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• Maintaining Logging and/or stdout/stderr in Python Daemon

  - by dave mankoff

  Every recipe that I've found for creating a daemon process in Python involves forking twice (for Unix) and then closing all open file descriptors. (See http://www.jejik.com/articles/2007/02/a_simple_unix_linux_daemon_in_python/ for an example). This is all simple enough but I seem to have an issue. On the production machine that I am setting up, my daemon is aborting - silently since all open file descriptors were closed. I am having a tricky time debugging the issue currently and am wondering what the proper way to catch and log these errors are. What is the right way to setup logging such that it continues to work after daemonizing? Do I just call logging.basicConfig() a second time after daemonizing? What's the right way to capture stdout and stderr? I am fuzzy on the details of why all the files are closed. Ideally, my main code could just call daemon_start(pid_file) and logging would continue to work.

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• Replacing backslashes in Python strings

  - by user323659

  I have some code to encrypt some strings in Python. Encrypted text is used as a parameter in some urls, but after encrypting, there comes backslashes in string and I cannot use single backslash in urllib2.urlopen. I cannot replace single backslash with double. For example: print cipherText '\t3-@\xab7+\xc7\x93H\xdc\xd1\x13G\xe1\xfb' print cipherText.replace('\\','\\\\') '\t3-@\xab7+\xc7\x93H\xdc\xd1\x13G\xe1\xfb' Also putting r in front of \ in replace statement did not worked. All I want to do is calling that kind of url: http://awebsite.me/main?param="\t3-@\xab7+\xc7\x93H\xdc\xd1\x13G\xe1\xfb" And also this url can be successfully called: http://awebsite.me/main?param="\\t3-@\\xab7+\\xc7\\x93H\\xdc\\xd1\\x13G\\xe1\\xfb" Any idea will be appreciated.

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• How to get REALLY fast python over a simple loop

  - by totallymike

  I'm working on a spoj problem, INTEST. The goal is to specify the number of test cases (n) and a divisor (k), then feed your program n numbers. The program will accept each number on a newline of stdin and after receiving the nth number, will tell you how many were divisible by k. The only challenge in this problem is getting your code to be FAST because it k can be anything up to 10^7 and the test cases can be as high as 10^9. I'm trying to write it in python and having trouble speeding it up. Any ideas? import sys first_in = raw_input() thing = first_in.split() n = int(thing[0]) k = int(thing[1]) total = 0 i = 0 for line in sys.stdin: t = int(line) if t % k == 0: total += 1 print total

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• Why is '\x' invalid in Python?

  - by Paul McGuire

  I was experimenting with '\' characters, using '\a\b\c...' just to enumerate for myself which characters Python interprets as control characters, and to what. Here's what I found: \a - BELL \b - BACKSPACE \f - FORMFEED \n - LINEFEED \r - RETURN \t - TAB \v - VERTICAL TAB Most of the other characters I tried, '\g', '\s', etc. just evaluate to the 2-character string of a backslash and the given character. I understand this is intentional, and makes sense to me. But '\x' is a problem. When my script reaches this source line: val = "\x" I get: ValueError: invalid \x escape What is so special about '\x'? Why is it treated differently from the other non-escaped characters?

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• Python - Create a list with initial capacity

  - by Claudiu

  Code like this often happens: l = [] while foo: #baz l.append(bar) #qux This is really slow if you're about to append thousands of elements to your list, as the list will have to constantly be re-initialized to grow. (I understand that lists aren't just wrappers around some array-type-thing, but something more complicated. I think this still applies, though; let me know if not). In Java, you can create an ArrayList with an initial capacity. If you have some idea how big your list will be, this will be a lot more efficient. I understand that code like this can often be re-factored into a list comprehension. If the for/while loop is very complicated, though, this is unfeasible. Is there any equivalent for us python programmers?

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• How to test a regex password in Python?

  - by jCuga

  Using a regex in Python, how can I verify that a user's password is: At least 8 characters Must be restricted to, though does not specifically require any of: uppercase letters: A-Z lowercase letters: a-z numbers: 0-9 any of the special characters: @#$%^&+= Note, all the letter/number/special chars are optional. I only want to verify that the password is at least 8 chars in length and is restricted to a letter/number/special char. It's up to the user to pick a stronger / weaker password if they so choose. So far what I have is: import re pattern = "^.*(?=.{8,})(?=.*\d)(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*[@#$%^&+=]).*$" password = raw_input("Enter string to test: ") result = re.findall(pattern, password) if (result): print "Valid password" else: print "Password not valid"

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• Convert Python 3.x snippet to C#/LINQ.

