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  • Multiple levels of 'collection.defaultdict' in Python

    - by Morlock
    Thanks to some great folks on SO, I discovered the possibilities offered by collections.defaultdict, notably in readability and speed. I have put them to use with success. Now I would like to implement three levels of dictionaries, the two top ones being defaultdict and the lowest one being int. I don't find the appropriate way to do this. Here is my attempt: from collections import defaultdict d = defaultdict(defaultdict) a = [("key1", {"a1":22, "a2":33}), ("key2", {"a1":32, "a2":55}), ("key3", {"a1":43, "a2":44})] for i in a: d[i[0]] = i[1] Now this works, but the following, which is the desired behavior, doesn't: d["key4"]["a1"] + 1 I suspect that I should have declared somewhere that the second level defaultdict is of type int, but I didn't find where or how to do so. The reason I am using defaultdict in the first place is to avoid having to initialize the dictionary for each new key. Any more elegant suggestion? Thanks pythoneers!

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  • Proper way to assert type of variable in Python

    - by Morlock
    In using a function, I wish to ensure that the type of the variables are as expected. How to do it right? Here is an example fake function trying to do just this before going on with its role: def my_print(text, begin, end): """Print text in UPPER between 'begin' and 'end' in lower """ for i in (text, begin, end): assert type(i) == type("") out = begin.lower() + text.upper() + end.lower() print out Is this approach valid? Should I use something else than type(i) == type("") ? Should I use try/except instead? Thanks pythoneers

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  • how much time does grid.py take to run ?

    - by trinity
    Hello all , I am using libsvm for binary classification.. I wanted to try grid.py , as it is said to improve results.. I ran this script for five files in separate terminals , and the script has been running for more than 12 hours.. this is the state of my 5 terminals now : [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sarts_nonarts_feat.txt>grid_arts.txt Warning: empty z range [61.3997:61.3997], adjusting to [60.7857:62.0137] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [61.3997:61.3997], adjusting to [60.7857:62.0137] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sgames_nongames_feat.txt>grid_games.txt Warning: empty z range [64.5867:64.5867], adjusting to [63.9408:65.2326] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [64.5867:64.5867], adjusting to [63.9408:65.2326] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sref_nonref_feat.txt>grid_ref.txt Warning: empty z range [62.4602:62.4602], adjusting to [61.8356:63.0848] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [62.4602:62.4602], adjusting to [61.8356:63.0848] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sbiz_nonbiz_feat.txt>grid_biz.txt Warning: empty z range [67.9762:67.9762], adjusting to [67.2964:68.656] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [67.9762:67.9762], adjusting to [67.2964:68.656] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py snews_nonnews_feat.txt>grid_news.txt Wrong input format at line 494 Traceback (most recent call last): File "grid.py", line 223, in run if rate is None: raise "get no rate" TypeError: exceptions must be classes or instances, not str I had redirected the outputs to files , but those files for now contain nothing.. And , the following files were created : sbiz_nonbiz_feat.txt.out sbiz_nonbiz_feat.txt.png sarts_nonarts_feat.txt.out sarts_nonarts_feat.txt.png sgames_nongames_feat.txt.out sgames_nongames_feat.txt.png sref_nonref_feat.txt.out sref_nonref_feat.txt.png snews_nonnews_feat.txt.out (-- is empty ) There's just one line of information in .out files.. the ".png" files are some GNU PLOTS . But i dont understand what the above GNUplots / warnings convey .. Should i re-run them ? Can anyone please tell me on how much time this script might take if each input file contains about 144000 lines.. Thanks and regards

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  • How about the "Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional"?

    - by Ekkapop
    I have invited to join Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional training course, however I have no idea about this course. Course's details give me only an overview of information, for example, this course is about how to gathering requirement about security, how to doing something in more secure ways etc. Did anyone have experience about Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional? Is it worth to attend this course?

