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  • Python - Is a dictionary slow to find frequency of each character?

    - by psihodelia
    I am trying to find a frequency of each symbol in any given text using an algorithm of O(n) complexity. My algorithm looks like: s = len(text) P = 1.0/s freqs = {} for char in text: try: freqs[char]+=P except: freqs[char]=P but I doubt that this dictionary-method is fast enough, because it depends on the underlying implementation of the dictionary methods. Is this the fastest method?

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  • C++ circular dependency - namespace vs struct

    - by Dead or Alive
    Please educate me. Why does this compile: struct compiles { struct A; struct B { B(const A &a) : member(a.member) { } int member; }; struct A { A(const B &b) : member(b.member) { } int member; }; }; while this does not: namespace doesnt { struct A; struct B { B(const A &a) : member(a.member) { } int member; }; struct A { A(const B &b) : member(b.member) { } int member; }; } (in MSVC 9.0)

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  • What is wrong with this append func in C

    - by LuckySlevin
    My Struct Definitions. typedef struct inner_list {char word[100]; inner_list*next;} inner_list; typedef struct outer_list { char word [100]; inner_list * head; outer_list * next; } outer_list; And The problem part: void append(outer_list **q,char num[100],inner_list *p) { outer_list *temp,*r; temp = *q; char *str; if(*q==NULL) { temp = (outer_list *)malloc(sizeof(outer_list)); strcpy(temp->word,num); temp->head = p; temp->next=NULL; *q=temp; } else { temp = *q; while(temp->next !=NULL) { temp=temp->next; } r = (outer_list *)malloc(sizeof(outer_list)); strcpy(r->word,num); temp->head = p; r->next=NULL; temp->next=r; } } I don't know what is i'm doing wrong in this append function i'm sending a char array and a linked list to be stored another linked list. But i can't store the linked list in another linked list. I couldn't figure out the problem. Any ideas?

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  • Using popen() to invoke a shell command?

    - by Anvar
    When running the following code through xcode I get inconsistent behavior. Sometimes it prints the git version correctly, other times it doesn't print anything. The return code from the shell command is always 0 though. Any ideas on why this might be? What am I doing wrong? #define BUFFER_SIZE 256 int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) { FILE *fpipe; char *command="/opt/local/bin/git --version"; char line[BUFFER_SIZE]; if ( !(fpipe = (FILE*)popen(command, "r")) ) { // If fpipe is NULL perror("Problems with pipe"); exit(1); } while ( fgets( line, sizeof(char) * BUFFER_SIZE, fpipe)) { // Inconsistent (happens sometimes) printf("READING LINE"); printf("%s", line); } int status = pclose(fpipe); if (status != 0) { // Never happens printf("Strange error code: %d", status); } return 0; }

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  • C++ new memory allocation fragmentation

    - by tamulj
    I was trying to look at the behavior of the new allocator and why it doesn't place data contiguously. My code: struct ci { char c; int i; } template <typename T> void memTest() { T * pLast = new T(); for(int i = 0; i < 20; ++i) { T * pNew = new T(); cout << (pNew - pLast) << " "; pLast = pNew; } } So I ran this with char, int, ci. Most allocations were a fixed length from the last, sometimes there were odd jumps from one available block to another. sizeof(char) : 1 Average Jump: 64 bytes sizeof(int): 4 Average Jump: 16 sizeof(ci): 8 (int has to be placed on a 4 byte align) Average Jump: 9 Can anyone explain why the allocator is fragmenting memory like this? Also why is the jump for char so much larger then ints and a structure that contains both an int and char.

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  • question about in -place sort

    - by davit-datuashvili
    for example we have following array char data[]=new char[]{'A','S','O','R','T','I','N','G','E','X','A','M','P','L','E'}; and index array int a[]=new int[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14}: void insitu(char data[],int a[],N){ for (int i=0;i<N;i++) { char v=data[i]; int j,int k; for (k=i;a[k]!=i;k=a[j];a[j]=j) { j=k;data[k]=data[a[k]; } data[k]=v; a[k]=k; } i have question what is initialize value of j? when i run this code it asks me to initialize j and what should do? }

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  • assigning a string to another string

    - by user1509676
    Why this code is not running? Why str1 is not assigned to str2 ?? I know i have an option of using strcpy but i wish to know the reason why this is not working?? #include<stdio.h> int main() { char str1[]="hello"; char str2[10]; str2=str1; printf("%s",str2); return 0; } Whereas if I use pointers than it works like here.. #include<stdio.h> int main() ( char *s="good morning"; char *q; q=s; while(*q!='\0') { printf("%c",*q); q++; } return 0; } This works. Now the string has been copied via pointers so why such difference??

