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  • Leveraging Code Across Platforms in Ever Bigger Games

    - by ashes999
    Summary: The same way that I continually build complex engines and libraries within a single platform and technology to allow me to build increasingly bigger and better games, how to continue this when development crosses into different platforms? If I switch platforms, how do I leverage past code and experiences? Games are hard to build. Big games are even harder to build. I've decided that to be able to make big games, I need to start building smaller games, and building up an asset base of code, assets (graphics, sounds), tools, and most importantly, game engines, so that I can eventually get there. One game at a time. Let me give an analogy. To build an MMO 3D RPG, I would approach this by building and releasing small games with increasingly more features. This could entail, for example: A simple 2D game A tile-based game A game with RPG elements (items, equipment, monsters, battle) A full-fledged RPG A 3D RPG The problem now is if I have to change platforms or tools, I don't know how to leverage past code-bases (and experience) to start with a mature product. Right now, I'm writing Silverlight (FlatRedBall) games. Let's say I stick with this for ten years, and then suddenly decide to write a PS6 game, which is in a different programming language entirely. Granted, I have ten years of game-development experience (and correspondingly ten years of professional software development experience from my day job) to back me up. But I would still like some way to transplant that 2D RPG engine into the new programming language, or else leverage it somehow. Is this even possible? What are my options?

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  • Making efficeint voxel engines using "chunks"

    - by Wardy
    Concept I'm currently looking in to how voxel engines work with a view to possibly making one myself. I see a lot of stuff like this ... https://sites.google.com/site/letsmakeavoxelengine/home/chunks ... which talks about how to go about reducing the draw calls. What I can't seem to understand is how it actually saves draw call counts on the basis of the logic being something like this ... Without chunks foreach voxel in myvoxels DrawIfVisible() With Chunks foreach chunk in mychunks DrawIfVisible() which then does ... foreach voxel in myvoxels DrawIfVisible() So surely you saved nothing ?!?! You still make a draw call for each visible voxel do you not? A visible voxel needs a draw call in either scenario. The only real saving I can see is that the logic that evaluates a chunk will be able to determine if a large number of voxels are visible or not effectively saving a bit of "is this chunk visible" cpu time. But it's the draw calls that interest me ... The fewer of those, the faster the application. EDIT: In case it makes any difference I will probably be using XNA (DX not OpenGL) for my engine so don't consider my choice of example in the link above my choice of technology. But this question is such that I doubt it would matter.

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  • Java: How to Make a Player Class in a Tile-Based RPG

    - by A.K.
    So I've been following a JavaHub tutorial that basically uses a pixel engine similar to MiniCraft. I've attempted to make a Player Class as such, and I'm basically making a mock Pokemon game for learning's sake: package pokemon.entity; import java.awt.Rectangle; import pokemon.gfx.Screen; import pokemon.levelgen.Tile; import pokemon.entity.SpritesManage;; public class Player { int x, y; int vx, vy; public Rectangle AshRec; public Sprite AshSprite; Screen screen; Sprite[][] AshSheet; public Player() { AshSprite = SpritesManage.AshSheet[1][0]; AshRec = new Rectangle(0, 0, 16, 16); x = 0; y = 0; vx = 1; vy = 1; screen.renderSprite(0, 0, AshSprite); } public void update() { move(); checkCollision(); } private void checkCollision() { } private void move() { AshRec.x += vx; AshRec.y += vy; } public void render(Screen screen, int x, int y) { screen.renderSprite(x, y, AshSprite); } } I guess what I really want to do is have the Player centered in the screen and have the sprite drawn based on an Input Handler. I'm just stumped as to how to sync these together.

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  • Problems loading Hilva tutorials

    - by Beska
    I'm a newcomer to XNA, and I'm evaluating some libraries. The Hilva Graphics Engine looks interesting, and I'm trying to run their tutorials. However, all of them give me errors. For example, if I download the ParallaxMappingSample demo, and try to build it, I get Error 1 Error loading pipeline assembly "C:\Users\Me\Desktop\ParallaxMappingSample\Hilva.Content.dll". ParallaxMappingSample I get similar errors for all of the samples. Unfortunately, this error isn't very enlightening. I can see the Hilva.Content.dll in the appropriate directory. I tried removing and readding the reference from the content project, but I get the same error. I'm not sure it's relevant, but I'm on Windows 7, I'm using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010, and XNA 4.0. Is there an easy (or difficult) solution? EDIT: If you happen to try this, even if you don't have a solution, let me know about it in a comment. Whether it works for you, or if you get the same problem...either result would be something that might let me know if it's just a problem with the tutorial, or if it's on my end.