  - by Hamish Grubijan

  I want to sort elements of a HashSet<string> and join them by a ; character. Python interpreter version: >>> st = {'jhg', 'uywer', 'nbcm', 'utr'} >>> strng = ';'.join(sorted(s)) >>> strng 'ASD;anmbh;ashgg;jhghjg' C# signature of a method I seek: private string getVersionsSorted(HashSet<string> versions); I can do this without using Linq, but I really want to learn it better. Many thanks!

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• Writing Strings to files in python

  - by Leif Andersen

  I'm getting the following error when trying to write a string to a file in pythion: Traceback (most recent call last): File "export_off.py", line 264, in execute save_off(self.properties.path, context) File "export_off.py", line 244, in save_off primary.write(file) File "export_off.py", line 181, in write variable.write(file) File "export_off.py", line 118, in write file.write(self.value) TypeError: must be bytes or buffer, not str I basically have a string class, which contains a string: class _off_str(object): __slots__ = 'value' def __init__(self, val=""): self.value=val def get_size(self): return SZ_SHORT def write(self,file): file.write(self.value) def __str__(self): return str(self.value) Furthermore, I'm calling that class like this: def write(self, file): for variable in self.variables: variable.write(file) I have no idea what is going on. I've seen other python programs writing strings to files, so why can't this one? Thank you very much for your help.

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• Python - Memory Leak

  - by Dave

  I'm working on solving a memory leak in my Python application. Here's the thing - it really only appears to happen on Windows Server 2008 (not R2) but not earlier versions of Windows, and it also doesn't look like it's happening on Linux (although I haven't done nearly as much testing on Linux). To troubleshoot it, I set up debugging on the garbage collector: gc.set_debug(gc.DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE | gc.DEBUG_INSTANCES | gc.DEBUG_OBJECTS) Then, periodically, I log the contents of gc.garbage. Thing is, gc.garbage is always empty, yet my memory usage goes up and up and up. Very puzzling.

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• % confuses python raw sql query

  - by Jonathan

  Following this SO question, I'm trying to "truncate" all tables related to a certain django application using the following raw sql commands in python: cursor.execute("set foreign_key_checks = 0") cursor.execute("select concat('truncate table ',table_schema,'.',table_name,';') as sql_stmt from information_schema.tables where table_schema = 'my_db' and table_type = 'base table' AND table_name LIKE 'some_prefix%'") for sql in [sql[0] for sql in cursor.fetchall()]: cursor.execute(sql) cursor.execute("set foreign_key_checks = 1") Alas I receive the following error: C:\dev\my_project>my_script.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\dev\my_project\my_script.py", line 295, in <module> cursor.execute(r"select concat('truncate table ',table_schema,'.',table_name,';') as sql_stmt from information_schema.tables where table_schema = 'my_db' and table_type = 'base table' AND table_name LIKE 'some_prefix%'") File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\util.py", line 18, in execute sql = self.db.ops.last_executed_query(self.cursor, sql, params) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\__init__.py", line 216, in last_executed_query return smart_unicode(sql) % u_params TypeError: not enough arguments for format string Is the % in the LIKE making trouble? How can I workaround it?

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• File/module structure in Python

  - by keithjgrant

  So I'm just getting started with Python, and currently working my way through diveintopython.org. The code examples are nice, but the vast majority of them are little four-line snippets, and I want to see a little more of the big picture. As I understand it--and correct me if I'm wrong--each '.py' file becomes a "module", and a group of modules in a directory becomes a "package" (at least, it does if I create a __init__.py file in that directory). What is it if I don't have a __init__.py file? So what does each "module" file look like? Do I generally define only one class in the file? Does anything else go in that file besides the class definition and maybe a handful of import commands?

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• Parent Thread exiting before Child Threads [python]

  - by crgwbr

  I'm using Python in a webapp (CGI for testing, FastCGI for production) that needs to send an occasional email (when a user registers or something else important happens). Since communicating with an SMTP server takes a long time, I'd like to spawn a thread for the mail function so that the rest of the app can finish up the request without waiting for the email to finish sending. I tried using thread.start_new(func, (args)), but the Parent return's and exits before the sending is complete, thereby killing the sending process before it does anything useful. Is there anyway to keep the process alive long enough for the child process to finish?

