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  • MiniDumpWriteDump segfault?

    - by Steven Penny
    I am trying to dump a process, say calc.exe When I run my program I get Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. 0x0000000000401640 in MiniDumpWriteDump () Here is the code #include <windows.h> #include <dbghelp.h> int main(){ HANDLE hFile = CreateFileA( "calc.dmp", GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_DELETE | FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL, CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL ); DWORD procID = 196; HANDLE hProc = OpenProcess( PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, FALSE, procID ); MiniDumpWriteDump( hProc, procID, hFile, MiniDumpNormal, NULL, NULL, NULL ); CloseHandle(hFile); }

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  • C Struct : typedef Doubt !

    - by Mahesh
    In the given code snippet, I expected the error symbol Record not found. But it compiled and ran fine on Visual Studio 2010 Compiler. I ran it as a C program from Visual Studio 2010 Command Prompt in the manner - cl Record.c Record Now the doubt is, doesn't typedef check for symbols ? Does it work more like a forward declaration ? #include "stdio.h" #include "conio.h" typedef struct Record R; struct Record { int a; }; int main() { R obj = {10}; getch(); return 0; }

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  • C++ cin returns 0 for integer no matter what the user inputs

    - by kevin dappah
    No matter the cin it continues to to output 0 for score. Why is that? I tried returning the "return 0;" but still no go :/ #include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> using namespace std; // Variables int enemiesKilled; const int KILLS = 150; int score = enemiesKilled * KILLS; int main() { cout << "How many enemies did you kill?" << endl; cin >> enemiesKilled; cout << "Your score: " << score << endl; return 0; }

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  • problem with extern variable

    - by sksingh73
    I have got 2 cpp files & a header file, which I have included in both cpp files. It's like this: abc.h extern uint32_t key; a.cpp #include "abc.h" uint32_t key; int main { ............. } b.cpp #include "abc.h" int main { printf("Key: %.8x\n", key); ............. } Now when I compile a.cpp, there is no error. but when i compile b.cpp it gives error "undefined reference to `key'". Please help me in finding the problem in this code.

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  • chained selects with one table

    - by Owen
    I know I am going about this in an unusual way, every tut I've seen uses multiple tables, but due to the way the rest of my site works I would like to create a chained select which operates using a single table. My table structure is: ---------------------- |Catagory|SubCategory| |01|cat1 |subcat1 | |02|cat1 |subcat2 | |03|cat2 |subcat1 | |04|cat2 |subcat2 | ---------------------- The code I have so far looks like: <tr> <td class="shadow"><strong>Category:</strong> </td> <td class="shadow"> <select id="category" name="category" style="width:150px"> <option selected="selected" value="<?php echo $category ?>"><?php echo $category?></option> <?php include('connect.php'); $result1 = mysql_query("SELECT DISTINCT category FROM categories") or die(mysql_error()); while($row = mysql_fetch_array( $result1 )) { $category = $row['category']; echo "<option value='". $row['category'] ."'>". $row['category'] ."</option>"; } ?> </select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="shadow"><strong>Sub Category:</strong> </td> <td class="shadow"> <select id="sub_catgory" name="sub_category" style="width:150px;"> <option selected="selected" value="<?php echo $sub_category ?>"><?php echo $sub_category ?></option> <?php include('connect.php'); $result2 = mysql_query("SELECT sub_category FROM categories WHERE ") or die(mysql_error()); while($row = mysql_fetch_array ($result2 )){ echo "<option value='" . $row['sub_category'] . "'>". $row['sub_category']. "</option>"; } ?> </select> </td> </tr> On the second select I am not sure how to state the WHERE clause. I need it to display the subcategories which have the same category as selected in the first select. PART 2 how would I include AJAX in this to preload the data so i don't need to refresh the page. Could someone either help me finish what I've started here or point me to a good tutorial. thanks

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  • Can't access variables from dynamically loaded javascript

    - by Menno
    I'm using a fairly simple system to load javascript dynamically: include = function (url) { var e = document.createElement("script"); e.src = url; e.type="text/javascript"; document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(e); }; Let's say I have a file test.js which has the following contents: var foo = 4; Now, in my original script, I want to use include(test.js); console.log(foo); However, I get a 'foo has not been defined' error on this. I'm guessing it has to do with the dynamic script being included as the last child of the <head> tag. How can I get this to work?

