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  • Using events in threads between processes - C

    - by Jamie Keeling
    Hello all! I have an application consisting of two windows, one communicates to the other and sends it a struct constaining two integers (In this case two rolls of a dice). I will be using events for the following circumstances: Process a sends data to process b, process b displays data Process a closes, in turn closing process b Process b closes a, in turn closing process a I have noticed that if the second process is constantly waiting for the first process to send data then the program will be just sat waiting, which is where the idea of implementing threads on each process occurred and I have started to implement this already. The problem i'm having is that I don't exactly have a lot of experience with threads and events so I'm not sure of the best way to actually implement what I want to do. Following is a small snippet of what I have so far in the producer application; Create thread: case IDM_FILE_ROLLDICE: { hDiceRoll = CreateThread( NULL, // lpThreadAttributes (default) 0, // dwStackSize (default) ThreadFunc(hMainWindow), // lpStartAddress NULL, // lpParameter 0, // dwCreationFlags &hDiceID // lpThreadId (returned by function) ); } break; The data being sent to the other process: DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(LPVOID passedHandle) { HANDLE hMainHandle = *((HANDLE*)passedHandle); WCHAR buffer[256]; LPCTSTR pBuf; LPVOID lpMsgBuf; LPVOID lpDisplayBuf; struct diceData storage; HANDLE hMapFile; DWORD dw; //Roll dice and store results in variable storage = RollDice(); hMapFile = CreateFileMapping( (HANDLE)0xFFFFFFFF, // use paging file NULL, // default security PAGE_READWRITE, // read/write access 0, // maximum object size (high-order DWORD) BUF_SIZE, // maximum object size (low-order DWORD) szName); // name of mapping object if (hMapFile == NULL) { dw = GetLastError(); MessageBox(hMainHandle,L"Could not create file mapping object",L"Error",MB_OK); return 1; } pBuf = (LPTSTR) MapViewOfFile(hMapFile, // handle to map object FILE_MAP_ALL_ACCESS, // read/write permission 0, 0, BUF_SIZE); if (pBuf == NULL) { MessageBox(hMainHandle,L"Could not map view of file",L"Error",MB_OK); CloseHandle(hMapFile); return 1; } CopyMemory((PVOID)pBuf, &storage, (_tcslen(szMsg) * sizeof(TCHAR))); //_getch(); MessageBox(hMainHandle,L"Completed!",L"Success",MB_OK); UnmapViewOfFile(pBuf); return 0; } I'm trying to find out how I would integrate an event with the threaded code to signify to the other process that something has happened, I've seen an MSDN article on using events but it's just confused me if anything, I'm coming up on empty whilst searching on the internet too. Thanks for any help Edit: I can only use the Create/Set/Open methods for events, sorry for not mentioning it earlier.

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  • How do I get javascript-generated image maps to work with internet explorer?

    - by schwerwolf
    I'm using javascript to generate a high resolution grid for an image that I generated on a web server. The high-resolution grid is composed of a 'map' element with hundreds of 'area' child elements. Each 'area' element has onmouseover attribute that causes the display of a popup box. After assigning the map to the img (via the usemap attribute), Internet explorer ignores the 'onmouseover' attribute of the area elements that I added via javascript. The behavior is not caused by syntactical variations between IE and other browsers. A static map behaves correctly. Only the elements that I add dynamically to an existing image map fail to fire their corresponding mouse-over events. How can I get IE to fire the mouse-over event for the added 'area' elements? function generate_image_map ( img ) { var tile_width = 8; var tile_height = 10; var plotarea_left = 40; var plotarea_top = 45; var column_count = 100; var row_count = 120; var img_id = YAHOO.util.Dom.getAttribute(img, "id"); var img_map_id = YAHOO.util.Dom.getAttribute(img, "usemap"); var original_map = YAHOO.util.Selector.query(img_map_id)[0]; var area_nodes = YAHOO.util.Selector.query("area", original_map); var last_node = area_nodes[area_nodes.length - 1]; for (var y = 0; y < row_count; y++) { var top = Math.round(plotarea_top + (y * tile_height)); var bottom = Math.round(plotarea_top + (y * tile_height) + tile_height); for (var x = 0; x < column_count; x++) { var left = Math.round(plotarea_left + (x * tile_width)); var right = Math.round(plotarea_left + (x * tile_width) + tile_width); var area = document.createElement("area"); YAHOO.util.Dom.setAttribute(area, "shape", "rect"); YAHOO.util.Dom.setAttribute(area, "onmouseover", "alert('This does not appear in IE')" ); var coords = [ left, top, right, bottom ]; YAHOO.util.Dom.setAttribute(area, "coords", coords.join(",")); YAHOO.util.Dom.insertBefore(area, last_node); } } }

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  • problem with fifos linux

    - by nunos
    I am having problem debugging why n_bytes in read_from_fifo function in client.c doesn't correspond to the value written to the fifo. It should only write 25 bytes but it tries to read a lot more (1836020505 bytes (!) to be exact). Any idea why this is happening? server.c: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <errno.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <sys/wait.h> #include <signal.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <sys/stat.h> typedef enum { false, true } bool; //first read the int with the number of bytes the data will have //then read that number of bytes bool read_from_fifo(int fd, char* var) { int n_bytes; if (read(fd, &n_bytes, sizeof(int))) { printf("going to read %d bytes\n", n_bytes); if (read(fd, var, n_bytes)) printf("read var\n"); else { printf("error in read var. errno: %d\n", errno); exit(-1); } } return true; } int main() { mkfifo("/tmp/foo", 0660); int fd = open("/tmp/foo", O_RDONLY); char var[100]; read_from_fifo(fd, var); printf("var: %s\n", var); return 0; } client.c: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <errno.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <fcntl.h> typedef enum { false, true } bool; //first write to fd a int with the number of bytes that will be written afterwards bool write_to_fifo(int fd, char* data) { int n_bytes = (strlen(data)) * sizeof(char); printf("going to write %d bytes\n", n_bytes); if (write(fd, &n_bytes, sizeof(int) != -1)) if (write(fd, data, n_bytes) != -1) return true; return false; } int main() { int fd = open("/tmp/foo", O_WRONLY); char data[] = "some random string abcdef"; write_to_fifo(fd, data); return 0; } Help is greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance.

