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  • Are there any well-known algorithms or computer models that computer scientists use to predict FIFA

    - by Khnle
    Occasionally I read news articles that mention about some computer models that computer scientists use to predict winners of some sporting events or the odds for betting which I think there must be a mathematical model behind it. I never bothered to think twice even though I am a "pseudo computer scientist" myself. With the 2010 FIFA World Cup just underway, and since I am also a "pseudo football/soccer player" myself, I just started to wonder about these calculations algorithms. For example, I know one factor is determining the strength of opponents, so that a win against a strong opponent can count more than a win against a weak opponent. But it now kind of gets in a circular loop, or at least how does one determine the strength of a team in the first place, before that team can be considered strong or weak? If it's based on a historical data then there's no way that could be accurate, because those players of the past are no longer on the fields so their impact is none (except maybe if they become coaches like Maradona) Anyway, long question short, if you're happen to be working in this field or have some knowledge, please shed some lights.

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  • Enumerating large (20-digit) [probable] prime numbers

    - by Paul Baker
    Given A, on the order of 10^20, I'd like to quickly obtain a list of the first few prime numbers greater than A. OK, my needs aren't quite that exact - it's alright if occasionally a composite number ends up on the list. What's the fastest way to enumerate the (probable) primes greater than A? Is there a quicker way than stepping through all of the integers greater than A (other than obvious multiples of say, 2 and 3) and performing a primality test for each of them? If not, and the only method is to test each integer, what primality test should I be using?

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  • Purpose of IF, ELSE, FOR macros ?

    - by psihodelia
    I have a source code of a library which has a lot of strange IF, ELSE, FOR, etc. macros for all common C-keywords instead of using just usual if,else,for,while keywords. These macros are defined like this: #define IF( a) if( increment_if(), a) where increment_if() function is defined so: static __inline void increment_if( void) { // If the "IF" operator comes just after an "ELSE", its counter // must not be incremented. ... //implementation } I don't really understand, what is the purpose of such macros? This library is for a real-time application and I suppose that using such macros must slow-down an application.

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  • Porting Python algorithm to C++ - different solution

    - by cb0
    Hello, I have written a little brute string generation script in python to generate all possible combinations of an alphabet within a given length. It works quite nice, but for the reason I wan't it to be faster I try to port it to C++. The problem is that my C++ Code is creating far too much combination for one word. Heres my example in python: ./test.py gives me aaa aab aac aad aa aba .... while ./test (the c++ programm gives me) aaa aaa aaa aaa aa Here I also get all possible combinations, but I get them twice ore more often. Here is the Code for both programms: #!/usr/bin/env python import sys #Brute String Generator #Start it with ./brutestringer.py 4 6 "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890" "" #will produce all strings with length 4 to 6 and chars from a to z and numbers 0 to 9 def rec(w, p, baseString): for c in "abcd": if (p<w - 1): rec(w, p + 1, baseString + "%c" % c) print baseString for b in range(3,4): rec(b, 0, "") And here the C++ Code #include <iostream> using namespace std; string chars="abcd"; void rec(int w,int b,string p){ unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<chars.size();i++){ if(b < (w-1)){ rec(w, (b+1), p+chars[i]); } cout << p << "\n"; } } int main () { int a=3, b=0; rec (a+1,b, ""); return 0; } Does anybody see my fault ? I don't have much experience with C++. Thanks indeed

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  • How to Implement AutoSize

    - by TheCloudlessSky
    I'm trying to figure out a good way to auto-size a Rectangle that has text drawn inside of it. I basically want the size to have a ratio of width/height and then "grow" according to that ratio to fit the text. I've looked at Graphics.MeasureString but I don't think it does what I'm looking for (maybe it does and I'm just using it wrong). I don't want to specify a specific width of the rectangle to be drawn, instead I want to say find the smallest width/height to fit this text but the found rectangle must have some specific ratio of width and height. This doesn't have to be specific to C#, any idea for solving this problem I'm sure can be mapped to C#. Thanks!

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  • How to generate a LONG guid?

    - by Ron
    I would like to generate a long UUID - something like the session key used by gmail. It should be at least 256 chars and no more than 512. It can contain all alpha-numeric chars and a few special chars (the ones below the function keys on the keyboard). Has this been done already or is there a sample out there? C++ or C#

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  • finding long repeated substrings in a massive string

    - by Will
    I naively imagined that I could build a suffix trie where I keep a visit-count for each node, and then the deepest nodes with counts greater than one are the result set I'm looking for. I have a really really long string (hundreds of megabytes). I have about 1 GB of RAM. This is why building a suffix trie with counting data is too inefficient space-wise to work for me. To quote Wikipedia's Suffix tree: storing a string's suffix tree typically requires significantly more space than storing the string itself. The large amount of information in each edge and node makes the suffix tree very expensive, consuming about ten to twenty times the memory size of the source text in good implementations. The suffix array reduces this requirement to a factor of four, and researchers have continued to find smaller indexing structures. And that was wikipedia's comments on the tree, not trie. How can I find long repeated sequences in such a large amount of data, and in a reasonable amount of time (e.g. less than an hour on a modern desktop machine)? (Some wikipedia links to avoid people posting them as the 'answer': Algorithms on strings and especially Longest repeated substring problem ;-) )

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  • skipping certain number of frames on a timeline

    - by clamp
    hi, i have a mathematical problem which is a bit hard to describe, but i'll give it a try anyway. in a timeline, i have a number of frames, of which i want to skip a certain number of frames, which should be evenly distributed along the timeline. for example i have 10 frames and i want to skip 5, then the solution is easy: we skip every second frame. 10/5 = 2 if (frame%2 == 0) skip(); but what if the above division does result in a floating number? for example in 44 frames i want to skip 15 times. how can i determine the 15 frames which should be skipped? thanks!

