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• determine parity of a bit representation of a number in MIPS

  - by Hristo

  Is there some instruction in MIPS that will determine the parity of a certain bit representation? I know to determine whether a "number" has an even parity or an odd parity is to XOR the individual bits of the binary representation together, but that seems computationally-intensive for a set of MIPS instructions... and I need to do this as quick as possible. Also, the number I'm working in is represented in Grey Code... just to throw that in there. So is there some pseudo-instruction in MIPS to determine the parity of a "number" or do I have to do it by hand? If there is no MIPS instruction, which it seems very unlikely to be, any advice on how to do it by hand? Thanks, Hristo follow-up: I found a optimization, but my implementation isn't working. unsigned int v; // 32-bit word v ^= v >> 1; v ^= v >> 2; v = (v & 0x11111111U) * 0x11111111U; return (v >> 28) & 1;

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• determine if parity bit representation in MIPS

  - by Hristo

  Is there some instruction in MIPS that will determine the parity of a certain bit representation? I know to determine whether a "number" has an even parity or an odd parity is to XOR the individual bits of the binary representation together, but that seems computationally-intensive for a set of MIPS instructions... and I need to do this as quick as possible. Also, the number I'm working in is represented in Grey Code... just to throw that in there. So is there some pseudo-instruction in MIPS to determine the parity of a "number" or do I have to do it by hand? Thanks, Hristo

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• Mips, how to read array and print them??

  - by Leon

  okay, C++ and java i have no problem learning or what so ever when it comes to mips it is like hell okay i wanna learn how to read in the an array and print all the element out here is a simple array that i wrote int[] a = new int[20]; for(int i=0; i for(int j=0; j how do you do it in mips

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• MIPS (or SPIM): Loading floating point numbers...

  - by James

  Hey hey, I am working on a little mini compiler while trying to learn some MIPS here. Here's my issue: MIPS has an instruction li (load immediate) which would work like this li $5,100 which would load 100 into register 5. However, I need to load floats into registers right now and am struggling with figuring out a way to do it...since li $5,2.5 does not work. Anyone have any advice? I am working in C, I was thinking I could somehow get the integer representation of the float I am working with (i.e. so the floats binary representation == the ints binary representation) then load the "integer" into the register and treat it like a float from then on. Maybe its too late but Im stuck right now.

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• MIPS assembly: big and little endian confusion

  - by Barney

  I've run the following code snippet on the MIPS MARS simulator. That simulator is little endian. So the results are as follows: lui $t0,0x1DE # $t0 = 0x01DE0000 ori $t0,$t0,0xCADE # $t0 = 0x01DECADE lui $t1,0x1001 # $t1 = 0x10010000 sw $t0,200($t1) # $t1 + 200 bytes = 0x01DECADE lw $t2,200($t1) # $t2 = 0x01DECADE So on a little endian MIPS simulator, the value of $t2 at the end of the program is 0x01DECADE. If this simulator was big endian, what would the value be? Would it be 0xDECADE01 or would it still be 0x01DECADE?

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• Polled I/O on MIPS

  - by Krewie

  Hello , i'm currently implementing a calculator in MIPS which uses the polled I/O method for fetching information. I put a beq $v0, 120, exit # exit if input = ('x') on the main part of the code to tell that whenever something is fetched is equal to x, it should branch the exit function. The only problem is that my code works fine with the keyboard/display simulator on MARS but i get the interrupt exception 6 on SPIM. Why is this happening and how can i help it ? //Thx in advance

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• Saving integers as Strings in MIPS

  - by Krewie

  Hello , i was just wondering, is there any way in MIPS to store a summation of numbers as a string and later read them byte by byte, for example: the sum 657 - sw into a .ascii directive - later lb on the first index to get 6 (in ascii code) same with 5 and so on Is this possible ? //Thx in advance

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• What configuration should i use for compiling expat for MIPS running Debian Embbeded Linux

  - by Schmil

  Hi, I trying to understand what flags should I use when running ./configure of expat. To compile for and embedded target running a debian based distribution on MIPS. For example: Do I have to tell it where the kernel source is? Do I have to give it the architecture I'm using? ... Thanks Schmil

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• Printing a string and variable in MIPS

  - by Matt

  Here's the C representation of what I'm trying to do in MIPS assembly: printf ("x=%d\n", x); I know that I can do a syscall to easily print x= and I can also do a syscall to print the int x (which is stored in a register). However, that prints them like this (let's say x is 5): x= 5 How can I make them print on the same line?