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  • dynamic module creation

    - by intuited
    I'd like to dynamically create a module from a dictionary, and I'm wondering if adding an element to sys.modules is really the best way to do this. EG context = { a: 1, b: 2 } import types test_context_module = types.ModuleType('TestContext', 'Module created to provide a context for tests') test_context_module.__dict__.update(context) import sys sys.modules['TestContext'] = test_context_module My immediate goal in this regard is to be able to provide a context for timing test execution: import timeit timeit.Timer('a + b', 'from TestContext import *') It seems that there are other ways to do this, since the Timer constructor takes objects as well as strings. I'm still interested in learning how to do this though, since a) it has other potential applications; and b) I'm not sure exactly how to use objects with the Timer constructor; doing so may prove to be less appropriate than this approach in some circumstances. EDITS/REVELATIONS/PHOOEYS/EUREKAE: I've realized that the example code relating to running timing tests won't actually work, because import * only works at the module level, and the context in which that statement is executed is that of a function in the testit module. In other words, the globals dictionary used when executing that code is that of main, since that's where I was when I wrote the code in the interactive shell. So that rationale for figuring this out is a bit botched, but it's still a valid question. I've discovered that the code run in the first set of examples has the undesirable effect that the namespace in which the newly created module's code executes is that of the module in which it was declared, not its own module. This is like way weird, and could lead to all sorts of unexpected rattlesnakeic sketchiness. So I'm pretty sure that this is not how this sort of thing is meant to be done, if it is in fact something that the Guido doth shine upon. The similar-but-subtly-different case of dynamically loading a module from a file that is not in python's include path is quite easily accomplished using imp.load_source('NewModuleName', 'path/to/module/module_to_load.py'). This does load the module into sys.modules. However this doesn't really answer my question, because really, what if you're running python on an embedded platform with no filesystem? I'm battling a considerable case of information overload at the moment, so I could be mistaken, but there doesn't seem to be anything in the imp module that's capable of this. But the question, essentially, at this point is how to set the global (ie module) context for an object. Maybe I should ask that more specifically? And at a larger scope, how to get Python to do this while shoehorning objects into a given module?

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  • Opinions on collision detection objects with a moving scene

    - by Evan Teran
    So my question is simple, and I guess it boils down to how anal you want to be about collision detection. To keep things simple, lets assume we're talking about 2D sprites defined by a bounding box. In addition, let's assume that my sprite object has a function to detect collisions like this: S.collidesWith(other); Finally the scene is moving and "walls" in the scene can move, an object may not touch a wall. So a simple implementation might look like this (psuedo code): moveWalls(); moveSprite(); foreach(wall as w) { if(s.collidesWith(w)) { gameover(); } } The problem with this is that if the sprite and wall move towards each other, depending on the circumstances (such as diagonal moment). They may pass though each other (unlikely but could happen). So I may do this instead. moveWalls(); foreach(wall as w) { if(s.collidesWith(w)) { gameover(); } } moveSprite(); foreach(wall as w) { if(s.collidesWith(w)) { gameover(); } } This takes care of the passing through each other issue, but another rare issue comes up. If they are adjacent to each other (literally the next pixel) and both the wall and the sprite are moving left, then I will get an invalid collision since the wall moves, checks for collision (hit) then the sprite is moved. Which seems unfair. In addition, to that, the redundant collision detection feels very inefficient. I could give the player movement priority alleviating the first issue but it is still checking twice. moveSprite(); foreach(wall as w) { if(s.collidesWith(w)) { gameover(); } } moveWalls(); foreach(wall as w) { if(s.collidesWith(w)) { gameover(); } } Am I simply over thinking this issue, should this just be chalked up to "it'll happen rare enough that no one will care"? Certainly looking at old sprite based games, I often find situations where the collision detection has subtle flaws, but I figure by now we can do better :-P. What are people's thoughts?

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  • How do I do distributed UML development (à la FOSS)?

    - by James A. Rosen
    I have a UML project (built in IBM's Rational System Architect/Modeler, so stored in their XML format) that has grown quite large. Additionally, it now contains several pieces that other groups would like to re-use. I come from a software development (especially FOSS) background, and am trying to understand how to use that as an analogy here. The problem I am grappling with is similar to the Fragile Base Class problem. Let me start with how it works in an object-oriented (say, Java or Ruby) FOSS ecosystem: Group 1 publishes some "core" package, say "net/smtp version 1.0" Group 2 includes Group 1's net/smtp 1.0 package in the vendor library of their software project At some point, Group 1 creates a new 2.0 branch of net/smtp that breaks backwards compatibility (say, it removes an old class or method, or moves a class from one package to another). They tell users of the 1.0 version that it will be deprecated in one year. Group 2, when they have the time, updates to net/smtp 2.0. When they drop in the new package, their compiler (or test suite, for Ruby) tells them about the incompatibility. They do have to make some manual changes, but all of the changes are in the code, in plain text, a medium with which they are quite familiar. Plus, they can often use their IDE's (or text editor's) "global-search-and-replace" function once they figure out what the fixes are. When we try to apply this model to UML in RSA, we run into some problems. RSA supports some fairly powerful refactorings, but they seem to only work if you have write access to all of the pieces. If I rename a class in one package, RSA can rename the references, but only at the same time. It's very difficult to look at the underlying source (the XML) and figure out what's broken. To fix such a problem in the RSA editor itself means tons of clicking on things -- there is no good equivalent of "global-search-and-replace," at least not after an incomplete refactor. They real sticking point seems to be that RSA assumes that you want to do all your editing using their GUI, but that makes certain operations prohibitively difficult. Does anyone have examples of open-source UML projects that have overcome this problem? What strategies do they use for communicating changes?