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  • Matrices: Arrays or separate member variables?

    - by bjz
    I'm teaching myself 3D maths and in the process building my own rudimentary engine (of sorts). I was wondering what would be the best way to structure my matrix class. There are a few options: Separate member variables: struct Mat4 { float m11, m12, m13, m14, m21, m22, m23, m24, m31, m32, m33, m34, m41, m42, m43, m44; // methods } A multi-dimensional array: struct Mat4 { float[4][4] m; // methods } An array of vectors struct Mat4 { Vec4[4] m; // methods } I'm guessing there would be positives and negatives to each. From 3D Math Primer for Graphics and Game Development, 2nd Edition p.155: Matrices use 1-based indices, so the first row and column are numbered 1. For example, a12 (read “a one two,” not “a twelve”) is the element in the first row, second column. Notice that this is different from programming languages such as C++ and Java, which use 0-based array indices. A matrix does not have a column 0 or row 0. This difference in indexing can cause some confusion if matrices are stored using an actual array data type. For this reason, it’s common for classes that store small, fixed size matrices of the type used for geometric purposes to give each element its own named member variable, such as float a11, instead of using the language’s native array support with something like float elem[3][3]. So that's one vote for method one. Is this really the accepted way to do things? It seems rather unwieldy if the only benefit would be sticking with the conventional math notation.

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  • Farseer Physics Samples and Krypton how to reference game

    - by Krell
    I'm sure this is totally simple and yes I am new at this. I am trying to set up Krypton inside farseer. 1. create a new Krypton engine in my sub screen aka AdvancedDemo1 : PhysicsGameScreen, IDemoScreen Via this.krypton = new KryptonEngine(this, "KryptonEffect"); The problem is the KryptonEngine(this wants reference to Game game, I cant seem to reference it from FarseerPhysicsGame : Game So how would I do that? or 2. I can put it directly in FarsserPhysicsGame but again I cant seem to figure out how to reference FarseerPhysicsGame in AdvancedDemo1. or 3. I can put it inside the public FarseerPhysicsGame() and do Componenets.Add(krypton) [which works] HOWEVER I cant figure out how to reference the compoenet once it is added. You should be able to stop reading here , but for more detail I simply took the Farseer XNA Samples went into FarseerPhysicsGame.cs and deleted all the screens and menus except AdvancedDemo1 so there is one option and I just click that to load into the advancedDemo1 and thats where I want to put the lights from krypton. Thanks. Edit: Figured out 1 solution though I am still curious about others. Solution 1 I was able to use ScreenManager.Game(not sure why it was there but Ill try to figure it out later)

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  • WpfToolkit DataGrid does not work in Windows Phone 7