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• How to get LSB bit in MIPS?

  - by israkir

  Is there a short way to check/get for least significant bit in a 32-bit integer, in MIPS? It is obviously set for the odd numbers and an algorithm which checks for the whole number is odd or even can decide for this. But I just wonder is there a better way to do this...

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• Translate to MIPS

  - by user2334400

  HELP Translate A[i] = B[i-1] + B[i] + B[i+1] to MIPS the address of array A is $s1 the address of array B is $s2 the value of i is $s3 lb $s1,0($s3) # $s1=A[i] lb $s2,0($s3) # $s2=B[i] sb $s2,0($s3) # store s2 add $t0, $zero, $s2 #t0=B[i] addi $s3,$s3,-1 #i=i-1 lb $s2 0($s3) #$s2=B[i-1] add $t1,$zero,$s2 #t1=B[i-1] add $s1,$t0,$t1 #A[i]=B[i-1]+B[i] addi $s3,$s3,2 #i+1 lb $s2,0($s3) #s2=B[i+1] add $t2,$zero,$s2 #t2=B[i+1] add $s1,$s1,$t2 #A[i] = t1 + B[i+1] sb $s1 I know this is kind of mess, but it's the best i can write

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• Multi-Precision Arithmetic on MIPS

  - by Rob

  Hi, I am just trying to implement multi-precision arithmetic on native MIPS. Assume that one 64-bit integer is in register $12 and $13 and another is in registers $14 and $15. The sum is to be placed in registers $10 and $11. The most significant word of the 64-bit integer is found in the even-numbered registers, and the least significant word is found in the odd-numbered registers. On the internet, it said, this is the shortest possible implementation. addu $11, $13, $15 # add least significant word sltu $10, $11, $15 # set carry-in bit addu $10, $10, $12 # add in first most significant word addu $10, $10, $14 # add in second most significant word I just wanna double check that I understand correctly. The sltu checks if the sum of the two least significant words is smaller or equal than one of the operands. If this is the case, than did a carry occur, is this right? To check if there occured a carry when adding the two most significant words and store the result in $9 I have to do: sltu $9, $10, $12 # set carry-in bit Does this make any sense?

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• Confusion in MIPS code

  - by Haya Hallian

  While going through the MIPS code I got some confusion. Code is shown as follows .data key: .ascii "key: " # "key: \n" char: .asciiz " \n" .text .globl main main: jal getchar la $a0, char # $a0 contains address of char variable (" \n") sb $v0, ($a0) # replace " " in char with v0, which is read_character (X) la $a0, key # now a0 will contain, address of "key: " "X\n" What I dont understand is that how load address instruction works. First a0 contained address of char variable. In next line we are storing value of v0 in that location. there is no offset with ($a0), is that assumed to be 0 like in 0($a0)? Why only the " " empty space is replaced with v0, and why not the "\n" get replaced? or It may also have been the case that both the empty space and \n character get replced by v0. Secondly when we load the address of key in a0, the previous address should be overwritten. a0 should have contained the address of key only, but from comment it seems that the two strings are concatenated. How does that happen.

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• reading the file name from user input in MIPS assembly

