for Mac (Not PGP)

    - by Andy
    I purchased PGP Whole Disk Encryption for my Macbook Pro, and it's exactly what I need. After the Symantec acquisition, PGP no longer sells single licenses of the software so I can't purchase a second copy for my iMac. Since I can no longer buy PGP Whole Disk Encryption, can anyone suggest an alternative? I'm currently using Filevault, but I specifically want whole disk encryption. I'm using a quad-core i7 iMac running Snow Leopard and I'm also hoping to protect my Windows Bootcamp partition.

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  • Mac OS X Disk Encryption - Automation

    - by jfm429
    I want to setup a Mac Mini server with an external drive that is encrypted. In Finder, I can use the full-disk encryption option. However, for multiple users, this could become tricky. What I want to do is encrypt the external volume, then set things up so that when the machine boots, the disk is unlocked so that all users can access it. Of course permissions need to be maintained, but that goes without saying. What I'm thinking of doing is setting up a root-level launchd script that runs once on boot and unlocks the disk. The encryption keys would probably be stored in root's keychain. So here's my list of concerns: If I store the encryption keys in the system keychain, then the file in /private/var/db/SystemKey could be used to unlock the keychain if an attacker ever gained physical access to the server. this is bad. If I store the encryption keys in my user keychain, I have to manually run the command with my password. This is undesirable. If I run a launchd script with my user credentials, it will run under my user account but won't have access to the keychain, defeating the purpose. If root has a keychain (does it?) then how would it be decrypted? Would it remain locked until the password was entered (like the user keychain) or would it have the same problem as the system keychain, with keys stored on the drive and accessible with physical access? Assuming all of the above works, I've found diskutil coreStorage unlockVolume which seems to be the appropriate command, but the details of where to store the encryption key is the biggest problem. If the system keychain is not secure enough, and user keychains require a password, what's the best option?

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  • Software tools to automatically decrypt a file, whose encryption algorithm (and/or encryption keys)

    - by Andrew
    I have an idea for encryption that I could program fairly easily to encrypt some local text file. Given that my approach is novel, and does not use any of the industry standard encryption techniques, would I be able to test the strength of my encryption using 'cracker' apps or suchlike? Or do all those tools rely on advanced knowledge of the encryption process (or intercepted 'keys'), meaning I'd have to build my own cracker for testing?

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  • How can I use encryption with Gmail?

    - by Torben Gundtofte-Bruun
    I'm currently reading Cory Doctorow's novel Little Brother which includes a part about encrypted messaging, and even wrapping messages first in my private key and then your public key. I'd like to play around with that but from what I've googled so far it seems to be a rather convoluted process, requiring installing several program components, and creating an encrypted message requires doing some manual file manipulation. I'm surprised that I can't find something like a Firefox plugin that integrates encryption into Gmail. I've seen that there is a Thunderbird PGP plugin, but I don't use T-bird. I also saw a blog post that Google apparently toyed with PGP support in 2009, but nothing has appeared in the meantime. Question: To use encryption with Gmail, is there a simpler method than creating a file locally, then encrypting that file, and finally attaching it to a regular Gmail message?

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  • To encryption=on or encryption=off a simple ZFS Crypto demo

    - by darrenm
    I've just been asked twice this week how I would demonstrate ZFS encryption really is encrypting the data on disk.  It needs to be really simple and the target isn't forensics or cryptanalysis just a quick demo to show the before and after. I usually do this small demo using a pool based on files so I can run strings(1) on the "disks" that make up the pool. The demo will work with real disks too but it will take a lot longer (how much longer depends on the size of your disks).  The file hamlet.txt is this one from gutenberg.org # mkfile 64m /tmp/pool1_file # zpool create clear_pool /tmp/pool1_file # cp hamlet.txt /clear_pool # grep -i hamlet /clear_pool/hamlet.txt | wc -l Note the number of times hamlet appears # zpool export clear_pool # strings /tmp/pool1_file | grep -i hamlet | wc -l Note the number of times hamlet appears on disk - it is 2 more because the file is called hamlet.txt and file names are in the clear as well and we keep at least two copies of metadata. Now lets encrypt the file systems in the pool. Note you MUST use a new pool file don't reuse the one from above. # mkfile 64m /tmp/pool2_file # zpool create -O encryption=on enc_pool /tmp/pool2_file Enter passphrase for 'enc_pool': Enter again: # cp hamlet.txt /enc_pool # grep -i hamlet /enc_pool/hamlet.txt | wc -l Note the number of times hamlet appears is the same as before # zpool export enc_pool # strings /tmp/pool2_file | grep -i hamlet | wc -l Note the word hamlet doesn't appear at all! As a said above this isn't indended as "proof" that ZFS does encryption properly just as a quick to do demo.