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  • Output Unicode to Console Using C++

    - by Jesse Foley
    I'm still learning C++, so bear with me and my sloppy code. The compiler I use is Dev C++. I want to be able to output Unicode characters to the Console using cout. Whenver i try things like: # #include directive here (include iostream) using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello World!\n"; cout << "Blah blah blah some gibberish unicode: ÐAßGg\n"; system("PAUSE"); return 0; } It outputs strange characters to the console, like µA¦Gg. Why does it do that, and how can i get to to display ÐAßGg? Or is this not possible with Windows?

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  • C++ static classes & shared_ptr memory leaks

    - by HardCoder1986
    Hello! I can't understand why does the following code produce memory leaks (I am using boost::shared_ptr with static class instance). Could someone help me? #include <crtdbg.h> #include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp> using boost::shared_ptr; #define _CRTDBG_MAP_ALLOC #define NEW new(_NORMAL_BLOCK, __FILE__, __LINE__) static struct myclass { static shared_ptr<int> ptr; myclass() { ptr = shared_ptr<int>(NEW int); } } myclass_instance; shared_ptr<int> myclass::ptr; int main() { _CrtSetDbgFlag(_CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF | _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF | _CRTDBG_CHECK_ALWAYS_DF | _CrtSetDbgFlag(_CRTDBG_REPORT_FLAG)); return 0; }

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  • sysklogd ignores my log facilities

    - by Synther Lawrence
    I'm using sysklogd 1.5.5. All I want is to get local0 entries in /var/log/vr file. My conf: *.*;local0.none /var/log/messages local0.* /var/log/vr When I do logger -p local0.info "local0 test from logger" the message appear in /var/log/vr file. That's ok. But the following sends message to /var/log/messages instead of /var/log/vr: #include <stdlib.h> #include <syslog.h> int main(int argc, char const* argv[]) { openlog(NULL, LOG_PID, LOG_LOCAL0); syslog(LOG_INFO, "local0 test from app\n"); closelog(); return 0; } Where am I wrong?

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  • Undefined template methods trick ?

    - by Matthieu M.
    A colleague of mine told me about a little piece of design he has used with his team that sent my mind boiling. It's a kind of traits class that they can specialize in an extremely decoupled way. I've had a hard time understanding how it could possibly work, and I am still unsure of the idea I have, so I thought I would ask for help here. We are talking g++ here, specifically the versions 3.4.2 and 4.3.2 (it seems to work with both). The idea is quite simple: 1- Define the interface // interface.h template <class T> struct Interface { void foo(); // the method is not implemented, it could not work if it was }; // // I do not think it is necessary // but they prefer free-standing methods with templates // because of the automatic argument deduction // template <class T> void foo(Interface<T>& interface) { interface.foo(); } 2- Define a class, and in the source file specialize the interface for this class (defining its methods) // special.h class Special {}; // special.cpp #include "interface.h" #include "special.h" // // Note that this specialization is not visible outside of this translation unit // template <> struct Interface<Special> { void foo() { std::cout << "Special" << std::endl; } }; 3- To use, it's simple too: // main.cpp #include "interface.h" class Special; // yes, it only costs a forward declaration // which helps much in term of dependencies int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { Interface<Special> special; foo(special); return 0; }; It's an undefined symbol if no translation unit defined a specialization of Interface for Special. Now, I would have thought this would require the export keyword, which to my knowledge has never been implemented in g++ (and only implemented once in a C++ compiler, with its authors advising anyone not to, given the time and effort it took them). I suspect it's got something to do with the linker resolving the templates methods... Do you have ever met anything like this before ? Does it conform to the standard or do you think it's a fortunate coincidence it works ? I must admit I am quite puzzled by the construct...

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  • Is typeid of type name always evaluated at compile time in c++ ?