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  • VB Change Calulator

    - by BlueBeast
    I am creating a VB 2008 change calculator as an assignment. The program is to use the amount paid - the amount due to calculate the total.(this is working fine). After that, it is to break that amount down into dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies. The problem I am having is that sometimes the quantity of pennies, nickels or dimes will be a negative number. For example $2.99 = 3 Dollars and -1 Pennies. SOLVED Thanks to the responses, here is what I was able to make work with my limited knowledge. Option Explicit On Option Strict Off Option Infer Off Public Class frmMain Private Sub btnClear_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnClear.Click 'Clear boxes lblDollarsAmount.Text = String.Empty lblQuartersAmount.Text = String.Empty lblDimesAmount.Text = String.Empty lblNickelsAmount.Text = String.Empty lblPenniesAmount.Text = String.Empty txtOwed.Text = String.Empty txtPaid.Text = String.Empty lblAmountDue.Text = String.Empty txtOwed.Focus() End Sub Private Sub btnExit_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnExit.Click 'Close application' Me.Close() End Sub Private Sub btnCalculate_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnCalculate.Click ' Find Difference between Total Price and Total Received lblAmountDue.Text = Val(txtPaid.Text) - Val(txtOwed.Text) Dim intChangeAmount As Integer = lblAmountDue.Text * 100 'Declare Integers Dim intDollarsBack As Integer Dim intQuartersBack As Integer Dim intDimesBack As Integer Dim intNickelsBack As Integer Dim intPenniesBack As Integer ' Change Values Const intDollarValue As Integer = 100 Const intQuarterValue As Integer = 25 Const intDimeValue As Integer = 10 Const intNickelValue As Integer = 5 Const intPennyValue As Integer = 1 'Dollars intDollarsBack = CInt(Val(intChangeAmount \ intDollarValue)) intChangeAmount = intChangeAmount - Val(Val(intDollarsBack) * intDollarValue) lblDollarsAmount.Text = intDollarsBack.ToString 'Quarters intQuartersBack = CInt(Val(intChangeAmount \ intQuarterValue)) intChangeAmount = intChangeAmount - Val(Val(intQuartersBack) * intQuarterValue) lblQuartersAmount.Text = intQuartersBack.ToString 'Dimes intDimesBack = CInt(Val(intChangeAmount \ intDimeValue)) intChangeAmount = intChangeAmount - Val(Val(intDimesBack) * intDimeValue) lblDimesAmount.Text = intDimesBack.ToString 'Nickels intNickelsBack = CInt(Val(intChangeAmount \ intNickelValue)) intChangeAmount = intChangeAmount - Val(Val(intNickelsBack) * intNickelValue) lblNickelsAmount.Text = intNickelsBack.ToString 'Pennies intPenniesBack = CInt(Val(intChangeAmount \ intPennyValue)) intChangeAmount = intChangeAmount - Val(Val(intPenniesBack) * intPennyValue) lblPenniesAmount.Text = intPenniesBack.ToString End Sub End Class

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  • what's wrong with my one-liner strncpy: while(*s++ = *t++ && n-- > 0);?

    - by pvd
    #include <stdio.h> #define STR_BUF 10000 #define STR_MATCH 7 void mystrncpy(char* s, char* t, int n) { while(*s++ = *t++ && n-- > 0); } int main() { int result; char str_s[STR_BUF] = "not so long test string"; char buf_1[STR_BUF]; mystrncpy(buf_1, str_s, STR_MATCH); printf ("buf_1 (mystrncpy, 7 chars): %s\n", buf_1); return 0; } When I run it, nothing happened ian@ubuntu:~/tmp$ gcc myncpy.c -o myn&&./myn buf_1 (mystrncpy, 7chars):

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  • problems with 'free' in C

    - by lego69
    hello, can somebody please explain can I free const char* ? I allocated new memory using malloc and when I'm trying to free it I always receive an error incompatible pointer type thanks in advance something like this char* name="Arnold"; const char* str=malloc(stlen(name)+1); free(str); <- here bug

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  • C code Error: free(): invalid next size (fast):

    - by user1436057
    I got an error from my code, but I'm not sure where to fix it. Here's the explanation of what my code does: I'm writing some code that will read an input file and store each line as an object (char type) in an array. The first line of the input file is a number. This number tells me how many lines that I should read and store in the array. Here's my code: int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ FILE *fp; char **path; int num, i; ... /*after reading the first line and store the number value in num*/ path = malloc(num *sizeof(char)); i=0; while (!feof(fp)) { char buffer[500]; int length = 0; for (ch = fgetc(fp); ch != EOF && ch != '\n'; ch = fgetc(fp)) { buffer[length++] = ch; } if(ch == '\n' && ch!= EOF){ buffer[length] = '\0'; path[i] = malloc(strlen(buffer)+1); strcpy(path[i], buffer); i++; } } ... free(path); } After running the code, I get this *** glibc detected *** free(): invalid next size (fast): I have searched around and know this is malloc/free error, but I don't exactly know to fix it. Any help would be great. Thanks!