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  • jQuery Validator's "required" not working when value is set at statup

    - by nandrew
    Hello, I have a problem with jQuery Validator. I want to use "required" property on a text input. It doesn't work when input has set value attribute by HTML code (tested on Firefox (3.5), and on IE 8 - on IE it works a bit better). Story: 1. Page loads; 2. value is cleared; 3. focus is changed. 4. Nothing happens but the error message should be displayed; 5. getting back to the field and typing some characters. 6. changing focus; 7. getting back to the field; 8. clearing the field. 9. Error is displayed even before leaving the field. The HTML code: <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > <head> <script src="Web/Scripts/jquery-1.3.2.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="Web/Scripts/jquery.validate.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </head> <body> <form id="form1"> <input type="text" id="name1" name="name1" value="test" /><br /> <input type="text" /> </form> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var validator = $("form").validate({ rules: { name1: { required: true, minlength: 2 } }, messages: { name1: "bad name" }, }); }); </script> </body> </html>

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  • RTS style fog of war woes

    - by Fricken Hamster
    So I'm trying to make a rts style line of sight fog of war style engine for my grid based game. Currently I am getting a set of vertices by raycasting in 360 degree. Then I use that list of vertices to do a graphics style polygon scanline fill to get a list of all points within the polygon. The I compare the new list of seen tiles and compare that with the old one and increment or decrement the world vision array as needed. The polygon scanline function is giving me trouble. I'm mostly following this http://www.cs.uic.edu/~jbell/CourseNotes/ComputerGraphics/PolygonFilling.html So far this is my code without cleaning anything up var edgeMinX:Vector.<int> = new Vector.<int>; var edgeMinY:Vector.<int> = new Vector.<int>; var edgeMaxY:Vector.<int> = new Vector.<int>; var edgeInvSlope:Vector.<Number> = new Vector.<Number>; var ilen:int = outvert.length; var miny:int = -1; var maxy:int = -1; for (i = 0; i < ilen; i++) { var curpoint:Point = outvert[i]; if (i == ilen -1) { var nextpoint:Point = outvert[0]; } else { nextpoint = outvert[i + 1]; } if (nextpoint.y == curpoint.y) { continue; } if (curpoint.y < nextpoint.y) { var curslope:Number = ((nextpoint.y - curpoint.y) / (nextpoint.x - curpoint.x)); edgeMinY.push(curpoint.y); edgeMinX.push(curpoint.x); edgeMaxY.push(nextpoint.y); edgeInvSlope.push(1 / curslope); if (curpoint.y < miny || miny == -1) { miny = curpoint.y; } if (nextpoint.y > maxy) { maxy = nextpoint.y; } } else { curslope = ((curpoint.y - nextpoint.y) / (curpoint.x - nextpoint.x)); edgeMinY.push(nextpoint.y); edgeMinX.push(nextpoint.x); edgeMaxY.push(curpoint.y); edgeInvSlope.push(1 / curslope); if (nextpoint.y < miny || miny == -1) { miny = curpoint.y; } if (curpoint.y > maxy) { maxy = nextpoint.y; } } } var activeMaxY:Vector.<int> = new Vector.<int>; var activeCurX:Vector.<Number> = new Vector.<Number>; var activeInvSlope:Vector.<Number> = new Vector.<Number>; for (var scanline:int = miny; scanline < maxy + 1; scanline++) { ilen = edgeMinY.length; for (i = 0; i < ilen; i++) { if (edgeMinY[i] == scanline) { activeMaxY.push(edgeMaxY[i]); activeCurX.push(edgeMinX[i]); activeInvSlope.push(edgeInvSlope[i]); //trace("added(" + edgeMinX[i]); edgeMaxY.splice(i, 1); edgeMinX.splice(i, 1); edgeMinY.splice(i, 1); edgeInvSlope.splice(i, 1); i--; ilen--; } } ilen = activeCurX.length; for (i = 0; i < ilen - 1; i++) { for (var j:int = i; j < ilen - 1; j++) { if (activeCurX[j] > activeCurX[j + 1]) { var tempint:int = activeMaxY[j]; activeMaxY[j] = activeMaxY[j + 1]; activeMaxY[j + 1] = tempint; var tempnum:Number = activeCurX[j]; activeCurX[j] = activeCurX[j + 1]; activeCurX[j + 1] = tempnum; tempnum = activeInvSlope[j]; activeInvSlope[j] = activeInvSlope[j + 1]; activeInvSlope[j + 1] = tempnum; } } } var prevx:int = -1; var jlen:int = activeCurX.length; for (j = 0; j < jlen; j++) { if (prevx == -1) { prevx = activeCurX[j]; } else { for (var k:int = prevx; k < activeCurX[j]; k++) { graphics.lineStyle(2, 0x124132); graphics.drawCircle(k * 20 + 10, scanline * 20 + 10, 5); if (k == prevx || k > activeCurX[j] - 1) { graphics.lineStyle(3, 0x004132); graphics.drawCircle(k * 20 + 10, scanline * 20 + 10, 2); } prevx = -1; //tileLightList.push(k, scanline); } } } ilen = activeCurX.length; for (i = 0; i < ilen; i++) { if (activeMaxY[i] == scanline + 1) { activeCurX.splice(i, 1); activeMaxY.splice(i, 1); activeInvSlope.splice(i, 1); i--; ilen--; } else { activeCurX[i] += activeInvSlope[i]; } } } It works in some cases but some of the x intersections are skipped, primarily when there are more than 2 x intersections in one scanline I think. Is there a way to fix this, or a better way to do what I described? Thanks