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• python writing a list to a file

  - by gfar90

  I need to write a list to a file in python. I know the list should be converted to a string with the join method, but since I have a tuple I got confused. I tried a lot to change my variables to strings etc, this is one of my first attempts: def perform(text): repository = [("","")] fdist = nltk.FreqDist(some_variable) for c in some_variable: repository.append((c, fdist[c])) return ' '.join(repository) but it gives me the following error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in qe = perform(entfile2) File "", line 14, in perform return ' '.join(repository) TypeError: sequence item 0: expected string, tuple found any ideas how to write the list 'repository' to a file? Thanks!

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• Performance effect of using print statements in Python script

  - by Sudar

  I have a Python script that process a huge text file (with around 4 millon lines) and writes the data into two separate files. I have added a print statement, which outputs a string for every line for debugging. I want to know how bad it could be from the performance perspective? If it is going to very bad, I can remove the debugging line. Edit It turns out that having a print statement for every line in a file with 4 million lines is increasing the time way too much.

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• Filtering Data in a Text File with Python

  - by YAS

  I'm new to Python (like Zygote new), and it's just to supplement another program but what I need is I have a text file that's a group of items for a game and it is formatted so: [1] Name=Blah Faction=Blahdiddly Cost=1000 [2] Name=Meh Faction=MehMeh Cost=2000 [3] Name=Lollypop Faction=Blahdiddly Cost=100 And I need to be able to find out what groups (the numbers in brackets) have matching values. So if I search Faction=Blahdiddly Group 1 & 3 will come up. I unfortunately have NO idea how to do this. Can anyone help?

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• python -> combinations of numbers and letters

  - by tekknolagi

  #!/usr/bin/python import random lower_a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z'] upper_a = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z'] num = ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'] all = [] all = " ".join("".join(lower_a) + "".join(upper_a) + "".join(num)) all = all.split() x = 1 c = 1 while x < 10: y = [] for i in range(c): a = random.choice(all) y.append(a) print "".join(y) x += 1 c += 1 what i have now outputs something like the following: 5 hE HAy 1kgy Pt6JM 2pFuCb Jv5osaX 5q8PwWAO SvHWRKfI5 how can i make it systematically go through every combination of letters (upper and lowercase) for a given length, then add 1 to that length and repeat the process?

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• Utilizing multiple python projects

  - by Marcin Cylke

  Hi I have a python app, that I'm developing. There is a need to use another library, that resides in different directory. The file layout looks like this: dir X has two project dirs: current-project xLibrary I'd like to use xLibrary in currentProject. I've been trying writting code as if all the sources resided in the same directory and calling my projects main script with: PYTHONPATH=.:../xLibrary ./current-project.py but this does not work. I'd like to use its code base without installing the library globaly or copying it to my project's directory. Is it possible? Or if not, how should I deal with this problem.

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• Finding the most similar numbers across multiple lists in Python

  - by new_sysadmin

  In Python, I have 3 lists of floating-point numbers (angles), in the range 0-360, and the lists are not the same length. I need to find the triplet (with 1 number from each list) in which the numbers are the closest. (It's highly unlikely that any of the numbers will be identical, since this is real-world data.) I was thinking of using a simple lowest-standard-deviation method to measure agreement, but I'm not sure of a good way to implement this. I could loop through each list, comparing the standard deviation of every possible combination using nested for loops, and have a temporary variable save the indices of the triplet that agrees the best, but I was wondering if anyone had a better or more elegant way to do something like this. Thanks!

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• Show me some cool python list comprehensions

  - by christangrant

  One of the major strengths of python and a few other (functional) programming languages are the list comprehension. They allow programmers to write complex expressions in 1 line. They may be confusing at first but if one gets used to the syntax, it is much better than nested complicated for loops. With that said, please share with me some of the coolest uses of list comprehensions. (By cool, I just mean useful) It could be for some programming contest, or a production system. For example: To do the transpose of a matrix mat >>> mat = [ ... [1, 2, 3], ... [4, 5, 6], ... [7, 8, 9], ... ] >>> [[row[i] for row in mat] for i in [0, 1, 2]] [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]] Please include a description of the expression and where it was used (if possible).