    - by Igor Zevaka
    I am trying to use WpfToolkit DataGrid in Windows Phone 7 project (Silverligt 4) and it's not working. Here is the XAML: <UserControl x:Class="SilverlightControls.Grid" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" mc:Ignorable="d" xmlns:wtk="clr-namespace:Microsoft.Windows.Controls;assembly=WPFToolkit" d:DesignHeight="480" d:DesignWidth="480"> <Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="#FF1F1F1F" Width="960"> <Grid x:Name="TitleGrid"> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Title}" Style="{StaticResource PhoneTextPageTitle2Style}"/> </Grid> <wtk:DataGrid> </wtk:DataGrid> </Grid> </UserControl> The project compiles fine but crashes at runtime trying to load this control. The best clue I got so far is from Visual Studio Designer. Once I add wtk:DataGrid to the control the visual designer does not load and below is the exception it displays. Could it be that WpfToolkit relies on PresentationFramework.dll and it's not available in SL4? System.Reflection.Adds.UnresolvedAssemblyException Type universe cannot resolve assembly: PresentationFramework, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35. at System.Reflection.Adds.AssemblyProxy.GetResolvedAssembly() at System.Reflection.Adds.AssemblyProxy.get_FullName() at Microsoft.Windows.Design.Metadata.ReflectionMetadataContext.PrepareAttributes(Reflectable`1 reflectableAssembly) at Microsoft.Windows.Design.Metadata.ReflectionMetadataContext.PrepareAttributes(Reflectable`1 reflectableType) at MS.Internal.Metadata.ClrType.GetAttributes[T](ReflectionMetadataContext context, IReflectable`1 member, ITypeMetadata attributeType, Boolean merge, AttributeMergeCache& cache) at MS.Internal.Metadata.ClrMember`1.GetLocalAttributes(ITypeMetadata attributeType) at MS.Internal.Design.Metadata.Xaml.XamlType.GetSpecialProperty(Int32 idx, PropertyIdentifier pid) at MS.Internal.Design.Metadata.Xaml.XamlType.get_ContentProperty() at Microsoft.Windows.Design.Metadata.Xaml.XamlExtensionImplementations.GetContentProperty(ITypeMetadata sourceType) at Microsoft.Windows.Design.Metadata.Xaml.XamlExtensions.GetContentProperty(ITypeMetadata source) at MS.Internal.Design.Metadata.ReflectionTypeNode.get_ContentProperty() at MS.Internal.Design.Markup.XmlElement.CalcChildWhitespaceImportant(XamlElement element) at MS.Internal.Design.Markup.XmlElement.ConvertChildrenToXaml(XamlElement result, PrefixScope scope, IParseContext context, IMarkupSourceProvider provider, Boolean childrenAsString) at MS.Internal.Design.Markup.XmlElement.ConvertToXaml(XamlElement parent, PrefixScope parentScope, IParseContext context, IMarkupSourceProvider provider) at MS.Internal.Design.Markup.XmlElement.ConvertChildrenToXaml(XamlElement result, PrefixScope scope, IParseContext context, IMarkupSourceProvider provider, Boolean childrenAsString) at MS.Internal.Design.Markup.XmlElement.ConvertToXaml(XamlElement parent, PrefixScope parentScope, IParseContext context, IMarkupSourceProvider provider) at MS.Internal.Design.DocumentModel.DocumentTrees.Markup.XamlSourceDocument.ParseElementFromSkeleton(XamlParseContext context, SkeletonNode node, XamlElement parent, Boolean fullElement) at MS.Internal.Design.DocumentModel.DocumentTrees.Markup.XamlSourceDocument.UpdateSkeleton(IDamageListener listener) at Microsoft.Windows.Design.DocumentModel.Trees.MarkupDocumentTreeManager.Update() at Microsoft.Windows.Design.DocumentModel.MarkupProducer.Update() at Microsoft.Windows.Design.DocumentModel.MarkupProducer.HandleMessage(DocumentTreeCoordinator sender, MessageKey key, MessageArguments args) at Microsoft.Windows.Design.DocumentModel.MarkupProducer.Microsoft.Windows.Design.DocumentModel.IDocumentTreeConsumer.HandleMessage(DocumentTreeCoordinator sender, MessageKey key, MessageArguments args) at Microsoft.Windows.Design.DocumentModel.DocumentTreeCoordinator.SendMessage[T](MessageKey`1 key, T args, Boolean isPrivateMessage) at Microsoft.Windows.Design.DocumentModel.DocumentTreeCoordinator.QueuedMessage`1.Microsoft.Windows.Design.DocumentModel.IQueuedMessage.Invoke() at Microsoft.Windows.Design.DocumentModel.DocumentTreeCoordinator.ProcessQueuedMessages(Object state) at System.Windows.Threading.ExceptionWrapper.InternalRealCall(Delegate callback, Object args, Int32 numArgs) at MS.Internal.Threading.ExceptionFilterHelper.TryCatchWhen(Object source, Delegate method, Object args, Int32 numArgs, Delegate catchHandler)

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  • Do I need to use any other attributes other than CssClassProperty to enabled design-time support?

    - by keith
    Hi, I'm trying to provide the same design-time support that the CssClass provides on some custom properties of a server control. The documentation suggests that decorating the property with the CssClassProperty is all that's required. [CssClassProperty] public string SomeOtherCssClass{get;set;} This has no effect, in vs2008 or vs2010. I've looked at the WebControl class using reflector and implemented all the attributes, and every combination thereof, to my property and still no class dropdown. Some blog posts suggest that the use of the Editor attribute but a) there's not mention of it in the documentation and b) none of editors which are remotely related to css classes have any effect either. Am I missing something to enable this feature? Thanks in advance, Keith.