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  • C++ Class Access Specifier Verbosity

    - by PolyTex
    A "traditional" C++ class (just some random declarations) might resemble the following: class Foo { public: Foo(); explicit Foo(const std::string&); ~Foo(); enum FooState { Idle, Busy, Unknown }; FooState GetState() const; bool GetBar() const; void SetBaz(int); private: struct FooPartialImpl; void HelperFunction1(); void HelperFunction2(); void HelperFunction3(); FooPartialImpl* m_impl; // smart ptr FooState m_state; bool m_bar; int m_baz; }; I always found this type of access level specification ugly and difficult to follow if the original programmer didn't organize his "access regions" neatly. Taking a look at the same snippet in a Java/C# style, we get: class Foo { public: Foo(); public: explicit Foo(const std::string&); public: ~Foo(); public: enum FooState { Idle, Busy, Unknown }; public: FooState GetState() const; public: bool GetBar() const; public: void SetBaz(int); private: struct FooPartialImpl; private: void HelperFunction1(); private: void HelperFunction2(); private: void HelperFunction3(); private: FooPartialImpl* m_impl; // smart ptr private: FooState m_state; private: bool m_bar; private: int m_baz; }; In my opinion, this is much easier to read in a header because the access specifier is right next to the target, and not a bunch of lines away. I found this especially true when working with header-only template code that wasn't separated into the usual "*.hpp/*.inl" pair. In that scenario, the size of the function implementations overpowered this small but important information. My question is simple and stems from the fact that I've never seen anyone else actively do this in their C++ code. Assuming that I don't have a "Class View" capable IDE, are there any obvious drawbacks to using this level of verbosity? Any other style recommendations are welcome!

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  • Simple RSA encryption (Java)

    - by jake blue
    This is simply for fun. This will not be used for any actual encryption. I'm only first year comp sci student and love cryptography. This took a long time to get working. At approximately N = 18, it begins breaking down. It won't encrypt messages properly after that point. I'm not sure why. Any insights? I'd also appreciate any links you could provide me to tutorials or interesting reading about Cryptography. import java.math.BigInteger; import java.security.SecureRandom; /** * Cryptography. * * Generates public and private keys used in encryption and * decryption * */ public class RSA { private final static BigInteger one = new BigInteger("1"); private final static SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom(); // prime numbers private BigInteger p; private BigInteger q; // modulus private BigInteger n; // totient private BigInteger t; // public key private BigInteger e; // private key private BigInteger d; private String cipherText; /** * Constructor for objects of class RSA */ public RSA(int N) { p = BigInteger.probablePrime(N/2, random); q = BigInteger.probablePrime(N/2, random); // initialising modulus n = p.multiply(q); // initialising t by euclid's totient function (p-1)(q-1) t = (p.subtract(one)).multiply(q.subtract(one)); // initialising public key ~ 65537 is common public key e = new BigInteger("65537"); } public int generatePrivateKey() { d = e.modInverse(t); return d.intValue(); } public String encrypt(String plainText) { String encrypted = ""; int j = 0; for(int i = 0; i < plainText.length(); i++){ char m = plainText.charAt(i); BigInteger bi1 = BigInteger.valueOf(m); BigInteger bi2 = bi1.modPow(e, n); j = bi2.intValue(); m = (char) j; encrypted += m; } cipherText = encrypted; return encrypted; } public String decrypt() { String decrypted = ""; int j = 0; for(int i = 0; i < cipherText.length(); i++){ char c = cipherText.charAt(i); BigInteger bi1 = BigInteger.valueOf(c); BigInteger bi2 = bi1.modPow(d, n); j = bi2.intValue(); c = (char) j; decrypted += c; } return decrypted; } }

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  • Linux, GNU GCC, ld, version scripts and the ELF binary format -- How does it work??

    - by themoondothshine
    Hey all, I'm trying to learn more about library versioning in Linux and how to put it all to work. Here's the context: -- I have two versions of a dynamic library which expose the same set of interfaces, say libsome1.so and libsome2.so. -- An application is linked against libsome1.so. -- This application uses libdl.so to dynamically load another module, say libmagic.so. -- Now libmagic.so is linked against libsome2.so. Obviously, without using linker scripts to hide symbols in libmagic.so, at run-time all calls to interfaces in libsome2.so are resolved to libsome1.so. This can be confirmed by checking the value returned by libVersion() against the value of the macro LIB_VERSION. -- So I try next to compile and link libmagic.so with a linker script which hides all symbols except 3 which are defined in libmagic.so and are exported by it. This works... Or at least libVersion() and LIB_VERSION values match (and it reports version 2 not 1). -- However, when some data structures are serialized to disk, I noticed some corruption. In the application's directory if I delete libsome1.so and create a soft link in its place to point to libsome2.so, everything works as expected and the same corruption does not happen. I can't help but think that this may be caused due to some conflict in the run-time linker's resolution of symbols. I've tried many things, like trying to link libsome2.so so that all symbols are alised to symbol@@VER_2 (which I am still confused about because the command nm -CD libsome2.so still lists symbols as symbol and not symbol@@VER_2)... Nothing seems to work!!! Help!!!!!! Edit: I should have mentioned it earlier, but the app in question is Firefox, and libsome1.so is libsqlite3.so shipped with it. I don't quite have the option of recompiling them. Also, using version scripts to hide symbols seems to be the only solution right now. So what really happens when symbols are hidden? Do they become 'local' to the SO? Does rtld have no knowledge of their existence? What happens when an exported function refers to a hidden symbol?