    - by cyril42e
    I wanted to check that typeid is evaluated at compile time when used with a type name (ie typeid(int), typeid(std::string)...). To do so, I repeated in a loop the comparison of two typeid calls, and compiled it with optimizations enabled, in order to see if the compiler simplified the loop (by looking at the execution time which is 1us when it simplifies instead of 160ms when it does not). And I get strange results, because sometimes the compiler simplifies the code, and sometimes it does not. I use g++ (I tried different 4.x versions), and here is the program: #include <iostream> #include <typeinfo> #include <time.h> class DisplayData {}; class RobotDisplay: public DisplayData {}; class SensorDisplay: public DisplayData {}; class RobotQt {}; class SensorQt {}; timespec tp1, tp2; const int n = 1000000000; int main() { int avg = 0; clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &tp1); for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { // if (typeid(RobotQt) == typeid(RobotDisplay)) // (1) compile time // if (typeid(SensorQt) == typeid(SensorDisplay)) // (2) compile time if (typeid(RobotQt) == typeid(RobotDisplay) || typeid(SensorQt) == typeid(SensorDisplay)) // (3) not compile time ???!!! avg++; else avg--; } clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &tp2); std::cout << "time (" << avg << "): " << (tp2.tv_sec-tp1.tv_sec)*1000000000+(tp2.tv_nsec-tp1.tv_nsec) << " ns" << std::endl; } The conditions in which this problem appear are not clear, but: - if there is no inheritance involved, no problem (always compile time) - if I do only one comparison, no problem - the problem only appears only with a disjunction of comparisons if all the terms are false So is there something I didn't get with how typeid works (is it always supposed to be evaluated at compilation time when used with type names?) or may this be a gcc bug in evaluation or optimization? About the context, I tracked down the problem to this very simplified example, but my goal is to use typeid with template types (as partial function template specialization is not possible). Thanks for your help!

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  • C++: Switching from MSVC to G++: Global Variables

    - by feed the fire
    I recently switched to Linux and wanted to compile my Visual Studio 2010 C++ source code, which uses only the STL, on G++. My Linux machine currently isn't available but I can try to tell you what is going on, first: As I try to compile my project, all global variables I use in main and which perfectly work on MSVC result in myGlobalVar is not defined in this scope errors. My project is built nearly the same as the example below: // myclass.h class myClass { // .... }; extern myClass globalInstance; // myclass.cpp #include "myclass.h" // myClass functions located here myClass globalInstance; // main.cpp #include "myclass.h" int main( ) { // Accessing globalInstance results in an error: Not defined in this scope } What am I doing wrong? Where are the differences between G++ and MSVC in terms of global variables?

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  • DataMapper save fails but with no errors

    - by Justin Bozonier
    When I try to modify and then save a model using DataMapper I get a SaveFailure exception but no errors. Specifically I see this message: "MonthlyBill#save returned false, MonthlyBill was not saved" This is the code doing the saving: post '/monthly_bills' do with_authenticated_user do |user| description = params[:description] expected_amount = params[:expected_amount] pay_period = params[:pay_period] monthly_bill = MonthlyBill.new(:description=>description, :expected_amount=>expected_amount, :pay_period=>pay_period) user.MonthlyBills << monthly_bill user.save end The User model: class User include DataMapper::Resource property :id, Serial property :email_address, String property :password, String has n, :MonthlyBills has 1, :CurrentPayPeriod end The MonthlyBill model: class MonthlyBill include DataMapper::Resource property :id, Serial property :description, String property :expected_amount,Decimal property :pay_period, Integer belongs_to :user end What is the issue and, more importantly, how can I get DataMapper to tell me more specifically what is wrong?

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  • Does this have anything to do with endian-ness?

    - by eSKay
    This piece of code: #include<stdio.h> void hello() { printf("hello\n"); } void bye() { printf("bye\n"); } int main() { printf("%p\n", hello); printf("%p\n", bye); return 0; } output on my machine: 0x80483f4 0x8048408 [second address is bigger in value] on Codepad 0x8048541 0x8048511 [second address is smaller in value] Does this have anything to do with endian-ness of the machines? If not, Why the difference in the ordering of the addresses? Also, Why the difference in the difference? 0x8048541 - 0x8048511 = 0x30 0x8048408 - 0x80483f4 = 0x14 Btw, I just checked. This code (taken from here) says that both the machines are Little-Endian #include<stdio.h> int main() { int num = 1; if(*(char *)&num == 1) printf("Little-Endian\n"); else printf("Big-Endian\n"); return 0; }

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  • 'array bound is not an integer constant' when defining size of array in class, using an element of a const array

    - by user574733
    #ifndef QWERT_H #define QWERT_H const int x [] = {1, 2,}; const int z = 3; #endif #include <iostream> #include "qwert.h" class Class { int y [x[0]]; //error:array bound is not an integer constant int g [z]; //no problem }; int main () { int y [x[0]]; //no problem Class a_class; } I can't figure out why this doesn't work. Other people with this problem seem to be trying to dynamically allocate arrays. Any help is much appreciated.