  - by Hassan Al-Jeshi

  I'm writing a MIPS assembly code that will ask the user for the file name and it will produce some statistics about the content of the file. However, when I hard code the file name into a variable from the beginning it works just fine, but when I ask the user to input the file name it does not work. after some debugging, I have discovered that the program adds 0x00 char and 0x0a char (check asciitable.com) at the end of user input in the memory and that's why it does not open the file based on the user input. anyone has any idea about how to get rid of those extra chars, or how to open the file after getting its name from the user?? here is my complete code (it is working fine except for the file name from user thing, and anybody is free to use it for any purpose he/she wants to): .data fin: .ascii "" # filename for input msg0: .asciiz "aaaa" msg1: .asciiz "Please enter the input file name:" msg2: .asciiz "Number of Uppercase Char: " msg3: .asciiz "Number of Lowercase Char: " msg4: .asciiz "Number of Decimal Char: " msg5: .asciiz "Number of Words: " nline: .asciiz "\n" buffer: .asciiz "" .text #----------------------- li $v0, 4 la $a0, msg1 syscall li $v0, 8 la $a0, fin li $a1, 21 syscall jal fileRead #read from file move $s1, $v0 #$t0 = total number of bytes li $t0, 0 # Loop counter li $t1, 0 # Uppercase counter li $t2, 0 # Lowercase counter li $t3, 0 # Decimal counter li $t4, 0 # Words counter loop: bge $t0, $s1, end #if end of file reached OR if there is an error in the file lb $t5, buffer($t0) #load next byte from file jal checkUpper #check for upper case jal checkLower #check for lower case jal checkDecimal #check for decimal jal checkWord #check for words addi $t0, $t0, 1 #increment loop counter j loop end: jal output jal fileClose li $v0, 10 syscall fileRead: # Open file for reading li $v0, 13 # system call for open file la $a0, fin # input file name li $a1, 0 # flag for reading li $a2, 0 # mode is ignored syscall # open a file move $s0, $v0 # save the file descriptor # reading from file just opened li $v0, 14 # system call for reading from file move $a0, $s0 # file descriptor la $a1, buffer # address of buffer from which to read li $a2, 100000 # hardcoded buffer length syscall # read from file jr $ra output: li $v0, 4 la $a0, msg2 syscall li $v0, 1 move $a0, $t1 syscall li $v0, 4 la $a0, nline syscall li $v0, 4 la $a0, msg3 syscall li $v0, 1 move $a0, $t2 syscall li $v0, 4 la $a0, nline syscall li $v0, 4 la $a0, msg4 syscall li $v0, 1 move $a0, $t3 syscall li $v0, 4 la $a0, nline syscall li $v0, 4 la $a0, msg5 syscall addi $t4, $t4, 1 li $v0, 1 move $a0, $t4 syscall jr $ra checkUpper: blt $t5, 0x41, L1 #branch if less than 'A' bgt $t5, 0x5a, L1 #branch if greater than 'Z' addi $t1, $t1, 1 #increment Uppercase counter L1: jr $ra checkLower: blt $t5, 0x61, L2 #branch if less than 'a' bgt $t5, 0x7a, L2 #branch if greater than 'z' addi $t2, $t2, 1 #increment Lowercase counter L2: jr $ra checkDecimal: blt $t5, 0x30, L3 #branch if less than '0' bgt $t5, 0x39, L3 #branch if greater than '9' addi $t3, $t3, 1 #increment Decimal counter L3: jr $ra checkWord: bne $t5, 0x20, L4 #branch if 'space' addi $t4, $t4, 1 #increment words counter L4: jr $ra fileClose: # Close the file li $v0, 16 # system call for close file move $a0, $s0 # file descriptor to close syscall # close file jr $ra Note: I'm using MARS Simulator, if that makes any different

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• MIPS: removing non alpha-numeric characters from a string