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  • Automatic images translation to 3d model

    - by farrakhov-bulat
    I'm quite interested in automatic images translation to 3d models. Not really for commercial product, but from the point of possible academic research and implementation. What I'd like to achieve is almost transparent for user process of transformation series of images (fewer is better) to 3d model which might be shown in flash/silverlight/javafx or similar. Consider online furniture store with 3d models of all items in stock. Kinda cool to have ability to see the product in 3d before purchasing it. I managed to find a few pieces of software, like insight3d, but it couldn't be used in my case I guess. So, are there any similar projects or tips for me? If it would require to write that piece of software - I'd really love to dig into research on this field.

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  • What is the best book for learning about Algorithms?

    - by sheats
    I know what algorithms are, but I have never consciously used or created one for any of the programming that I have done. So I'd like to get a book about the subject - I'd prefer if it was in python but that's not a strict requirement. What book about algorithms helped you most to understand, use, and create algorithms? One book per answer so they can be voted on...

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  • A data structure based on the R-Tree: creating new child nodes when a node is full, but what if I ha

    - by Tom
    I realize my title is not very clear, but I am having trouble thinking of a better one. If anyone wants to correct it, please do. I'm developing a data structure for my 2 dimensional game with an infinite universe. The data structure is based on a simple (!) node/leaf system, like the R-Tree. This is the basic concept: you set howmany childs you want a node (a container) to have maximum. If you want to add a leaf, but the node the leaf should be in is full, then it will create a new set of nodes within this node and move all current leafs to their new (more exact) node. This way, very populated areas will have a lot more subdivisions than a very big but rarely visited area. This works for normal objects. The only problem arises when I have more than maxChildsPerNode objects with the exact same X,Y location: because the node is full, it will create more exact subnodes, but the old leafs will all be put in the exact same node again because they have the exact same position -- resulting in an infinite loop of creating more nodes and more nodes. So, what should I do when I want to add more leafs than maxChildsPerNode with the exact same position to my tree? PS. if I failed to explain my problem, please tell me, so I can try to improve the explanation.

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  • Generate sample XML from composite hierarchical structure

    - by Jevgenij Nekrasov
    Let's say I have composite hierarchical structure. Each object in the structure has child collection of the same objects. Each object has XPath property, which stores the exact xpath to the element inside XML file. Right now I am trying to create an extension, which can generate XML string from that hierarchical structure, but first I want to make some sort of research what is the most efficient way to do that? ant what is the easiest way?

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  • Efficient way to get highly correlated pairs from large data set in Python or R

    - by Akavall
    I have a large data set (Let's say 10,000 variables with about 1000 elements each), we can think of it as 2D list, something like: [[variable_1], [variable_2], ............ [variable_n] ] I want to extract highly correlated variable pairs from that data. I want "highly correlated" to be a parameter that I can choose. I don't need all pairs to be extracted, and I don't necessarily want the most correlated pairs. As long as there is an efficient method that gets me highly correlated pairs I am happy. Also, it would be nice if a variable does not show up in more than one pair. Although this might not be crucial. Of course, there is a brute force way to finding such pairs, but it is too slow for me. I've googled around for a bit and found some theoretical work on this issue, but I wasn't able for find a package that could do what I am looking for. I mostly work in python, so a package in python would be most helpful, but if there exists a package in R that does what I am looking for it will be great. Does anyone know of a package that does the above in Python or R? Or any other ideas? Thank You in Advance

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  • Fast ceiling of an integer division in C / C++

    - by andand
    Given integer values x and y, C and C++ returns as the quotient q = x/y the floor of the floating point valued equivalent. I'm interestd in a method of returning the ceiling instead? For example, ceil(10/5) = 2 and ceil(11/5) = 3. The obvious approach involves something like: q = x / y; if (q * y < x) ++q; This requires an extra comparison and multiplication; and other methods I've seen (used in fact) involve casting as a float or double. Is there a more direct method that avoids the additional multiplication (or a second division) and branch, and that also avoids casting as a floating point number?

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  • What are the core mathematical concepts a good developer should know?

    - by Jose B.
    Since Graduating from a very small school in 2006 with a badly shaped & outdated program (I'm a foreigner & didn't know any better school at the time) I've come to realize that I missed a lot of basic concepts from a mathematical & software perspective that are mostly the foundations of other higher concepts. I.e. I tried to listen/watch the open courseware from MIT on Introduction to Algorithms but quickly realized I was missing several mathematical concepts to better understand the course. So what are the core mathematical concepts a good software engineer should know? And what are the possible books/sites you will recommend me?