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  • How to resize an openGL window created with wglCreateContext?

    - by Nick
    Is it possible to resize an openGL window (or device context) created with wglCreateContext without disabling it? If so how? Right now I have a function which resizes the DC but the only way I could get it to work was to call DisableOpenGL and then re-enable. This causes any textures and other state changes to be lost. I would like to do this without the disable so that I do not have to go through the tedious task of recreating the openGL DC state. HWND hWnd; HDC hDC; void View_setSizeWin32(int width, int height) { // resize the window LPRECT rec = malloc(sizeof(RECT)); GetWindowRect(hWnd, rec); SetWindowPos( hWnd, HWND_TOP, rec->left, rec->top, rec->left+width, rec->left+height, SWP_NOMOVE ); free(rec); // sad panda DisableOpenGL( hWnd, hDC, hRC ); EnableOpenGL( hWnd, &hDC, &hRC ); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); glOrtho(-(width/2), width/2, -(height/2), height/2, -1.0, 1.0); // have fun recreating the openGL state.... } void EnableOpenGL(HWND hWnd, HDC * hDC, HGLRC * hRC) { PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd; int format; // get the device context (DC) *hDC = GetDC( hWnd ); // set the pixel format for the DC ZeroMemory( &pfd, sizeof( pfd ) ); pfd.nSize = sizeof( pfd ); pfd.nVersion = 1; pfd.dwFlags = PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER; pfd.iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA; pfd.cColorBits = 24; pfd.cDepthBits = 16; pfd.iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE; format = ChoosePixelFormat( *hDC, &pfd ); SetPixelFormat( *hDC, format, &pfd ); // create and enable the render context (RC) *hRC = wglCreateContext( *hDC ); wglMakeCurrent( *hDC, *hRC ); } void DisableOpenGL(HWND hWnd, HDC hDC, HGLRC hRC) { wglMakeCurrent( NULL, NULL ); wglDeleteContext( hRC ); ReleaseDC( hWnd, hDC ); }

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  • Dynamic positioning inside relative div

    - by ian
    I'm trying to get a color picker javascript widget working in a page with a bunch of "stuff" in it that I can't change. Some of the "stuff" is causing the color picker to appear well below the link when clicked. I've reduced it to a simple example below. <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function setPos(aname,dname) { var o=document.getElementById(aname); var ol=o.offsetLeft; while ((o=o.offsetParent) != null) { ol += o.offsetLeft; } o=document.getElementById(aname); var ot=o.offsetTop + 25; while((o=o.offsetParent) != null) { ot += o.offsetTop; } document.getElementById(dname).style.left = ol + "px"; document.getElementById(dname).style.top = ot + "px"; } </script> <style> h1 {height: 50px;} #divMain {position: relative;} </style> </head> <body> <h1></h1> <div id="divMain"> <a href="#" onClick="setPos('link1','div1');return false;" name="link1" id="link1">link 1</a> <div id="div1" style="position:absolute;border-style:solid;left:200px;top:200px;">div 1</div> </div> </body> </html> What's supposed to happen is when you click "link 1", "div1" should move directly below "link 1". What actually happens is that "div 1" appears well below "link 1". If you remove position: relative; from the CSS definition for divMain, "div 1" is positioned correctly. How can I position "div 1" directly beneath "link 1" without removing position: relative;?

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  • jQuery Validation Plugin: Packer undefined error?

    - by Rosarch
    I'm using the jQuery validation plugin from bassistance.de. It works fine. From <head>: <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/JQuery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js-lib/jquery.validate.pack.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js-lib/jquery.validate.additional-methods.js"></script> At first, this was the only validation code I had, and it worked: $("form").validate(); $("#form-username").rules("add", { required: true, email: true, }); It was validating this HTML: <form id="form-username-form" action="api/user_of_email" method="get"> <p> <label for="form-username">Email:</label> <input type="text" name="email" id="form-username" /> <input type="submit" value="Submit" id="form-submit" /> </p> </form> Great, everything works. But then I add this JS: $("#form-choose-options input[type='text']").rules("add", { number: true, }); to validate this markup: <form id="form-choose-options" action="api/set_options" method="get"> <p> <label for="form-min-credits">Min credits per term:</label><input type="text" name="min_credits" id="form-min-credits" /> <br /> <label for="form-optimal-credits">Optimal credits per term:</label><input type="text" name="optimal_credits" id="form-optimal-credits" /> <br /> <label for="form-max-credits">Max credits per term:</label><input type="text" name="max_credits" id="form-max-credits" /> <br /> <label for="form-low-GPA">Lowest acceptable GPA:</label><input type="text" name="low_GPA" id="form-low-GPA" /> <br /> <label for="form-high-GPA">Highest realistic GPA:</label><input type="text" name="high_GPA" id="form-high-GPA" /> <br /> <input type="hidden" class="user-pk" name="pk"/> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </p> </form> This causes a javascript error on document load: $.data(f.form, "validator") is undefined The error is from the packer function. What am I doing wrong?

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  • How do I make a full screen scrolling messagebox or window?