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  • How useful is hard drive encryption?

    - by D Connors
    So, let's say you have a notebook, and you encrypt the entire hard drive. Whenever you boot it's gonna ask for a password, meaning nobody can access your data without the password. On the other hand, what if your notebook got stolen whilst it was in sleep mode? Is there any protection that the encryption can offer? Thanks

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  • Linux laptop encryption

    - by kaerast
    What are my options for encrypting the /home directories of my Ubuntu laptops? They are currently setup without any encryption and some have /home as a separate partition whilst others don't. Most of these laptops are single-user standalone laptops which are out on the road a lot. Is ecryptfs and the encrypted Private directory good enough or are there better, more secure, options? If somebody got hold of the laptop, how easy would it be for them to gain access to the encrypted files? Similar questions for encrypted lvm, truecrypt and any other solution I may not be aware of.

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  • Is /home encryption useful on a server?

    - by Dennis
    I've got a question about the use of encryption: I set up a Ubuntu 12.04 server to use it as a router, file server for backups and webserver. Of course, it is probably not the best idea to put backups on the same system as a web server, but it is only for private usage and I don't want to spend too much money. So I thought it is not a bad idea to set up /home-encryption for the backup-user-account with which I do my backups. But in the same moment, another quesiton arises: Does it still makes sense? Via SSH, root login is disabled. And access to the /home-folder of that user is reduced to the user itself. So the only scenario to access the /home-folder is to connect keyboard/display to the server, login as root and change to /home. Or have I overseen a scenario? In case I am right, you can only access the /home-folder from "outside" as the backup-user. But than, encryption also doesn't make sense anymore. Am I right about that thoughts? Or do you still see a way to access the /home-folder of the backup user so that encryption still makes sense? Thanks for your help in advance!

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  • Encryption is hard: AES encryption to Hex

    - by Rob Cameron
    So, I've got an app at work that encrypts a string using ColdFusion. ColdFusion's bulit-in encryption helpers make it pretty simple: encrypt('string_to_encrypt','key','AES','HEX') What I'm trying to do is use Ruby to create the same encrypted string as this ColdFusion script is creating. Unfortunately encryption is the most confusing computer science subject known to man. I found a couple helper methods that use the openssl library and give you a really simple encryption/decryption method. Here's the resulting string: "\370\354D\020\357A\227\377\261G\333\314\204\361\277\250" Which looks unicode-ish to me. I've tried several libraries to convert this to hex but they all say it contains invalid characters. Trying to unpack it results in this: string = "\370\354D\020\357A\227\377\261G\333\314\204\361\277\250" string.unpack('U') ArgumentError: malformed UTF-8 character from (irb):19:in `unpack' from (irb):19 At the end of the day it's supposed to look like this (the output of the ColdFusion encrypt method): F8E91A689565ED24541D2A0109F201EF Of course that's assuming that all the padding, initialization vectors, salts, cypher types and a million other possible differences all line up. Here's the simple script I'm using to encrypt/decrypt: def aes(m,k,t) (aes = OpenSSL::Cipher::Cipher.new('aes-256-cbc').send(m)).key = Digest::SHA256.digest(k) aes.update(t) << aes.final end def encrypt(key, text) aes(:encrypt, key, text) end def decrypt(key, text) aes(:decrypt, key, text) end Any help? Maybe just a simple option I can pass to OpenSSL::Cipher::Cipher that will tell it to hex-encode the final string?

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  • Address Regulatory Mandates for Data Encryption Without Changing Your Applications

    - by Troy Kitch
    The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, US state-level data breach laws, and numerous data privacy regulations worldwide all call for data encryption to protect personally identifiable information (PII). However encrypting PII data in applications requires costly and complex application changes. Fortunately, since this data typically resides in the application database, using Oracle Advanced Security, PII can be encrypted transparently by the Oracle database without any application changes. In this ISACA webinar, learn how Oracle Advanced Security offers complete encryption for data at rest, in transit, and on backups, along with built-in key management to help organizations meet regulatory requirements and save money. You will also hear from TransUnion Interactive, the consumer subsidiary of TransUnion, a global leader in credit and information management, which maintains credit histories on an estimated 500 million consumers across the globe, about how they addressed PCI DSS encryption requirements using Oracle Database 11g with Oracle Advanced Security. Register to watch the webinar now.