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  • Do encryption algorithms provide really unique results?

    - by Mikulas Dite
    I was wondering whether md5, sha1 and anothers return unique values. For example, sha1() for test returns a94a8fe5ccb19ba61c4c0873d391e987982fbbd3, which is 40 characters long. So, sha1 for strings larger than 40 chars must be the same (of course it's scrambled, because the given input may contain whitespaces and special chars etc.). Due to this, when we are storing users' passwords, they can enter either their original password or some super-long one, which nobody knows. Is this right, or do these hash algorithms provide really unique results - I'm quite sure it's hardly possible.

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  • List circular group membership from active directory

    - by KAPes
    We have 40K+ groups in our active directory and we are increasingly facing problem of circular nested groups which are creating problems for some applications. Does anyone know how to list down the full route through which a circular group membership exists ? e.g. G1 --> G2 --> G3 --> G4 --> G1 How do I list it down.

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  • How to find patterns (lines, circles,...) from a list of points?

    - by Burkhard
    I have a list of points. Each point being an x and y coordinate (both of which are integers). Now I'm trying to find known patterns, such as lines, arcs or circles, knowing that the points are not perfectly on the pattern. What's the best way to do it? I don't have many clues to get started. Edit: the points are ordered. The user is drawing something and the program should detect the best patterns. For instance, if a triangle is drawn, it should detect three lines.

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  • Optimality of Binary Search

    - by templatetypedef
    Hello all- This may be a silly question, but does anyone know of a proof that binary search is asymptotically optimal? That is, if we are given a sorted list of elements where the only permitted operation on those objects is a comparison, how do you prove that the search can't be done in o(lg n)? (That's little-o of lg n, by the way.) Note that I'm restricting this to elements where the only operation permitted operation is a comparison, since there are well-known algorithms that can beat O(lg n) on expectation if you're allowed to do more complex operations on the data (see, for example, interpolation search). Thanks so much! This has really been bugging me since it seems like it should be simple but has managed to resist all my best efforts. :-)

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  • Finding number of different paths

    - by peiska
    I have a game that one player X wants to pass a ball to player Y, but he can be playing with more than one player and the others players can pass the ball to Y. I want to know how many different paths can the ball take from X to Y? for example if he is playing with 3 players there are 5 different paths, 4 players 16 paths, if he is playing with 20 players there are 330665665962404000 paths, and 40 players 55447192200369381342665835466328897344361743780 that the ball can take. the number max. of players that he can play with is 500. I was thinking in using Catalan Numbers? do you think is a correct approach to solve this? Can you give me some tips.

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  • Why is Dictionary.First() so slow?

    - by Rotsor
    Not a real question because I already found out the answer, but still interesting thing. I always thought that hash table is the fastest associative container if you hash properly. However, the following code is terribly slow. It executes only about 1 million iterations and takes more than 2 minutes of time on a Core 2 CPU. The code does the following: it maintains the collection todo of items it needs to process. At each iteration it takes an item from this collection (doesn't matter which item), deletes it, processes it if it wasn't processed (possibly adding more items to process), and repeats this until there are no items to process. The culprit seems to be the Dictionary.Keys.First() operation. The question is why is it slow? Stopwatch watch = new Stopwatch(); watch.Start(); HashSet<int> processed = new HashSet<int>(); Dictionary<int, int> todo = new Dictionary<int, int>(); todo.Add(1, 1); int iterations = 0; int limit = 500000; while (todo.Count > 0) { iterations++; var key = todo.Keys.First(); var value = todo[key]; todo.Remove(key); if (!processed.Contains(key)) { processed.Add(key); // process item here if (key < limit) { todo[key + 13] = value + 1; todo[key + 7] = value + 1; } // doesn't matter much how } } Console.WriteLine("Iterations: {0}; Time: {1}.", iterations, watch.Elapsed); This results in: Iterations: 923007; Time: 00:02:09.8414388. Simply changing Dictionary to SortedDictionary yields: Iterations: 499976; Time: 00:00:00.4451514. 300 times faster while having only 2 times less iterations. The same happens in java. Used HashMap instead of Dictionary and keySet().iterator().next() instead of Keys.First().

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  • Efficient determination of which strings in an array are substrings of the others?

    - by byte
    In C#, Say you have an array of strings, which contain only characters '0' and '1': string[] input = { "0101", "101", "11", "010101011" }; And you'd like to build a function: public void IdentifySubstrings(string[] input) { ... } That will produce the following: "0101 is a substring of 010101011" "101 is a substring of 0101" "101 is a substring of 010101011" "11 is a substring of 010101011" And you are NOT able to use built-in string functionality (such as String.Substring). How would one efficiently solve this problem? Of course you could plow through it via brute force, but it just feels like there ought to be a way to accomplish it with a tree (since the only values are 0's and 1's, it feels like a binary tree ought to fit somehow). I've read a little bit about things like suffix trees, but I'm uncertain if that's the right path to be going down. Any efficient solutions you can think of?

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