    - by chobo2
    Hi First let me start of saying I know absolutely nothing about c++ and I am really just more interested in getting this to work then learning c++(I got enough on my plate to learn). So basically I am trying to make a terms of service for my windows mobile 6 professional application but it seems I need to use c++ to do it. After hours of searching I found a solution but it developed for windows mobile standard. So they somehow used c++ to make a message box and on standard devices(ie non touch screen phones) the message box can have like scrolling. For some reason this is not the case with professional devices(touch screen devices). So my message box goes off the page and you can never accept or decline the terms. So your stuck and on the screen forever till you do some sort of soft restart. http://www.mobilepractices.com/2008/10/setupdll-sample-and-walkthrough-terms.html The above link is the tutorial but here is the actual file that seems to display the message. #include "stdafx.h" #include "ce_setup.h" // This is a variable containing the text to be displayed // in the Terms & Conditions dialog TCHAR Message[] = _T("TERMS & CONDITIONS\r\n ") _T("Selecting YES you're accepting our terms & conditions.\r\n") _T("This is just a sample application.\r\n") _T("From http://www.mobilepractices.com\r\n") _T("You can replace this text with your own.\r\n") _T("We're using a setup.dll to show this dialog.\r\n") _T("Extra line to force vertical scrollbar.\r\n") _T("Extra line to force vertical scrollbar.\r\n") _T("Extra line to force vertical scrollbar.\r\n") _T("Extra line to force vertical scrollbar.\r\n") _T("Extra line to force vertical scrollbar.\r\n") _T("Extra line to force vertical scrollbar.\r\n") _T("Last line.\r\n") ; // This function will be called when the user // tries to install the cab. According to its return // value the installation continues or is cancelled. // As this could be called more than once // (i.e. if there is not enough space on the target) // we should take care about fFirstCall parameter // to show the dialog only once. codeINSTALL_INIT Install_Init( HWND hwndParent, BOOL fFirstCall, BOOL fPreviouslyInstalled, LPCTSTR pszInstallDir ) { if (!fFirstCall || ::MessageBoxW(0, Message, _T("SplashScreenSample") , MB_YESNO) == IDYES) return codeINSTALL_INIT_CONTINUE; else return codeINSTALL_INIT_CANCEL; } So I want to change this to something that can scroll. Can I use like a panel control since I know what has scroll or something else? Thanks

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  • Ideas on implementing threads and cross process communication. - C

    - by Jamie Keeling
    Hello all! I have an application consisting of two windows, one communicates to the other and sends it a struct constaining two integers (In this case two rolls of a dice). I will be using events for the following circumstances: Process a sends data to process b, process b displays data Process a closes, in turn closing process b Process b closes a, in turn closing process a I have noticed that if the second process is constantly waiting for the first process to send data then the program will be just sat waiting, which is where the idea of implementing threads on each process occured. I have already implemented a thread on the first process which currently creates the data to send to the second process and makes it available to the second process. The problem i'm having is that I don't exactly have a lot of experience with threads and events so I'm not sure of the best way to actually implement what I want to do. Following is a small snippet of what I have so far in the producer application; Rolling the dice and sending the data: case IDM_FILE_ROLLDICE: { hDiceRoll = CreateThread( NULL, // lpThreadAttributes (default) 0, // dwStackSize (default) ThreadFunc(hMainWindow), // lpStartAddress NULL, // lpParameter 0, // dwCreationFlags &hDiceID // lpThreadId (returned by function) ); } break; The data being sent to the other process: DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(LPVOID passedHandle) { HANDLE hMainHandle = *((HANDLE*)passedHandle); WCHAR buffer[256]; LPCTSTR pBuf; LPVOID lpMsgBuf; LPVOID lpDisplayBuf; struct diceData storage; HANDLE hMapFile; DWORD dw; //Roll dice and store results in variable storage = RollDice(); hMapFile = CreateFileMapping( (HANDLE)0xFFFFFFFF, // use paging file NULL, // default security PAGE_READWRITE, // read/write access 0, // maximum object size (high-order DWORD) BUF_SIZE, // maximum object size (low-order DWORD) szName); // name of mapping object if (hMapFile == NULL) { dw = GetLastError(); MessageBox(hMainHandle,L"Could not create file mapping object",L"Error",MB_OK); return 1; } pBuf = (LPTSTR) MapViewOfFile(hMapFile, // handle to map object FILE_MAP_ALL_ACCESS, // read/write permission 0, 0, BUF_SIZE); if (pBuf == NULL) { MessageBox(hMainHandle,L"Could not map view of file",L"Error",MB_OK); CloseHandle(hMapFile); return 1; } CopyMemory((PVOID)pBuf, &storage, (_tcslen(szMsg) * sizeof(TCHAR))); //_getch(); MessageBox(hMainHandle,L"Completed!",L"Success",MB_OK); UnmapViewOfFile(pBuf); return 0; } I'd like to think I am at least on the right lines, although for some reason when the application finishes creating the thread it hits the return DefWindowProc(hMainWindow, message, wParam, lParam); it crashes saying there's no more source code for the current location. I know there are certain ways to implement things but as I've mentioned I'm not sure if i'm doing this the right way, has anybody else tried to do the same thing? Thanks!

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  • X264 encoding using Opencv