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  • this is my Receiving Email code,but can't Receiving Email .. (google-app-engine)

    - by zjm1126
    import logging, email from google.appengine.ext import webapp from google.appengine.ext.webapp.mail_handlers import InboundMailHandler from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import run_wsgi_app class LogSenderHandler(InboundMailHandler): def receive(self, message): _subject = message.subject _sender=message.sender bodies = message.bodies('text/plain') allBodies = "" #for body in bodies: # allBodies = allBodies + "\n---------------------------\n" + body[1].decode() #m= mail.EmailMessage(sender="[email protected] ",subject="reply to "+_subject) #m.to = _sender #m.body =allBodies #m.send() message = mail.EmailMessage(sender="[email protected]", subject="Your account has been approved") message.to = _sender message.body = """ Dear Albert: Your example.com account has been approved. You can now visit http://www.example.com/ and sign in using your Google Account to access new features. Please let us know if you have any questions. The example.com Team """ message.send() application = webapp.WSGIApplication([LogSenderHandler.mapping()], debug=True) app.yaml: application: zjm1126 version: 1-2 runtime: python api_version: 1 inbound_services: - mail handlers: - url: /media static_dir: media - url: /_ah/mail/.+ script: handle_incoming_email.py login: admin - url: / script: a.py - url: /sign script: a.py - url: .* script: django_bootstrap.py i use my email:[email protected] send some words to [email protected] but i can't get a Receiving Email, why ??? thanks and this is the log:

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  • Using memcache to store obj's in google app engine.

    - by fredrik
    Hi, I'm trying to use memcache to cache data retrevied from the datastore. Storing stings works fine. But can't one store an object? I get an error "TypeError: 'str' object is not callable" when trying to store with this: pageData = PageType(page) memcache.add(memcacheid, pageData, 60) I've read in the documentation that it requires "The value type can be any value supported by the Python pickle module for serializing values." But don't really understand what that is. Or how to convert pageData to it. Any ideas? ..fredrik

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  • how to dispose a incoming email and then send some words back using googe-app-engine..

    - by zjm1126
    from google.appengine.api import mail i read the doc: mail.send_mail(sender="[email protected]", to="Albert Johnson <[email protected]>", subject="Your account has been approved", body=""" Dear Albert: Your example.com account has been approved. You can now visit http://www.example.com/ and sign in using your Google Account to access new features. Please let us know if you have any questions. The example.com Team """) and i know hwo to send a email using gae ,but how to check a email incoming, and then do something thanks

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  • How to roll back a google app engine transaction via web interface?

    - by LoudNPossiblyRight
    I tried to update my app on google appengine by my wireless dropped during the process. When i tried again i got an error "Another transaction by user ajakimov is already in progress for this app and major version." I know i can rollback the update using appcfg.py but i was wondering if it's possible to do this via some sort of a web interfiace (i tried the dashboard i couldn't find anything) ? Thanks.

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  • How do you Access an Authenticated Google App Engine Service with Ruby?

    - by viatropos
    I am trying to do this same thing here but with Ruby: Access Authenticated GAE Client with Python. Any ideas how to retrieve authenticated content from GAE with Ruby? I am using the Ruby GData Gem to access everything in Google Docs and such and it's making life very easy, but now I'd like to access things on GAE that require admin access, programmatically, and it doesn't support that. Here's what I'm getting (using DocList, not sure what to use yet): c = GData::Client::DocList.new c.clientlogin(username, password, nil, nil, nil, "HOSTED") c => #<GData::Client::DocList:0x201bad8 @clientlogin_service="writely", @version="2", @auth_handler=#<GData::Auth::ClientLogin:0x200803c @account_type="HOSTED", @token="long-hash", @auth_url="https://www.google.com/accounts/ClientLogin", @service="writely">, @source="AnonymousApp", @headers={"Authorization"=>"GoogleLogin auth=long-hash", "User-Agent"=>"GoogleDataRubyUtil-AnonymousApp", "GData-Version"=>"2", "Content-Type"=>"application/atom+xml"}, @authsub_scope="http://docs.google.com/feeds/", @http_service=GData::HTTP::DefaultService> url = "http://my-cdn.appspot.com/files/restricted-file.html" c.get(url) => #<GData::HTTP::Response:0x20004b8 @status_code=302, @body="", @headers={"connection"=>"close", "date"=>"Sun, 11 Apr 2010 00:30:20 GMT", "content-type"=>"text/html", "server"=>"Google Frontend", "content-length"=>"0", "location"=>"https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin service=ah&continue=http://my-cdn.appspot.com/_ah/login%3Fcontinue%3D http://my-cdn.appspot.com/files/restricted-file.html& ltmpl=gm&ahname=My+CDN&sig=a-signature"}> Any tips? That other SO question pointed to doing something with the redirect... Not sure how to handle that. Just looking for a point in the right direction from the ruby experts. Thanks.