  - by Kron

  I'm in the process of writing a program in MIPS that will determine whether or not a user entered string is a palindrome. It has three subroutines which are under construction. Here is the main block of code, subroutines to follow with relevant info: .data Buffer: .asciiz " " # 80 bytes in Buffer intro: .asciiz "Hello, please enter a string of up to 80 characters. I will then tell you if that string was a palindrome!" .text main: li $v0, 4 # print_string call number la $a0, intro # pointer to string in memory syscall li $v0, 8 #syscall code for reading string la $a0, Buffer #save read string into buffer li $a1, 80 #string is 80 bytes long syscall li $s0, 0 #i = 0 li $t0, 80 #max for i to reach la $a0, Buffer jal stripNonAlpha li $v0, 4 # print_string call number la $a0, Buffer # pointer to string in memory syscall li $s0, 0 jal findEnd jal toUpperCase li $v0, 4 # print_string call number la $a0, Buffer # pointer to string in memory syscall Firstly, it's supposed to remove all non alpha-numeric characters from the string before hand, but when it encounters a character designated for removal, all characters after that are removed. stripNonAlpha: beq $s0, $t0, stripEnd #if i = 80 end add $t4, $s0, $a0 #address of Buffer[i] in $t4 lb $s1, 0($t4) #load value of Buffer[i] addi $s0, $s0, 1 #i = i + 1 slti $t1, $s1, 48 #if ascii code is less than 48 bne $t1, $zero, strip #remove ascii character slti $t1, $s1, 58 #if ascii code is greater than 57 #and slti $t2, $s1, 65 #if ascii code is less than 65 slt $t3, $t1, $t2 bne $t3, $zero, strip #remove ascii character slti $t1, $s1, 91 #if ascii code is greater than 90 #and slti $t2, $s1, 97 #if ascii code is less than 97 slt $t3, $t1, $t2 bne $t3, $zero, strip #remove ascii character slti $t1, $s1, 123 #if ascii character is greater than 122 beq $t1, $zero, strip #remove ascii character j stripNonAlpha #go to stripNonAlpha strip: #add $t5, $s0, $a0 #address of Buffer[i] in $t5 sb $0, 0($t4) #Buffer[i] = 0 #addi $s0, $s0, 1 #i = i + 1 j stripNonAlpha #go to stripNonAlpha stripEnd: la $a0, Buffer #save modified string into buffer jr $ra #return Secondly, it is supposed to convert all lowercase characters to uppercase. toUpperCase: beq $s0, $s2, upperEnd add $t4, $s0, $a0 lb $s1, 0($t4) addi $s1, $s1, 1 slti $t1, $s1, 97 #beq $t1, $zero, upper slti $t2, $s1, 123 slt $t3, $t1, $t2 bne $t1, $zero, upper j toUpperCase upper: add $t5, $s0, $a0 addi $t6, $t6, -32 sb $t6, 0($t5) j toUpperCase upperEnd: la $a0, Buffer jr $ra The final subroutine, which checks if the string is a palindrome isn't anywhere near complete at the moment. I'm having trouble finding the end of the string because I'm not sure what PC-SPIM uses as the carriage return character. Any help is appreciated, I have the feeling most of my problems result from something silly and stupid so feel free to point out anything, no matter how small.

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• Issues with MIPS interrupt for tv remote simulator

  - by pred2040

  Hello I am writing a program for class to simulate a tv remote in a MIPS/SPIM enviroment. The functions of the program itself are unimportant as they worked fine before the interrupt so I left them all out. The gaol is basically to get a input from the keyboard by means of interupt, store it in $s7 and process it. The interrupt is causing my program to repeatedly spam the errors: Exception occurred at PC=0x00400068 Bad address in data/stack read: 0x00000004 Exception occurred at PC=0x00400358 Bad address in data/stack read: 0x00000000 program starts here .data msg_tvworking: .asciiz "tv is working\n" msg_sec: .asciiz "sec -- " msg_on: .asciiz "Power On" msg_off: .asciiz "Power Off" msg_channel: .asciiz " Channel " msg_volume: .asciiz " Volume " msg_sleep: .asciiz " Sleep Timer: " msg_dash: .asciiz "-\n" msg_newline: .asciiz "\n" msg_comma: .asciiz ", " array1: .space 400 # 400 bytes of storage for 100 channels array2: .space 400 # copy of above for sorting var1: .word 0 # 1 if 0-9 is pressed, 0 if not var2: .word 0 # stores number of channel (ex. 2-) var3: .word 0 # channel timer var4: .word 0 # 1 if s pressed once, 2 if twice, 0 if not var5: .word 0 # sleep wait timer var6: .word 0 # program timer var9: .float 0.01 # for channel timings .kdata var7: .word 10 var8: .word 11 .text .globl main main: li $s0, 300 li $s1, 0 # channel li $s2, 50 # volume li $s3, 1 # power - 1:on 0:off li $s4, 0 # sleep timer - 0:off li $s5, 0 # temporary li $s6, 0 # length of sleep period li $s7, 10000 # current key press li $t2, 0 # temp value not needed across calls li $t4, 0 interrupt data here mfc0 $a0, $12 ori $a0, 0xff11 mtc0 $a0, $12 lui $t0, 0xFFFF ori $a0, $0, 2 sw $a0, 0($t0) mainloop: # 1. get external input, and process it # input from interupt is taken from $a2 and placed in $s7 #for processing beq $a2, $0, next lw $s7, 4($a2) li $a2, 0 # call the process_input function here # jal process_input next: # 2. check sleep timer mainloopnext1: # 3. delay for 10ms jal delay_10ms jal check_timers jal channel_time # 4. print status lw $s5, var6 addi $s5, $s5, 1 sw $s5, var6 addi $s0, $s0, -1 bne $s0, $0, mainloopnext4 li $s0, 300 jal status_print mainloopnext4: j mainloop li $v0,10 # exit syscall -------------------------------------------------- status_print: seconds_stat: power_stat: on_stat: off_stat: channel_stat: volume_stat: sleep_stat: j $ra -------------------------------------------------- delay_10ms: li $t0, 6000 delay_10ms_loop: addi $t0, $t0, -1 bne $t0, $0, delay_10ms_loop jr $ra -------------------------------------------------- check_timers: channel_press: sleep_press: go_back_press: channel_check: channel_ignore: sleep_check: sleep_ignore: j $ra ------------------------------------------------ process_input: beq $s7, 112, power beq $s7, 117, channel_up beq $s7, 100, channel_down beq $s7, 108, volume_up beq $s7, 107, volume_down beq $s7, 115, sleep_init beq $s7, 118, history bgt $s7, 47, end_range jr $ra end_range: power: on: off: channel_up: over: channel_down: under: channel_message: channel_time: volume_up: volume_down: volume_message: sleep_init: sleep_incr: sleep: sleep_reset: history: digit_pad_init: digit_pad: jr $ra -------------------------------------------- interupt data here, followed closely from class .ktext 0x80000180 .set noat move $k1, $at .set at sw $v0, var7 sw $a0, var8 mfc0 $k0, $13 srl $a0, $k0, 2 andi $a0, $a0, 0x1f bne $a0, $zero, no_io lui $v0, 0xFFFF lw $a2, 4($v0) # keyboard data placed in $a2 no_io: mtc0 $0, $13 mfc0 $k0, $12 andi $k0, 0xfffd ori $k0, 0x11 mtc0 $k0, $12 lw $v0, var7 lw $a0, var8 .set noat move $at, $k1 .set at eret Thanks in advance.