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  • How Can I up my Street Cred in the coding world

    - by RedEye
    I know this isn't directly related to a specific coding problem. It's a more general programming question. I'm a n00b... Been coding for 1 year, and it's where I belong. I want to get hardcore and put everything I have into it. I started with C++ and now I'm into C#. I love it all. What can I do to up my game and up my respect in the programming world?

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  • How do I create a good evaluation function for a new board game?

    - by A. Rex
    I write programs to play board game variants sometimes. The basic strategy is standard alpha-beta pruning or similar searches, sometimes augmented by the usual approaches to endgames or openings. I've mostly played around with chess variants, so when it comes time to pick my evaluation function, I use a basic chess evaluation function. However, now I am writing a program to play a completely new board game. How do I choose a good or even decent evaluation function? The main challenges are that the same pieces are always on the board, so a usual material function won't change based on position, and the game has been played less than a thousand times or so, so humans don't necessarily play it enough well yet to give insight. (PS. I considered a MoGo approach, but random games aren't likely to terminate.) Any ideas? Game details: The game is played on a 10-by-10 board with a fixed six pieces per side. The pieces have certain movement rules, and interact in certain ways, but no piece is ever captured. The goal of the game is to have enough of your pieces in certain special squares on the board. The goal of the computer program is to provide a player which is competitive with or better than current human players.

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  • How does one use dynamic recompilation?

    - by acidzombie24
    It came to my attention some emulators and virtual machines use dynamic recompilation. How do they do that? In C i know how to call a function in ram using typecasting (although i never tried) but how does one read opcodes and generate code for it? Does the person need to have premade assembly chunks and copy/batch them together? is the assembly written in C? If so how do you find the length of the code? How do you account for system interrupts?

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  • How to learn flex?

    - by Zenzen
    So I'm starting an internship as a Flex developer in ~2weeks thanks to a friend of mine. The thing is I know squat about Flex - it is an internship after all so I'm supposed to learn there, but nonetheless I want to have some basic understanding of Flex before I start (eventually I want to become a JEE/Flex dev). So my question is simple, which book(s) would you recommend me to start with? Are there any "must have" books, like let's say "Thinking in C++" for C++ etc.? I already heard about a few video tutorials and I will surely check them out but I'd also want to get some decent books.

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  • Windows Mobile Development on MacBook Pro?

    - by Ted Nichols
    I am a frequent Windows Mobile application developer in need of a new development laptop. I am considering a MacBook or Macbook Pro running either Fusion from VMWare or Parallels Desktop. This will give me the option to port my applications to the iPhone depending on what MS does with WM 6.5 and 7. Has anybody tried doing Windows Mobile development using Microsoft Windows Mobile Device Center (or ActiveSync) and VS2008 on the MacBook Pro using one of these virtual machines? Does the device emulator work properly? What about debugging a Windows Mobile device over a USB cable? In general, do most USB drivers (non HID) designed for Windows work under these virtual machines? Thanks.

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  • Looking for a virtual network adapter (virtual interface controller)

    - by Dawn
    I need a software that simulates a network adapter. I need the virtual adapters will be able to communicate with each other. For example, if I i have 2 virtual adapter (on the same computer): interface1-1.1.1.1 and interface2-1.1.1.2. I want the packets that will be send through interface1 will be received in interface2. I have as an option to install VMWare server, but i prefer something more specific. anyone have ideas?

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  • Prolog: Not executing code as expected.

    - by Louis
    Basically I am attempting to have an AI agent navigate a world based on given percepts. My issue is handling how the agent moves. Basically, I have created find_action/4 such that we pass in the percepts, action, current cell, and the direction the agent is facing. As it stands the entire code looks like: http://wesnoth.pastebin.com/kdNvzZ6Y My issue is mainly with lines 102 to 106. Basically, in it's current form the code does not work and the find_action is skipped even when the agent is in fact facing right (I have verified this). This broken code is as follows: % If we are headed right, take a left turn find_action([_, _, _, _, _], Action, _, right) :- retractall(facing(_)), assert(facing(up)), Action = turnleft . However, after some experimentation I have concluded that the following works: % If we are headed right, take a left turn find_action([_, _, _, _, _], Action, _, _) :- facing(right), retractall(facing(_)), assert(facing(up)), Action = turnleft . I am not entire sure why this is. I've attempted to create several identical find_action's as well, each checking a different direction using the facing(_) format, however swipl does not like this and throws an error. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Understanding Smarty and MVC Frameworks