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  • is it wasteful/bad design to use a vector/list where in most instances it will only have one element

    - by lucid
    is it wasteful/bad design to use a vector/list where in most instances it will only have one element? example: class dragon { ArrayList<head> = new ArrayList<head> Heads; tail Tail = new tail(); body Body = new body(); dragon() { theHead=new head(); Heads.add(theHead); } void nod() { for (int i=0;i<Heads.size();i++) { heads.get(i).GoUpAndDown(); } } } class firedragon extends dragon { } class icedragon extends dragon { } class lightningdragon extends dragon { } // 10 other one-headed dragon declarations here class hydra extends dragon { hydra() { anotherHead=new head(); for (int i=0;i<2;i++) { Heads.add(anotherHead); } } } class superhydra extends dragon { superhydra() { anotherHead=new head(); for (int i=0;i<4;i++) { Heads.add(anotherHead); } } }

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  • How is parsing phase in a compiler different from a rule engine ?

    - by abhinav
    Hi, I have a rough understanding of how the compilers work (I mean languages, grammars, lexical analysis, parsing etc). The rule engines have various rules and associated action, just like you have rules in the grammars and you can associate actions with them in parser-generator tools like ANTLR. So I am a bit confused on how to differentiate between these two. Could anyone give a clearer, more formal explanation for the differences ? Thanks, Abhinav.

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  • Google App Engine - Memcache - Java version of Python's client.add?

    - by Spines
    The python interface to the memcache has an add method: add(key, value, time=0, min_compress_len=0, namespace=None) Sets a key's value, if and only if the item is not already in memcache. ... The return value is True if added, False on error. So with this you can add an item if it doesn't exist, and see if it previously existed by the return value. The java memcache api equivalent for this doesn't let you know if there was a previous value or not: put(key, value, expiration, MemcacheService.SetPolicy.ADD_ONLY_IF_NOT_PRESENT); MemcacheService.SetPolicy.ADD_ONLY_IF_NOT_PRESENT: add the value if no value with the key, do nothing if the key exists Is there a way to know if a previous value existed or not with the java api? I can't just check with the contains method beforehand, because in between the call to contains and the call to put, another JVM instance could modify the memcache.

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  • can we have one attribute with multiple values in an eav design?

    - by Shekhar
    i am doing a database design using EAV. I am facing an issue when i try to model an entity with attribute having multiple values? For example Entity id | name | description 1 | configuration1 | configuration1 Attribute id | entityId | name | type 1 | 1 |att1 | string 2 | 1 |att2 | int 3 |1 | att3 | List (How will i model this?) Value id | attributeId | value 1 | 1 | a 2 | 2 | 1 3 | 3 | b 4 | 3 | c 5 | 3 |d Is this the correct way to handle list of values? Please provide any helpful link to model this? Thanks Shekhar

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  • Django and Google App Engine Helper not finding the ipaddr module.