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  • strstr whole string match

    - by clay
    I'm trying to match the whole string and not just part of it. For instance, if the needle is 2, I would like to match just the string 2 and not 20, 02, or 22 or anything related. I'm using strstr as: #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { FILE *file; char l[BUFSIZ]; int linenumber = 1; char term[6] = "2"; file = fopen(argv[1], "r"); if(file != NULL) { while(fgets(l, sizeof(l), file)){ if(strstr(l, term) != NULL) { printf("Search Term Found at %d!\n", linenumber); } ++linenumber; } } else { perror(argv[1]); } fclose(file); return 0; }

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  • Including full LaTeX documents within others.

    - by Chris Clarke
    I'm currently finishing off my dissertation, and would like to be able to include some documents within my LaTeX document. The files I'd like to include are weekly reports done in LaTeX to my supervisor. Obviously all documents are page numbered seperately. I would like them to be included in the final document. I could concatenate all the final PDFs using GhostScript or some other tool, but I would like to have consistent numbering throughout the document. I have tried including the LaTeX from each document in the main document, but the preamble etc causes problems and the small title I have in each report takes a whole page... In summary, I'm looking for a way of including a number of 1 or 2 page self-complete LaTeX files in a large report, keeping their original layouts, but changing the page numbering.

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  • if non zero elements in same column count only once

    - by George
    I want to check the elements above the main diagonal and if I found non zero values , count one. If the non zero values are found in the same column ,then count just one ,not the number of the non zero values. For example , it should be count = 2 and not 3 in this example because 12 and 6 are in the same column. A= 1 11 12 4 5 6 0 7 0 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> int main( int argc, const char* argv[] ){ int Rows = 3 , Cols = 3; float *A = (float *) malloc ( Rows * Cols * sizeof (float) ); A[0] = 1.0; A[1] = 11.0; A[2] = 12.0; A[3] = 4.0; A[4] = 5.0; A[5] = 6.0; A[6] = 0.0; A[7] = 7.0; A[8] = 0.0; // print input matrix printf("\n Input matrix \n\n"); for ( int i = 0; i < Rows; i++ ) for ( int j = 0; j < Cols; j++ ) { printf("%f\t",A[ i * Cols + j ]); if( j == Cols-1 ) printf("\n"); } printf("\n"); int count = 0; for ( int j = 0 ; j < Cols; j++ ) { for ( int i = ( Rows - 1 ); i >= 0; i-- ) { // check the diagonal elements above the main diagonal if ( j > i ) { if ( ( A[ i * Cols + j ] != 0 ) ) { printf("\n Above nonzero Elmts = %f\n",( A[i * Cols + j] ) ); count++; } } } } printf("\ncount = %d\n",count ); return 0; }

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  • Is there any memory leak in the normal routine of sqlite3_*()?

    - by reer
    A normal routine of sqlite3_prepare_v2() + sqlite3_step() + sqlite3_finalize() could contain leak. It sound ridiculous. But the test code seems to say it. Or I used the sqlite3_*() wrongly. Appreciate for any reply. __code________________________ include include // for usleep() include int multi_write (int j); sqlite3 *db = NULL; int main (void) { int ret = -1; ret = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db); ret = sqlite3_exec(db,"CREATE TABLE data_his (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, d1 CHAR(16))", NULL,NULL,NULL); usleep (100000); int j=0; while (1) { multi_write (j++); usleep (2000000); printf (" ----------- %d\n", j); } ret = sqlite3_close (db); return 0; } int multi_write (int j) { int ret = -1; char *sql_f = "INSERT OR REPLACE INTO data_his VALUES (%d, %Q)"; char *sql = NULL; sqlite3_stmt *p_stmt = NULL; ret = sqlite3_prepare_v2 (db, "BEGIN TRANSACTION", -1, &p_stmt, NULL); ret = sqlite3_step ( p_stmt ); ret = sqlite3_finalize ( p_stmt ); int i=0; for (i=0; i<100; i++) { sql = sqlite3_mprintf ( sql_f, j*100000 + i, "00000000000068FD"); ret = sqlite3_prepare_v2 (db, sql, -1, &p_stmt, NULL ); sqlite3_free ( sql ); //printf ("sqlite3_prepare_v2(): %d, %s\n", ret, sqlite3_errmsg (db)); ret = sqlite3_step ( p_stmt ); //printf ("sqlite3_step(): %d, %s\n", ret, sqlite3_errmsg (db)); ret = sqlite3_finalize ( p_stmt ); //printf ("sqlite3_finalize(): %d, %s\n\n", ret, sqlite3_errmsg (db)); } ret = sqlite3_prepare_v2 (db, "COMMIT TRANSACTION", -1, &p_stmt, NULL ); ret = sqlite3_step ( p_stmt ); ret = sqlite3_finalize ( p_stmt ); return 0; } __result________________________ And I watch the the process's run by top. At first, the memory statistics is: PID PPID USER STAT VSZ %MEM %CPU COMMAND 17731 15488 root S 1104 5% 7% ./sqlite3multiwrite When the printf() in while(1){} of main() prints the 150, the memory statistics is: PID PPID USER STAT VSZ %MEM %CPU COMMAND 17731 15488 root S 1552 5% 7% ./sqlite3multiwrite It sounds that after 150 for-cycles, the memory used by sqlite3multiwrite increase from 1104KB to 1552KB. What does it mean? memory leak or other thing?