    - by user573193
    I am working with a high resolution camera: 4008x2672. I a writing a simple program which grabs frame from the camera and sends the frame to a avi file. For working with such a high resolution, I found only x264 codec that could do the trick (Suggestions welcome). I am using opencv for most of the image handling stuff. As mentioned in this post http://doom10.org/index.php?topic=1019.0 , I modified the AVCodecContext members as per ffmpeg presets for libx264 (Had to do this to avoid broken ffmpeg defaults settings error). This is output I am getting when I try to run the program [libx264 @ 0x992d040]non-strictly-monotonic PTS 1294846981.526675 1 0 //Timestamp camera_no frame_no 1294846981.621101 1 1 1294846981.715521 1 2 1294846981.809939 1 3 1294846981.904360 1 4 1294846981.998782 1 5 1294846982.093203 1 6 Last message repeated 7 times [avi @ 0x992beb0]st:0 error, non monotone timestamps -614891469123651720 = -614891469123651720 OpenCV Error: Unspecified error (Error while writing video frame) in icv_av_write_frame_FFMPEG, file /home/ajoshi/ext/OpenCV-2.2.0/modules/highgui/src/cap_ffmpeg.cpp, line 1034 terminate called after throwing an instance of 'cv::Exception' what(): /home/ajoshi/ext/OpenCV-2.2.0/modules/highgui/src/cap_ffmpeg.cpp:1034: error: (-2) Error while writing video frame in function icv_av_write_frame_FFMPEG Aborted Modifications to the AVCodecContext are: if(codec_id == CODEC_ID_H264) { //fprintf(stderr, "Trying to parse a preset file for libx264\n"); //Setting Values manually from medium preset c-me_method = 7; c-qcompress=0.6; c-qmin = 10; c-qmax = 51; c-max_qdiff = 4; c-i_quant_factor=0.71; c-max_b_frames=3; c-b_frame_strategy = 1; c-me_range = 16; c-me_subpel_quality=7; c-coder_type = 1; c-scenechange_threshold=40; c-partitions = X264_PART_I8X8 | X264_PART_I4X4 | X264_PART_P8X8 | X264_PART_B8X8; c-flags = CODEC_FLAG_LOOP_FILTER; c-flags2 = CODEC_FLAG2_BPYRAMID | CODEC_FLAG2_MIXED_REFS | CODEC_FLAG2_WPRED | CODEC_FLAG2_8X8DCT | CODEC_FLAG2_FASTPSKIP; c-keyint_min = 25; c-refs = 3; c-trellis=1; c-directpred = 1; c-weighted_p_pred=2; } I am probably not setting the dts and pts values which I believed ffmpeg should be setting it for me. Any sugggestions welcome. Thanks in advance

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  • Supersized image captions - render outside of JavaScript

    - by Sol
    I am using the jQuery supersized script for a full screen slideshow (not the WordPress plugin as this didn't give me enough control). However, one issue that I am trying to tackle is how to render the image caption text outside of the javascript slides[ ] call - and instead, render them within the page div - to improve SEO on the page. My code works fine right now, images and the caption text are correctly displaying, but looking at the source code, there is very little text outside of the javascript (which is bad for SEO), so I would just like to improve it, if possible. I haven't been able to find any other topic on this subject and so far, I've been unsuccessful at improving on the current code, which is as follows; <!-- Supersized 3.2.7 - By Sam Dunn / One Mighty Roar (www.onemightyroar.com) Released under MIT License / GPL License --> <script type="text/javascript"> var slides=[]; <?php $my_query = new WP_Query ( array( 'post_status' => 'publish', 'post_type' => 'featured', //'numberposts' => 5, 'orderby' => 'menu_order', 'order' => 'ASC', 'showposts' => 50 )); while( $my_query->have_posts() ) : $my_query->the_post(); $slink = get_post_meta($post->ID,'FS_link',true); ?> slides.push({image : '<?php echo get_image_path(get_post_meta($post->ID, 'FS_slideimage_src', true)); ?>', title : '<div class="slidecaptioninside"><h1><?php echo the_title(); ?></h1><p><?php echo strip_tags(get_post_meta($post->ID, 'FS_fitemcaption', true)); ?>...<a href="<?php echo $slink;?>">find out more</a></p></div>', url : '<?php echo $slink;?>'}); <?php endwhile; ?> // start supersized JS $j = jQuery.noConflict(); $j(window).load(function() { $j.supersized({ //Functionality slideshow: 1, // ..... additional functions go here... slide_captions : 1, //Slide caption (Pull from "title" in slides array) slides : slides, slide_links : 'blank', progress_bar : 1, mouse_scrub: 1 }); }); </script> <div id="slidecontainer"> <div id="slidecaption"></div> <!--Thumbnail Navigation--> <div id="prevthumb"></div> <div id="nextthumb"></div> <!--additional tray divs here--> </div><!--slidecontainer--> I have tried to get Supersized to output the content into a parent div [div id="supersized"] using $j('#supersized').supersized({ but this doesn't appear to work. Has anyone managed to do this differently to improve page SEO?

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  • get renamed file names of multiple upload form [js array] in codeigniter

    - by artmania
    Hi friends, I use codeigniter. I have a multiple image upload form. The code below is working well for uploading, but I also need to save file names to database. How can I get the names in here? I spent hours & hours :/ but could not sort it :/ Appreciate helps!!! uploadform.php echo form_open_multipart('gallery/upload'); <input type="file" name="photo" size="50" /> <input type="file" name="thumb" size="50" /> <input type="submit" value="Upload" /> </form> I have a controller between form view and model load model (of course : )) but didnt post here because of no need. gallery_model.php function multiple_upload($upload_dir = 'uploads/', $config = array()) { /* Upload */ $CI =& get_instance(); $files = array(); if(empty($config)) { $config['upload_path'] = realpath($upload_dir); $config['allowed_types'] = 'gif|jpg|jpeg|jpe|png'; $config['max_size'] = '2048'; } $CI->load->library('upload', $config); $errors = FALSE; foreach($_FILES as $key => $value) { if( ! empty($value['name'])) { if( ! $CI->upload->do_upload($key)) { $data['upload_message'] = $CI->upload->display_errors(ERR_OPEN, ERR_CLOSE); // ERR_OPEN and ERR_CLOSE are error delimiters defined in a config file $CI->load->vars($data); $errors = TRUE; } else { // Build a file array from all uploaded files $files[] = $CI->upload->data(); } } } // There was errors, we have to delete the uploaded files if($errors) { foreach($files as $key => $file) { @unlink($file['full_path']); } } elseif(empty($files) AND empty($data['upload_message'])) { $CI->lang->load('upload'); $data['upload_message'] = ERR_OPEN.$CI->lang->line('upload_no_file_selected').ERR_CLOSE; $CI->load->vars($data); } else { return $files; } /* ------------------------------- Insert to database */ // problem is here, i need file names to add db. // if there is already same names file at the folder, it rename file itself. so in such case, I need renamed file name :/ } }

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  • What is GC holes?