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• find substring and indices in mips

  - by ccc

  im trying find out substring and first occurrence indices. but something wrong. im comparing each element of pattern array and each element of string array until pointer reach to '\0'. and if any characater found it keep in temp array. and increasing pointers +1. whats the problem. algorithm is totaly wrong ? #Note: $v0 is a symbolic name used by the assember for $2. # $a0 is a symbolic name used by the assember for $4. .data prompt_str: .asciiz "Please type a text string: " prompt_ptr: .asciiz "Please type a pattern string: " print_yes: .asciiz "Yes, there is a match." print_no: .asciiz "No, there is no match." text_str: .asciiz "Text string : " pattern_str: .asciiz "Pattern string : " print_out: .asciiz "Output to be produced :" print_dash: .asciiz "----------------------" print_index: .asciiz "Starting index :" print_msg : .asciiz "Length of longest partial match = " nl: .asciiz "\n" str : .space 81 ptr : .space 81 tmp : .space 81 .text main: la $a0, prompt_str li $v0, 4 #print_string command. syscall la $a0,str #read string li $a1,81 li $v0,8 syscall la $t0,str #move string to $t0 la $a0,prompt_ptr li $v0,4 #print pattern command syscall la $a0,ptr #read pattern li $a1,81 li $v0,8 syscall la $t1,ptr #move pattern to $t1 la $t5,tmp #move temp to $t5 lb $t2,0($t0) #pointer first element array of string lb $t3,0($t1) #pointer first element array of pattern lb $t6,0($t5) #pointer first element array of temp loop : beq $t3,$0,end_loop beq $t2,$t3,match addiu $t0,$t0,1 j loop match : move $t6,$t2 addiu $t5,$t5,1 addiu $t0,$t0,1 addiu $t1,$t1,1 j print_match print_match : la $a0,text_str #print string li $v0,4 syscall move $a0,$t0 li $v0,4 syscall la $a0,nl #print newline character li $v0,4 syscall la $a0,pattern_str #print pattern string li $v0,4 syscall move $a0,$t1 li $v0,4 syscall la $a0,nl #print newline character li $v0,4 syscall la $a0,print_out #print output line and newline character li $v0,4 syscall la $a0,nl li $v0,4 syscall la $a0,print_dash li $v0,4 syscall la $a0,print_yes li $v0,4 syscall la $a0,print_index #print starting index li $v0,4 syscall li $v0,10 syscall end_loop : li $v0,10 syscall

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• MIPS return address in main