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  • c++: how can i read a file line by line to a string type variable?

    - by ufk
    Hiya. I'm trying to read a file line by line to a string type variable using the following code: #include <iostream> #include <fstream> ifstream file(file_name); if (!file) { cout << "unable to open file"; exit(1); } string line; while (!file.eof()) { file.getline(line,256); cout<<line; } file.close(); it won't compile when I try to use String class, only when i use char file[256] instead. how can I get line by line into a string class? thanks!

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  • Flex, continuous scanning stream (from socket). Did I miss something using yywrap()?

    - by Diederich Kroeske
    Working on a socketbased scanner (continuous stream) using Flex for pattern recognition. Flex doesn't find a match that overlaps 'array bounderies'. So I implemented yywrap() to setup new array content as soon yylex() detects < (it will call yywrap). No success so far. Basically (for pin-pointing my problem) this is my code: %{ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define BUFFERSIZE 26 /* 0123456789012345678901234 */ char cbuf1[BUFFERSIZE] = "Hello everybody, lex is su"; // Warning, no '\0' char cbuf2[BUFFERSIZE] = "per cool. Thanks! "; char recvBuffer[BUFFERSIZE]; int packetCnt = 0; YY_BUFFER_STATE bufferState1, bufferState2; %} %option nounput %option noinput %% "super" { ECHO; } . { printf( "%c", yytext[0] );} %% int yywrap() { int retval = 1; printf(">> yywrap()\n"); if( packetCnt <= 0 ) // Stop after 2 { // Copy cbuf2 into recvBuffer memcpy(recvBuffer, cbuf2, BUFFERSIZE); // yyrestart(NULL); // ?? has no effect // Feed new data to flex bufferState2 = yy_scan_bytes(recvBuffer, BUFFERSIZE); // packetCnt++; // Tell flex to resume scanning retval = 0; } return(retval); } int main(void) { printf("Lenght: %d\n", (int)sizeof(recvBuffer)) ; // Copy cbuf1 into recvBuffer memcpy(recvBuffer, cbuf1, BUFFERSIZE); // packetCnt = 0; // bufferState1 = yy_scan_bytes(recvBuffer, BUFFERSIZE); // yylex(); yy_delete_buffer(bufferState1); yy_delete_buffer(bufferState2); return 0; } This is my output: dkmbpro:test dkroeske$ ./text Lenght: 26 Hello everybody, lex is su>> yywrap() per cool. Thanks! >> yywrap() So no match on 'super'. According to the doc the lexxer is not 'reset' between yywrap's. What do I miss? Thanks.

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  • Rails 3 namespacing requires model to be defined twice?