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  • After Installation Whole Disk Encryption? 12.04

    - by Luke
    I know some fragments of this question have been asked in previous posts and I have reviewed them - however I have a more thorough question... I did not choose to do whole disk encryption when I used the alternative installer to install my 12.04 distro. I thought that truecypt worked with linux on system drive (whole disk) encryption - but sadly found out it did not. I have totally tweaked and pimped out my installation and I do not want to have to go back and "install" to just get whole disk encryption. Any alternatives that anyone knows of? I don't want just /home... I want the whole system installation protected and made secure so that when I boot I get a password to unencrypt.

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  • Remove encryption from USB flash drive

    - by Timic
    It all started when I was attempting to format my PNY USB drive because it was full of junk. When it asked me what type of file system, I selected FAT but there was a checkbox below that said "Encrypt" and I accidently checked it and continue. I had no choice but to come up with a passphrase for it, and so I did, thinking I was able to remove that encryption. But after that at Disk Utility I thought I would find a "Remove Encryption" button or something like that but I didn't. I tried formatting it to remove the encryption but it gives me an error: Error Formatting, The device is busy" Detail>>> One or more block devices are holding /dev/sdb/. I am stuck, what should I do?

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  • Dualboot harddisk encryption

    - by amfcosta
    I have a system with both Ubuntu 11.10 and Windows 7 and I want to encrypt the whole harddisk or at least some of my partitions. My partition table is something like this (the ones marked with * are the ones that need to be encrypted): Windows boot reserved partition *Windows system partition (ntfs) *Windows data partition (ntfs) Ubuntu root partition (ext4) *Ubuntu home partition (ext4) Ubuntu swap As I said I don't need to encrypt the whole disk. What is the best way to accomplish this? Maybe something (TrueCrypt?) where I enter the password before the system boots so that it decrypts the whole hdd? Or maybe individual encryption using Windows-only encryption (for Windows partitions) and Ubuntu home encryption (well, for Ubuntu home partition)? By the way, I almost always use Ubuntu, so it would be nice if I could continue to boot Ubuntu by default but have an option to boot Windows too (like in grub). EDIT: I was thinking of doing this: encrypting ubuntu home with eCryptfs (I think this is used to encrypt home when selected during installation). Encrypting Windows partitions with TrueCrypt. Still having Grub as a bootloader, when I choose ubuntu everything goes as normal (home is decrypted when login in). When I choose windows the TrueCrypt password prompt shows and windows boots.

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  • Fresh install on SSD with Ubuntu and Windows Vista, using whole disk encryption for Ubuntu

    - by nategator
    I would like to do a fresh install on a OCZ Vertex Plus R2 SSD 60GB drive I purchased on the cheap. Since the AES-encryption looks like it may not work optimally for this drive, I would like to set up a dual-boot to Windows Vista (the only Windows copy I have for clean install purposes) and Ubuntu 12.04 with the best encryption scheme possible. My plan is to have Windows around just in case I need to use a program that won't work with Wine and Ubuntu as my daily OS with all of my information secured in case the laptop is ever stolen or sold. Although this setup will not provide a lot of space, I think I can squeeze both OSes and have enough for second-computer office tasks. So, my questions are: Which OS should I install first, Ubuntu or Vista? Any special considerations when partitioning the drive? How should I install Ubuntu to ensure full disk encryption for the Linux partition(s) and or my daily computing? Is there a significant performance upgrade with doing a solo install of Ubuntu instead of a dual boot setup? Will TRIM, for example, work correctly? Are there any significant security concerns with going the route of a dual-boot, other than the fact that any activity on Windows may be fully recoverable if the drive is stolen or sold? Thanks in advance!

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  • How to create Encryption Key for Encryption Algorithms?

    - by Akash Kava
    I want to use encryption algorithm available in .Net Security namespace, however I am trying to understand how to generate the key, for example AES algorithm needs 256 bits, that 16 bytes key, and some initialization vector, which is also few bytes. Can I use any combination of values in my Key and IV? e.g. all zeros in Key and IV are valid or not? I know the detail of algorithm which does lots of xors, so zero wont serve any good, but are there any restrictions by these algorithms? Or Do I have to generate the key using some program and save it permanently somewhere?