  - by Alexander

  I am confused why in the code below I need to decrement the stack pointer and store the return address again. If I don't do that... then PCSpim keeps on looping.. Why is that? ######################################################################################################################## ### main ######################################################################################################################## .text .globl main main: addi $sp, $sp, -4 # Make space on stack sw $ra, 0($sp) # Save return address # Start test 1 ############################################################ la $a0, asize1 # 1st parameter: address of asize1[0] la $a1, frame1 # 2nd parameter: address of frame1[0] la $a2, window1 # 3rd parameter: address of window1[0] jal vbsme # call function # Printing $v0 add $a0, $v0, $zero # Load $v0 for printing li $v0, 1 # Load the system call numbers syscall # Print newline. la $a0, newline # Load value for printing li $v0, 4 # Load the system call numbers syscall # Printing $v1 add $a0, $v1, $zero # Load $v1 for printing li $v0, 1 # Load the system call numbers syscall # Print newline. la $a0, newline # Load value for printing li $v0, 4 # Load the system call numbers syscall # Print newline. la $a0, newline # Load value for printing li $v0, 4 # Load the system call numbers syscall ############################################################ # End of test 1 lw $ra, 0($sp) # Restore return address addi $sp, $sp, 4 # Restore stack pointer jr $ra # Return ######################################################################################################################## ### vbsme ######################################################################################################################## #.text .globl vbsme vbsme: addi $sp, $sp, -4 # create space on the stack pointer sw $ra, 0($sp) # save return address exit: add $v1, $t5, $zero # (v1) x coordinate of the block in the frame with the minimum SAD add $v0, $t4, $zero # (v0) y coordinate of the block in the frame with the minimum SAD lw $ra, 0($sp) # restore return address addi $sp, $sp, 4 # restore stack pointer jr $ra # return If I delete: addi $sp, $sp, -4 # create space on the stack pointer sw $ra, 0($sp) # save return address and lw $ra, 0($sp) # restore return address addi $sp, $sp, 4 # restore stack pointer on vbsme: PCSpim keeps on running... Why??? I shouldn't have to increment/decrement the stack pointer on vbsme and then do the jr again right? The jal in main is supposed to handle that

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• MIPS $gp register

  - by Hristo

  Is there a danger in using the $gp register to store a value? I guess my question is what is the true functionality of $gp and is it invoked behind-the-scenes somehow so that if I were to use it, things could go very very wrong? Thanks, Hristo

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• Combining charcters in mips

  - by Krewie

  Hello , i was wondering if there was anyway of combining two characters to form one character. For instance, i have the character 6 and 7 , i want to combine them and make the result 67 that is saved in a register, is there any solution to this problem ? //Thx in advance

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• MIPS Assembler Instruction parameters

  - by Martin K.

  Hi, why does such a instruction as mul $t1, $v0 , 4 evaluates as expected. But mul $t1, 4 , $v0 results in a syntax error! I wonder why the first one works, because mul only works with registers per default, so I expect that only a solution like this will be workin li $t1, 4 # set $t1 = 4 mul $t1, $v0 , $t1 # set $t1 = 4 * n I'm using the SPIM simulator.

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• For Loops in MIPS assembly

  - by John Moffitt

  I'm having problems getting my processor to simulate correctly and I think I've narrowed it down to the program I'm giving it. 1. li $R1, 0 2. li $R2, 0x100 3. li $R6, 1 4. li $R8, 0 5. li $R9, 20 6. lw $R3, 0($R1) 7. lw $R4, 4($R1) 8. add $R5, $R3, $R4 9. srlv $R5, $R5, $R6 10. sw $R5, 0($R2) 11. addi $R1, $R1, 4 12. addi $R2, $R2, 4 13. addi $R8, $R8, 1 14. slt $R7, $R8, $R9 15. bnq $R7, $zero, -9 It should iterate through the bottom portion 20 times and then exit. I'm particularly unsure about the branch instruction but I can't find anything wrong with it so : /

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• Error in Print Function in Bubble Sort MIPS?