    - by RSG
    I'm pulling my hair out trying to understand namespacing in Rails 3. I've tried following a few different tutorials, and the only way I can get my models to work is if I define my model in both the base directory and my namespace directory. If I only define the model in the namespace directory it expects it to define both Model and Namespace::Model, as below: LoadError (Expected .../app/models/plugins/chat.rb to define Chat): or LoadError (Expected .../app/models/plugins/chat.rb to define Plugins::Chat): I'm sure I'm missing something obvious, but I could really use a pointer in the right direction. Here are the relevant excerpts. /models/plugins/chat.rb class Plugins::Chat include ActiveModel::Validations include ActiveModel::Conversion extend ActiveModel::Naming ... end /controllers/plugins/chats_controller.rb class Plugins::ChatsController < Plugins::ApplicationController load_and_authorize_resource ... end /config/routes.rb namespace :plugins do resources :chats end /config/application.rb config.autoload_paths += Dir["#{config.root}/app/models/**/"]

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  • How To Parse String File Txt Into Array With C++

    - by Ibnu Syuhada
    I am trying to write a C++ program, but I am not familiar with C++. I have a .txt file, which contains values as follows: 0 0.0146484 0.0292969 0.0439453 0.0585938 0.0732422 0.0878906 What I have done in my C++ code is as follows: #include <iostream> #include <fstream> using namespace std; int main() { string line; ifstream myReadFile; myReadFile.open("Qi.txt"); if(myReadFile.is_open()) { while(myReadFile.good()) { getline(myReadFile,line); cout << line << endl; } myReadFile.close(); } return 0; } I would like to make the output of the program an array, i.e. line[0] = 0 line[1] = 0.0146484 line[2] = 0.0292969 line[3] = 0.0439453 line[4] = 0.0585938 line[5] = 0.0732422 line[6] = 0.0878906

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  • how to avoid temporaries when copying weakly typed object

    - by Truncheon
    Hi. I'm writing a series classes that inherit from a base class using virtual. They are INT, FLOAT and STRING objects that I want to use in a scripting language. I'm trying to implement weak typing, but I don't want STRING objects to return copies of themselves when used in the following way (instead I would prefer to have a reference returned which can be used in copying): a = "hello "; b = "world"; c = a + b; I have written the following code as a mock example: #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cstdio> #include <cstdlib> std::string dummy("<int object cannot return string reference>"); struct BaseImpl { virtual bool is_string() = 0; virtual int get_int() = 0; virtual std::string get_string_copy() = 0; virtual std::string const& get_string_ref() = 0; }; struct INT : BaseImpl { int value; INT(int i = 0) : value(i) { std::cout << "constructor called\n"; } INT(BaseImpl& that) : value(that.get_int()) { std::cout << "copy constructor called\n"; } bool is_string() { return false; } int get_int() { return value; } std::string get_string_copy() { char buf[33]; sprintf(buf, "%i", value); return buf; } std::string const& get_string_ref() { return dummy; } }; struct STRING : BaseImpl { std::string value; STRING(std::string s = "") : value(s) { std::cout << "constructor called\n"; } STRING(BaseImpl& that) { if (that.is_string()) value = that.get_string_ref(); else value = that.get_string_copy(); std::cout << "copy constructor called\n"; } bool is_string() { return true; } int get_int() { return atoi(value.c_str()); } std::string get_string_copy() { return value; } std::string const& get_string_ref() { return value; } }; struct Base { BaseImpl* impl; Base(BaseImpl* p = 0) : impl(p) {} ~Base() { delete impl; } }; int main() { Base b1(new INT(1)); Base b2(new STRING("Hello world")); Base b3(new INT(*b1.impl)); Base b4(new STRING(*b2.impl)); std::cout << "\n"; std::cout << b1.impl->get_int() << "\n"; std::cout << b2.impl->get_int() << "\n"; std::cout << b3.impl->get_int() << "\n"; std::cout << b4.impl->get_int() << "\n"; std::cout << "\n"; std::cout << b1.impl->get_string_ref() << "\n"; std::cout << b2.impl->get_string_ref() << "\n"; std::cout << b3.impl->get_string_ref() << "\n"; std::cout << b4.impl->get_string_ref() << "\n"; std::cout << "\n"; std::cout << b1.impl->get_string_copy() << "\n"; std::cout << b2.impl->get_string_copy() << "\n"; std::cout << b3.impl->get_string_copy() << "\n"; std::cout << b4.impl->get_string_copy() << "\n"; return 0; } It was necessary to add an if check in the STRING class to determine whether its safe to request a reference instead of a copy: Script code: a = "test"; b = a; c = 1; d = "" + c; /* not safe to request reference by standard */ C++ code: STRING(BaseImpl& that) { if (that.is_string()) value = that.get_string_ref(); else value = that.get_string_copy(); std::cout << "copy constructor called\n"; } If was hoping there's a way of moving that if check into compile time, rather than run time.

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