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• Exception message (Python 2.6)

  - by TurboJupi

  If I want to open binary file (in Python 2.6), that doesn't exists, program exits with an error and prints this: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python_tests\Exception_Handling\src\exception_handling.py", line 4, in <module> pkl_file = open('monitor.dat', 'rb') IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'monitor.dat' I can handle this with 'try-except', like: try: pkl_file = open('monitor.dat', 'rb') monitoring_pickle = pickle.load(pkl_file) pkl_file.close() except Exception: print 'No such file or directory' Does anybody know, how could I, in caught Exception, print the following line? File "C:\Python_tests\Exception_Handling\src\exception_handling.py", line 11, in <module> pkl_file = open('monitor.dat', 'rb') So, program would not exits, and I would have useful information.

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• Where is Python support for PEM + RSA + DES3?

  - by jasonjs

  I need a Python library that supports PEM files and both RSA signing and DES3 encryption. pycrypto doesn't seem to support PEM, and its mechanism for loading existing keys is undocumented and cryptic. m2crypto doesn't seem to support DES/DES3, oddly. I've been running an openssl subprocess, but I'd rather have something built in and preferably fast. Does this exist? (Failing that, I hesitate to ask, but are there high-level enough C apis available for this that I could write a special-purpose extension without killing myself/introducing vulns?)

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• Run and terminate a prgram (Python under Windows)

  - by Fredrich

  I'd like to create a small script to that basically does this: run program1.exe -- kill program1.exe after n seconds -- run program1.exe again. I know some basic Python and would read up on this, but I'm in a bit of a hurry and just need this to get done asap. If someone has a script/idea or could help my out with just the syntax I need to open and kill the .exe file, please... I don't mind solutions in other languages either. I'm sorry if this is a bit "please write my code"-ish, that's not something I typically do.

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• crc24 from c to python

  - by biiiiiaw

  can someone please translate this code to python? i have tried and tried again, but have not managed it: #define CRC24_INIT 0xB704CEL #define CRC24_POLY 0x1864CFBL typedef long crc24; crc24 crc_octets(unsigned char *octets, size_t len) { crc24 crc = CRC24_INIT; int i; while (len--) { crc ^= (*octets++) << 16; for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) { crc <<= 1; if (crc & 0x1000000) crc ^= CRC24_POLY; } } return crc & 0xFFFFFFL; } i have the rotate left function (ROL24(value,bits_to_rotate_by)), which i know works since i got it from a source code of a reputable programmer, but i dont get the * and ++ on octet. i only sort of understand how ++ works in c++, and i dont know what * is at all

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• python compare time

  - by Jesse Siu

  i want to using python create filter for a log file. get recent 7 days record. but when i didn't know how to compare time. like current time is 11/9/2012, i want to get records from 04/9/2012 to now the log file like Sat Sep 2 03:32:13 2012 [pid 12461] CONNECT: Client "66.249.68.236" Sat Sep 2 03:32:13 2012 [pid 12460] [ftp] OK LOGIN: Client "66.249.68.236", anon password "[email protected]" Sat Sep 2 03:32:14 2012 [pid 12462] [ftp] OK DOWNLOAD: Client "66.249.68.236", "/pub/10.5524/100001_101000/100022/readme.txt", 451 i using this one def OnlyRecent(line): print time.strptime(line.split("[")[0].strip(),"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y") print time.time() if time.strptime(line.split("[")[0].strip(),"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y") < time.time(): return True return False But it shows (2012, 9, 2, 3, 32, 13, 5, 246, -1) 1347332968.08 (2012, 9, 2, 3, 32, 13, 5, 246, -1) 1347332968.08 (2012, 9, 2, 3, 32, 14, 5, 246, -1) 1347332968.08 the time format is different, and it can't compare time. So how to set this comparison in 7 days. Thanks

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• Python - How can I make this code asynchronous?

  - by dave

  Here's some code that illustrates my problem: def blocking1(): while True: yield 'first blocking function example' def blocking2(): while True: yield 'second blocking function example' for i in blocking1(): print 'this will be shown' for i in blocking2(): print 'this will not be shown' I have two functions which contain while True loops. These will yield data which I will then log somewhere (most likely, to an sqlite database). I've been playing around with threading and have gotten it working. However, I don't really like it... What I would like to do is make my blocking functions asynchronous. Something like: def blocking1(callback): while True: callback('first blocking function example') def blocking2(callback): while True: callback('second blocking function example') def log(data): print data blocking1(log) blocking2(log) How can I achieve this in Python? I've seen the standard library comes with asyncore and the big name in this game is Twisted but both of these seem to be used for socket IO. How can I async my non-socket related, blocking functions?

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