    - by Korrupzion
    Hello there, I just created this thread to discuss with people who have adopted the smarty system, and how many time it took to you to understand it, because i just can't get the idea, instead of making every easier as everybody says i think it just make more complex to code. More than a problem with only smarty is with the whole MVC model, with CakePHP or KohanaPHP i experience the same problems, u need to do 3x lines of code and files for something that u can do with a few lines of simple php. Maybe u can tell how did u learned to code using MVC model :)

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  • Cocoa app not launching on build & go but launching manually

    - by Matt S.
    I have quite the interesting problem. Yesterday my program worked perfectly, but now today I'm getting exc_bad_access when I hit build and go, but if I launch the app from the build folder it launches perfectly and there seems to be nothing wrong. The last bunch of lines from the debugger are: #0 0xffff07c2 in __memcpy #1 0x969f7961 in CFStringGetBytes #2 0x96a491b9 in CFStringCreateMutableCopy #3 0x991270cc in -[NSCFString mutableCopyWithZone:] #4 0x96a5572a in -[NSObject(NSObject) mutableCopy] #5 0x9913e6c7 in -[NSString stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:withString:options:range:] #6 0x9913e62f in -[NSString stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:withString:] #7 0x99181ad0 in -[NSScanner(NSDecimalNumberScanning) scanDecimal:] #8 0x991ce038 in -[NSDecimalNumberPlaceholder initWithString:locale:] #9 0x991cde75 in -[NSDecimalNumberPlaceholder initWithString:] #10 0x991ce44a in +[NSDecimalNumber decimalNumberWithString:] Why did my app work perfectly yesterday but not today?

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  • What do you do to keep current

    - by griegs
    I've noticed that as I progress in my career I my day to day activities require less and less actual hands on development. However, I feel that I need to stay current, both for my own personal desire as well as being able to guide a team to best practices etc. I'm finding it very hard to stay on top of the game because there are so many new frameworks, technologies and patterns coming out. Do I concentrate on a particular aspect or framework? Do I become a generalist or a specialist? What are others doing to maintain a certain level of proficiency and currentness (sic)?

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  • What Level of Education Is Most Useful?

    - by Steve Rowe
    If you were going to hire a programmer to work for/with you, what level of CS education would you prefer them to have and why? This assumes all other things are equal which, of course, they never are in real life. Self taught? Bachelor's? Masters? PHD? The important part of the answer is why, not the level. I'm looking for how important people think a Computer Science education really is and if one can go too far. A little clarification: To make things a little more even, assume you're hiring them without a lot of work experience. Obviously having a higher education is of less value the farther you are from graduation.

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  • Rails: How to test state_machine?

    - by petRUShka
    Please, help me. I'm confused. I know how to write state-driven behavior of model, but I don't know what should I write in specs... My model.rb file look class Ratification < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user attr_protected :status_events state_machine :status, :initial => :boss do state :boss state :owner state :declarant state :done event :approve do transition :boss => :owner, :owner => :done end event :divert do transition [:boss, :owner] => :declarant end event :repeat do transition :declarant => :boss end end end I use state_machine gem. Please, show me the course.

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  • NoSql Crash Course/Tutorial

    - by Chris Thompson
    Hi all, I've seen NoSQL pop up quite a bit on SO and I have a solid understanding of why you would use it (from here, Wikipedia, etc). This could be due to the lack of concrete and uniform definition of what it is (more of a paradigm than concrete implementation), but I'm struggling to wrap my head around how I would go about designing a system that would use it or how I would implement it in my system. I'm really stuck in a relational-db mindset thinking of things in terms of tables and joins... At any rate, does anybody know of a crash course/tutorial on a system that would use it (kind of a "hello world" for a NoSQL-based system) or a tutorial that takes an existing "Hello World" app based on SQL and converts it to NoSQL (not necessarily in code, but just a high-level explanation). I see this having one solid answer, but if you guys feel like it should be community wiki, I'll be happy to change it. Thanks! Chris