  - by m00nbeam360

  Sorry that this is such a long block of code, but do you see any obvious syntax errors in this? I feel like the problem is that the code isn't printing correctly since the sort and swap methods were from my textbook. Please help if you can! .data save: .word 1,2,4,2,5,6 size: .word 6 .text swap: sll $t1, $a1, 2 #shift bits by 2 add $t1, $a1, $t1 #set $t1 address to v[k] lw $t0, 0($t1) #load v[k] into t1 lw $t2, 4($t1) #load v[k+1] into t1 sw $t2, 0($t1) #swap addresses sw $t0, 4($t1) #swap addresses jr $ra #return sort: addi $sp, $sp, -20 #make enough room on the stack for five registers sw $ra, 16($sp) #save the return address on the stack sw $s3, 12($sp) #save $s3 on the stack sw $s2, 8($sp) #save Ss2 on the stack sw $s1, 4($sp) #save $s1 on the stack sw $s0, 0($sp) #save $s0 on the stack move $s2, $a0 #copy the parameter $a0 into $s2 (save $a0) move $s3, $a1 #copy the parameter $a1 into $s3 (save $a1) move $s0, $zero #start of for loop, i = 0 for1tst: slt $t0, $s0, $s3 #$t0 = 0 if $s0 S $s3 (i S n) beq $t0, $zero, exit1 #go to exit1 if $s0 S $s3 (i S n) addi $s1, $s0, -1 #j - i - 1 for2tst: slti $t0, $s1, 0 #$t0 = 1 if $s1 < 0 (j < 0) bne $t0, $zero, exit2 #$t0 = 1 if $s1 < 0 (j < 0) sll $t1, $s1, 2 #$t1 = j * 4 (shift by 2 bits) add $t2, $s2, $t1 #$t2 = v + (j*4) lw $t3, 0($t2) #$t3 = v[j] lw $t4, 4($t2) #$t4 = v[j+1] slt $t0, $t4, $t3 #$t0 = 0 if $t4 S $t3 beq $t0, $zero, exit2 #go to exit2 if $t4 S $t3 move $a0, $s2 #1st parameter of swap is v(old $a0) move $a1, $s1 #2nd parameter of swap is j jal swap #swap addi $s1, $s1, -1 j for2tst #jump to test of inner loop j print exit2: addi $s0, $s0, 1 #i = i + 1 j for1tst #jump to test of outer loop exit1: lw $s0, 0($sp) #restore $s0 from stack lw $s1, 4($sp) #resture $s1 from stack lw $s2, 8($sp) #restore $s2 from stack lw $s3, 12($sp) #restore $s3 from stack lw $ra, 16($sp) #restore $ra from stack addi $sp, $sp, 20 #restore stack pointer jr $ra #return to calling routine .data space:.asciiz " " # space to insert between numbers head: .asciiz "The sorted numbers are:\n" .text print:add $t0, $zero, $a0 # starting address of array add $t1, $zero, $a1 # initialize loop counter to array size la $a0, head # load address of print heading li $v0, 4 # specify Print String service syscall # print heading out: lw $a0, 0($t0) # load fibonacci number for syscall li $v0, 1 # specify Print Integer service syscall # print fibonacci number la $a0, space # load address of spacer for syscall li $v0, 4 # specify Print String service syscall # output string addi $t0, $t0, 4 # increment address addi $t1, $t1, -1 # decrement loop counter bgtz $t1, out # repeat if not finished jr $ra # return

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• MIPS processors : Are they still in use? Which other architecture should I learn?

  - by claws

  I've been programming for x86 & x86-64 in assembly language for few months. Now, I want to move on to some different kind of processors. MIPS, SPARC, PowerPC, Itanium, ARM of these I found ARM is being widely use. But the books I see that tutorials & books teach about MIPS more than all these other architectures. Why is MIPS so popular? Are MIPS processors still in use? Which architecture should I go for?

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• MIPS assembly: how to declare integer values in the .data section?

  - by Barney

  I'm trying to get my feet wet with MIPS assembly language using the MARS simulator. My main problem now is how do I initialize a set of memory locations so that I can access them later via assembly language instructions? For example, I want to initialize addresses 0x1001000 - 0x10001003 with the values 0x99, 0x87, 0x23, 0x45. I think this can be done in the data declaration (.data) section of my assembly program but I'm not sure of the syntax. Is this possible? Alternatively, in the .data section, how do I specify storing the integer values in some memory location (I don't care where, but I just want to reference them somewhere). So I'm looking for the C equivalent of "int x = 20, y=30, z=90;" I know how to do that using MIPS instructions but is it possible to declare something like that in the .data section of a MIPS assembly program?

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