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  • Why does this program segfault

    - by Leda
    Upon compiling and running this small program to reverse a string, I get a Segmentation Fault before any output occurs. Forgive me if this is an obvious question, I'm still very new to C. #include <stdio.h> int reverse(char string[], int length); int main() { char string[] = "reversed"; printf("String at start of main = %s", string); reverse(string, sizeof(string)); printf("%s\n", string); return 0; } // Reverse string int reverse(char string[], int length) { int i; char reversed[] = {}; int temp; for(i = 0; i < length; ++i) { temp = string[i]; reversed[length - i] = temp; } return 0; }

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  • C++ enforce conditions on inherited classes

    - by user231536
    I would like to define an abstract base class X and enforce the following: a) every concrete class Y that inherits from X define a constructor Y(int x) b) it should be possible to test whether two Y objects are equal. For a, one not very good solution is to put a pure virtual fromInt method in X which concrete class will have to define. But I cannot enforce construction. For b), I cannot seem to use a pure virtual method in X bool operator == (const X& other) const =0; because in overridden classes this remains undefined. It is not enough to define bool operator == (const Y& other) const { //stuff} because the types don't match. How do I solve these problems?

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  • C++ macro definition unclear

    - by Tony
    Is this a macro defintion for a class or what exactly is it? #define EXCEPTIONCLASS_IMPLEMENTATION(name, base, string) : public base \ { \ public: \ name() : base(string) {} \ name(const x::wrap_exc& next) : base(string,next) {}; \ name(const x::wrap_exc& prev, const x::wrap_exc& next) : \ base(prev, next) {}; \ }

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  • How to use strtok in C properly so there is no memory leak?

    - by user246392
    I am somewhat confused by what happens when you call strtok on a char pointer in C. I know that it modifies the contents of the string, so if I call strtok on a variable named 'line', its content will change. Assume I follow the bellow approach: void function myFunc(char* line) { // get a pointer to the original memory block char* garbageLine = line; // Do some work // Call strtok on 'line' multiple times until it returns NULL // Do more work free(garbageLine); } Further assume that 'line' is malloced before it is passed to myFunc. Am I supposed to free the original string after using strtok or does it do the job for us? Also, what happens if 'line' is not malloced and I attempt to use the function above? Is it safer to do the following instead? (Assume the programmer won't call free if he knows the line is not malloced) Invocation char* garbageLine = line; myFunc(line); free(garbageLine); Function definition void function myFunc(char* line) { // Do some work // Call strtok on 'line' multiple times until it returns NULL // Do more work }

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  • C socket and openssl (RSA)

    - by giozh
    there's something strange in my client/server socket using RSA. If i test it on localhost, everithing goes fine, but if i put client on a pc and server on othe pc, something gone wrong. Client after call connect, call a method for public keys exchange with server. This part of code works fine. After this, client send a request to server: strcpy(send_pack->op, "help\n"); RSA_public_encrypt(strlen(send_pack->op), send_pack->op, encrypted_send->op, rsa_server, padding); rw_value = write(server, encrypted_send, sizeof (encrypted_pack)); if (rw_value == -1) { stampa_errore(write_error); close(server); exit(1); } if (rw_value == 0) { stampa_errore(no_response); close(server); exit(1); } printf("---Help send, waiting for response\n"); set_alarm(); rw_value = read(server, encrypted_receive, sizeof (encrypted_pack)); alarm(0); if (rw_value == -1) { stampa_errore(read_error); exit(1); } if (rw_value == 0) { stampa_errore(no_response); close(server); exit(1); } RSA_private_decrypt(RSA_size(rsa), encrypted_receive->message, receive_pack->message, rsa, padding); printf("%s\n", receive_pack->message); return; } but when server try to decrypt the receive message on server side, the "help" string doesn't appear. This happen only on the net, on localhost the same code works fine... EDIT: typedef struct pack1 { unsigned char user[encrypted_size]; unsigned char password[encrypted_size]; unsigned char op[encrypted_size]; unsigned char obj[encrypted_size]; unsigned char message[encrypted_size]; int id; }encrypted_pack; encrypted_size is 512, and padding used is RSA_PKCS1_PADDING

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  • Boost ForEach Question

    - by bobber205
    Trying to use something like the below with a char array but it doesn't compile. But the example with short[] works fine. Any idea why? :) char someChars[] = {'s','h','e','r','r','y'}; BOOST_FOREACH(char& currentChar, someChars) { } short array_short[] = { 1, 2, 3 }; BOOST_FOREACH( short & i, array_short ) { ++i; }

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  • Buffer size: N*sizeof(type) or sizeof(var)? C++

    - by flyout
    I am just starting with cpp and I've been following different examples to learn from them, and I see that buffer size is set in different ways, for example: char buffer[255]; StringCchPrintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), TEXT("%s"), X); VS char buffer[255]; StringCchPrintf(buffer, 255*sizeof(char), TEXT("%s"), X); Which one is the correct way to use it? I've seen this in other functions like InternetReadFile, ZeroMemory and MultiByteToWideChar.