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  • Making Javascript and HTML5 games

    - by Jeff Meatball Yang
    A long time ago (Netscape 4-era), I wrote Javascript-based games: Pong, Minesweeper, and John Conway's Life among them. I'm getting back into it, and want to get my hands even dirtier. I have a few games in mind: Axis & Allies clone, with rugged maps and complex rules. Tetris clone, possibly with real-time player-vs-player or player-vs-computer mode Breakout clone, with a couple weapons and particle velocities In all of these, I have only a few objectives: Use JavaScript and HTML 5 - it should run on Chrome, Safari, or maybe an iPad. Start small and simple, then build-up features. Learn something new about game design and implementation. So my questions are: How would you implement these games? Do you have any technology recommendations? If you've written these games, what was the hardest part? N.B. I also want to start from first-principles - if you recommend a framework/library, I would appreciate some theory or implementation details behind it. These games are different enough that I should learn something new from each one.

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  • Naive Bayes matlab, row classification

    - by Jungle Boogie
    How do you classify a row of seperate cells in matlab? Atm I can classify single coloums like so: training = [1;0;-1;-2;4;0;1]; % this is the sample data. target_class = ['posi';'zero';'negi';'negi';'posi';'zero';'posi']; % target_class are the different target classes for the training data; here 'positive' and 'negetive' are the two classes for the given training data % Training and Testing the classifier (between positive and negative) test = 10*randn(25, 1); % this is for testing. I am generating random numbers. class = classify(test,training, target_class, 'diaglinear') % This command classifies the test data depening on the given training data using a Naive Bayes classifier Unlike the above im looking at wanting to classify: A B C Row A | 1 | 1 | 1 = a house Row B | 1 | 2 | 1 = a garden Can anyone help? Here is a code example from matlabs site: nb = NaiveBayes.fit(training, class) nb = NaiveBayes.fit(..., 'param1',val1, 'param2',val2, ...) I dont understand what param1 is or what val1 etc should be?

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  • Core principles, rules, and habits for CS students

    - by Asad Butt
    No doubt there is a lot to read on blogs, in books, and on Stack Overflow, but can we identify some guidelines for CS students to use while studying? For me these are: Finish your course books early and read 4-5 times more material relative to your course work. Programming is the one of the fastest evolving professions. Follow the blogs on a daily basis for the latest updates, news, and technologies. Instead of relying on assignments and exams, do at least one extra, non-graded, small to medium-sized project for every programming course. Fight hard for internships or work placements even if they are unpaid, since 3 months of work 1 year at college. Practice everything, every possible and impossible way. Try doing every bit of your assignments project yourself; i.e. fight for every inch. Rely on documentation as the first source for help and samples, Google, and online forums as the last source. Participate often in online communities and forums to learn the best possible approach for every solution to your problem. (After doing your bit.) Make testing one of your habits as it is getting more important everyday in programming. Make writing one of your habits. Write something productive once or twice a week and publish it.

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  • Java text classification problem

    - by yox
    Hello, I have a set of Books objects, classs Book is defined as following : Class Book{ String title; ArrayList<tags> taglist; } Where title is the title of the book, example : Javascript for dummies. and taglist is a list of tags for our example : Javascript, jquery, "web dev", .. As I said a have a set of books talking about different things : IT, BIOLOGY, HISTORY, ... Each book has a title and a set of tags describing it.. I have to classify automaticaly those books into separated sets by topic, example : IT BOOKS : Java for dummies Javascript for dummies Learn flash in 30 days C++ programming HISTORY BOOKS : World wars America in 1960 Martin luther king's life BIOLOGY BOOKS : .... Do you guys know a classification algorithm/method to apply for that kind of problems ? A solution is to use an external API to define the category of the text, but the problem here is that books are in different languages : french, spanish, english ..

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