    - by Phil
    I'm trying to get Django running on GAE using this tutorial. When I run python manage.py runserver I get the stacktrace below. I'm new to both django and python so I don't know what my next steps are (This is Ubuntu Jaunty btw). It seems django isn't finding the GAE module ipaddr which comes with SDK 1.3.1. How do I get django to find this module? /home/username/bin/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/datastore_file_stub.py:40: DeprecationWarning: the md5 module is deprecated; use hashlib instead import md5 /home/username/bin/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/memcache/__init__.py:31: DeprecationWarning: the sha module is deprecated; use the hashlib module instead import sha Traceback (most recent call last): File "manage.py", line 18, in <module> InstallAppengineHelperForDjango() File "/home/username/Development/GAE/myapp/appengine_django/__init__.py", line 543, in InstallAppengineHelperForDjango InstallDjangoModuleReplacements() File "/home/username/Development/GAE/myapp/appengine_django/__init__.py", line 260, in InstallDjangoModuleReplacements import django.db File "/home/username/Development/GAE/myapp/django/db/__init__.py", line 57, in <module> 'TIME_ZONE': settings.TIME_ZONE, File "/home/username/Development/GAE/myapp/appengine_django/db/base.py", line 117, in __init__ self._setup_stubs() File "/home/username/Development/GAE/myapp/appengine_django/db/base.py", line 128, in _setup_stubs from google.appengine.tools import dev_appserver_main File "/home/username/bin/google_appengine/google/appengine/tools/dev_appserver_main.py", line 82, in <module> from google.appengine.tools import appcfg File "/home/username/bin/google_appengine/google/appengine/tools/appcfg.py", line 53, in <module> from google.appengine.api import dosinfo File "/home/username/bin/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/dosinfo.py", line 25, in <module> import ipaddr ImportError: No module named ipaddr

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  • Google App Engine JDO how to define class fields ?

    - by Frank
    I have a class like this : import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class Contact_Info_Entry implements Serializable { public static final long serialVersionUID=26362862L; String Contact_Id,First_Name="",Last_Name="",Company_Name="",Branch_Name="",Address_1="",Address_2="",City="",State="",Zip="",Country="",E_Mail="",Phone; int I_1,I_2; float F_1,F_2; boolean B_1,B_2; GregorianCalendar Date_1, Date_2; Vector<String> A_Vector=new Vector<String>(); public Contact_Info_Entry() { } ...... } If I want to translate it to a class for JDO, do I need to define each field by it self or can I do a group at a time ? For instance do I have to make it like this : @PersistenceCapable(identityType=IdentityType.APPLICATION) public class Contact_Info_Entry implements Serializable { @PrimaryKey @Persistent(valueStrategy=IdGeneratorStrategy.IDENTITY) private Long id; @Persistent public static final long serialVersionUID=26362862L; @Persistent String Contact_Id; @Persistent String First_Name; @Persistent String Last_Name; ...... @Persistent int I_1; @Persistent int I_2; ... @Persistent float F_1; ... @Persistent boolean B_1; @Persistent boolean B_2; @Persistent GregorianCalendar Date_1; ... @Persistent Vector<String> A_Vector=new Vector<String>(); public Contact_Info_Entry() { } ...... } Or can I do a group at a time like this : @PersistenceCapable(identityType=IdentityType.APPLICATION) public class Contact_Info_Entry implements Serializable { @PrimaryKey @Persistent(valueStrategy=IdGeneratorStrategy.IDENTITY) private Long id; @Persistent public static final long serialVersionUID=26362862L; @Persistent String Contact_Id,First_Name,Last_Name=""; ...... @Persistent int I_1=0,I_2=1; ... @Persistent float F_1; ... @Persistent boolean B_1,B_2; @Persistent GregorianCalendar Date_1; ... @Persistent Vector<String> A_Vector=new Vector<String>(); public Contact_Info_Entry() { } ...... } Or can I skip the "@Persistent" all together like this : import java.io.*; import java.util.*; @PersistenceCapable(identityType=IdentityType.APPLICATION) public class Contact_Info_Entry implements Serializable { public static final long serialVersionUID=26362862L; String Contact_Id,First_Name="",Last_Name="",Company_Name="",Branch_Name="",Address_1="",Address_2="",City="",State="",Zip="",Country="", E_Mail="",Phone; int I_1,I_2; float F_1,F_2; boolean B_1,B_2; GregorianCalendar Date_1, Date_2; Vector<String> A_Vector=new Vector<String>(); public Contact_Info_Entry() { } ...... } Which are correct ? Frank

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  • Singleton class design in C#, are these two classes equivalent?

    - by Oskar
    I was reading up on singleton class design in C# on this great resource and decided to go with alternative 4: public sealed class Singleton1 { static readonly Singleton1 _instance = new Singleton1(); static Singleton1() { } Singleton1() { } public static Singleton1 Instance { get { return _instance; } } } Now I wonder if this can be rewritten using auto properties like this? public sealed class Singleton2 { static Singleton2() { Instance = new Singleton2(); } Singleton2() { } public static Singleton2 Instance { get; private set; } } If its only a matter of readability I definitely prefer the second version, but I want to get it right.

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