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  • C#: Hijacking a near relative call

    - by Lex
    Alright, I'm trying to write a vary basic modification to a program NOT written by me. I DO NOT have the source to it. I also do not care if this only works for a single version of the program, so hard coding offsets is feasible. Anyways, I've found the function and where it is called in the compiled program. .text:1901C88F loc_1901C88F: ; CODE XREF: ConnectionThread+1A2j .text:1901C88F ; DATA XREF: .text:off_1901CC64o .text:1901C88F 8B C8 mov ecx, eax ; jumptable 1901C862 case 11 .text:1901C891 8B C6 mov eax, esi .text:1901C893 E8 48 C5 FF FF call ChatEvent According to IDA the full function signature is: char *__usercall ChatEvent<eax>(char *Data<eax>, unsigned int Length<ecx>) I already have all I need to patch the program during runtime, and do whatever other manipulations I need. What I need, is to be able to write a function like so: bool ProcessChat(char *Data, unsigned int Length); char *__usercall HijackFunction(char *Data, unsigned int Length){ if (ProcessChat(Data, Length)) Call OriginalChatEvent(Data, Length); } Get the jist of what I am trying to do? With stdcall function it's easy just replace the 4 byte address with my own function's address. But this is a near relative call, which is.. more annoying. So, anyone have any idea?

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  • Integer to Character conversion in C

    - by nthrgeek
    Lets us consider this snippet: int s; scanf("%c",&s); Here I have used int, and not char, for variable s, now for using s for character conversion safely I have to make it char again because when scanf reads a character it only overwrites one byte of the variable it is assigning it to, and not all four that int has. For conversion I could use s = (char)s; as the next line, but is it possible to implement the same by subtracting something from s ?

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  • Templated derived class in CRTP (Curiously Recurring Template Pattern)

    - by Butterwaffle
    Hi, I have a use of the CRTP that doesn't compile with g++ 4.2.1, perhaps because the derived class is itself a template? Does anyone know why this doesn't work or, better yet, how to make it work? Sample code and the compiler error are below. Source: foo.C #include <iostream> using namespace std; template<typename X, typename D> struct foo; template<typename X> struct bar : foo<X,bar<X> > { X evaluate() { return static_cast<X>( 5.3 ); } }; template<typename X> struct baz : foo<X,baz<X> > { X evaluate() { return static_cast<X>( "elk" ); } }; template<typename X, typename D> struct foo : D { X operator() () { return static_cast<D*>(this)->evaluate(); } }; template<typename X, typename D> void print_foo( foo<X,D> xyzzx ) { cout << "Foo is " << xyzzx() << "\n"; } int main() { bar<double> br; baz<const char*> bz; print_foo( br ); print_foo( bz ); return 0; } Compiler errors foo.C: In instantiation of ‘foo<double, bar<double> >’: foo.C:8: instantiated from ‘bar<double>’ foo.C:30: instantiated from here foo.C:18: error: invalid use of incomplete type ‘struct bar<double>’ foo.C:8: error: declaration of ‘struct bar<double>’ foo.C: In instantiation of ‘foo<const char*, baz<const char*> >’: foo.C:13: instantiated from ‘baz<const char*>’ foo.C:31: instantiated from here foo.C:18: error: invalid use of incomplete type ‘struct baz<const char*>’ foo.C:13: error: declaration of ‘struct baz<const char*>’

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  • Getting a character and printing it in VC++

    - by sss123
    I have a problem getting a character from the user in VC++.the function i want to use uses the char format so when i get the input using getch() it gives me an error that can't convert 'int' to 'char'. could someone please help me how to get the input in char format please?

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  • How can make a variable (not class member) "read only" in C#

    - by devfreak
    Hi, I'm new to the C# world and I can't find a method to declare read only variable in C# (something like declaring "const" variable in c++). Is there one? I'll give you an example: ... int f() { return x; } // x is not const member ... void g() { int readOnlyVar = f(); // is there a method to declare readOnlyVar as read only or const // Some code in which I want to restrict access to readOnlyVar to read only }

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