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  • Ubuntu 12.04 64 bit doesn't work on a win7 with check point full disk encryption

    - by Victor Rodriguez
    I installed Ubuntu 12.04 64 bit with the Wubi installer on a Windows 7 with Check Point Full Disk Encryption. The Wubi Installer runs without any trouble selecting the compatibility mode with WinXP and as Administrator. The problem is that after the installation is complete and the reboot done, when you restart the system, there's no option to start Ubuntu instead of Windows. I recently installed Ubuntu on other Win7 machines without any problem. But those laptops don't have the Check Point Full Disk Encryption. And when you restart the system you have the option to start in Ubuntu. If somebody has resolved this issue please share...!!! Regards! Víctor

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  • home-folder encryption: Does it work?

    - by jpaugh
    Back when Ubuntu first sported home folder encryption (what, around the time of Jaunty Jackalope?), I opted in. That caused me some grief when I decided to change my login password. I found that I couldn't decrypt my home anymore! In trying to fix this, I eventually muddled things to the point that using my old password didn't work anymore, either. That experience has left me very shy of using an encrypted home directory--nevermind the performance hit of encryption. Has this feature become more "stable" since it came out? Does it break if you change your login password? Has your [more recent] experience been better? (Does it work in Natty Narwhal?)

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  • Full disk encryption with seperate boot and encrypted keyfile storage: Two-Form Authentication

    - by Cain
    I am trying to setup true Full Disk encryption with two-form authentication on 12.04 and can not find out how to call a keyfile for the encrypted root out of another encrypted partition. All documentation or questions I am finding for whole or full disk encryption only encrypts separate partitions on the same disk. This is not what most are calling full disk encryption, /boot is not on a partition on the root drive, rather it is on a usb stick as sdx1. Instead root is on a logical partition on top of a LUKS container. Luks is run on the whole disk, encrypting the partition table as well. All drives in the machine are completely encrypted and to open it it requires a USB drive (what I have) as well as a passphrase (what I know) resulting in Two-Form Authentication to boot the machine. Device sdx cryptroot vg00 lvroot / There is no passphrase to open the encrypted root device, only a keyfile. That keyfile is kept on the usb drive with /boot, in its own encrypted partition (I'll call this cryptkey). In order for the root file system (cryptroot) to be opened, initramfs must ask for the passphrase to cryptkey on the usb drive, then use the keyfile inside that to open cryproot. I did manage to find what I think is the how-to I used to do this once before: http://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/UbuntuHelp:FeistyLUKSTwoFormFactor I already have the system installed and can chroot into it, however, I can not get it to call for the keys on the USB during boot. I did find a how-to saying I needed to make a cryptroot conf for initramfs but, I believe that is for a passphrase: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemLVMHowto#Notes_for_making_it_work_in_Ubuntu_12.04_.22Precise_Pangolin.22_amd64 I also tried to setup crypttab. However, crypttab only works for drives mounted after the root drive as calling for a keyfile on a device not yet mounted to the system doesnt work. The Feisty how-to included scripts that would be run during boot instructing initramfs to mount the usb drive temporarily and call the keyfile for root which worked quite well except those scripts are outdated now, many of the things they relied on have been merged into something else, changed, or simply don't exist anymore. If I have missed a clear how-to for this, that would be wonderful, I just don't think I have.

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  • Books or guides regarding secure key storage and database encryption

    - by Matty
    I have an idea for a SaaS product I want to create, however, this product will store extremely sensitive data that needs to be encrypted at rest. The trouble is not so much the encryption, but the problem of securely storing the keys so that in the event the server was somehow compromised, the keys couldn't just be recovered and used to decrypt the database. Are there any decent books to guides regarding database encryption, and in particular secure key storage? This seems to be a less than straightforward topic and something that is difficult to get right. I'm seeing multiple ways to attack such a system, but unable to come up with one that is secure enough to store highly confidential information.

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  • transparent home directory encryption

    - by user86458
    #1 I'm very new to the ubuntu home directory encryption or rather ecryptfs folder encryption. I read about the same within Dustin's blog & tried implementing it. Problem or query is my home directory is encrypted & has a www folder ... now when I reboot the system the decryption doesnt happen at startup/boot & apache is not able to find the files rather the folder www since it is not mounted ... in order to mount it I have to login .... is there a way by which an encrypted home / private folder can be mounted at boot without human intervention ? #2 I have installed ubuntu server 11.10 & had selected "encrypt home directory" when installing the same. With ubuntu things are working transparently even after reboot & without logging in. Kindly can anyone pls explain or guide on the same ?

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