    - by tianyi
    I wrote a long TCP connection socket server in C#. Spike in memory in my server happens. I used dotNet Memory Profiler(a tool) to detect where the memory leaks. Memory Profiler indicates the private heap is huge, and the memory is something like below(the number is not real,what I want to show is the GC0 and GC2's Holes are very very huge, the data size is normal): Managed heaps - 1,500,000KB Normal heap - 1400,000KB Generation #0 - 600,000KB Data - 100,000KB "Holes" - 500,000KB Generation #1 - xxKB Data - 0KB "Holes" - xKB Generation #2 - xxxxxxxxxxxxxKB Data - 100,000KB "Holes" - 700,000KB Large heap - 131072KB Large heap - 83KB Overhead/unused - 130989KB Overhead - 0KB Howerver, what is GC hole? I read an article about the hole: http://kaushalp.blogspot.com/2007/04/what-is-gc-hole-and-how-to-create-gc.html The author said : The code snippet below is the simplest way to introduce a GC hole into the system. //OBJECTREF is a typedef for Object*. { PointerTable *pTBL = o_pObjectClass->GetPointerTable(); OBJECTREF aObj = AllocateObjectMemory(pTBL); OBJECTREF bObj = AllocateObjectMemory(pTBL); //WRONG!!! “aObj” may point to garbage if the second //“AllocateObjectMemory” triggered a GC. DoSomething (aOb, bObj); } All it does is allocate two managed objects, and then does something with them both. This code compiles fine, and if you run simple pre-checkin tests, it will probably “work.” But this code will crash eventually. Why? If the second call to “AllocateObjectMemory” triggers a GC, that GC discards the object instance you just assigned to “aObj”. This code, like all C++ code inside the CLR, is compiled by a non-managed compiler and the GC cannot know that “aObj” holds a root reference to an object you want kept live. ======================================================================== I can't understand what he explained. Does the sample mean aObj becomes a wild pointer after GC? Is it mean { aObj = (*aObj)malloc(sizeof(object)); free(aObj); function(aObj);? } ? I hope somebody can explain it.

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  • Rails, Edit page update in a window

    - by Mike
    I have my code working so that I have a table of businesses. There's a pencil icon you can click on the edit the business information. The edit information comes up in a partial inside of a modal pop up box. The only problem is that once they make the changes they want and click update, it sends them to the 'show' page for that business. What I want to happen is have the pop up box close and have it update the information. This is my update function in my controller. def update @business = Business.find(params[:id]) respond_to do |format| if @business.update_attributes(params[:business]) flash[:notice] = 'Business was successfully updated.' format.html { redirect_to(business_url(@business)) } format.js else format.html { render :action => "edit" } format.xml { render :xml => @business.errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity } end end end I tried following railscast 43 and i created an .rjs file but I couldn't get that to work at all. My update was still taking me to the show page. Any help would be appreciated. EDIT: Added some more code. <% form_for(@business) do |f| %> <%= f.error_messages %> <p> <%= f.label :name %><br /> <%= f.text_field :name %> </p> ... <%= f.label :business_category %><br /> <%= f.select :business_category_id, @business_categories_map, :selected => @business.business_category_id %> </p> <p> <%= f.label :description %><br /> <%= f.text_area :description %> </p> <p> <%= f.submit 'Update' %> </p> <% end %> This is my form inside of my edit page which is being called through the index in a pop up by: <div id="popupEdit<%=h business.id %>" class="popupContact"> <a class="popupClose<%=h business.id %>" id="popupClose">x</a> <% if business.business_category_id %> <% @business = business %> <%= render "business/edit" %> <% end %> </div>

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  • Emacs, C++ code completion for vectors

    - by Caglar Toklu
    Hi, I am new to Emacs, and I have the following code as a sample. I have installed GNU Emacs 23.1.1 (i386-mingw-nt6.1.7600), installed cedet-1.0pre7.tar.gz. , installed ELPA, and company. You can find my simple Emacs configuration at the bottom. The problem is, when I type q[0] in main() and press . (dot), I see the 37 members of the vector, not Person although first_name and last_name are expected. The completion works as expected in the function greet() but it has nothing to do with vector. My question is, how can I accomplish code completion for vector elements too? #include <iostream> #include <vector> using namespace std; class Person { public: string first_name; string last_name; }; void greet(Person a_person) { // a_person.first_name is completed as expected! cout << a_person.first_name << "|"; cout << a_person.last_name << endl; }; int main() { vector<Person> q(2); Person guy1; guy1.first_name = "foo"; guy1.last_name = "bar"; Person guy2; guy2.first_name = "stack"; guy2.last_name = "overflow"; q[0] = guy1; q[1] = guy2; greet(guy1); greet(guy2); // cout q[0]. I want to see first_name or last_name here! } My Emacs configuration: ;;; This was installed by package-install.el. ;;; This provides support for the package system and ;;; interfacing with ELPA, the package archive. ;;; Move this code earlier if you want to reference ;;; packages in your .emacs. (when (load (expand-file-name "~/.emacs.d/elpa/package.el")) (package-initialize)) (load-file "~/.emacs.d/cedet/common/cedet.el") (semantic-load-enable-excessive-code-helpers) (require 'semantic-ia) (global-srecode-minor-mode 1) (semantic-add-system-include "/gcc/include/c++/4.4.2" 'c++-mode) (semantic-add-system-include "/gcc/i386-pc-mingw32/include" 'c++-mode) (semantic-add-system-include "/gcc/include" 'c++-mode) (defun my-semantic-hook () (imenu-add-to-menubar "TAGS")) (add-hook 'semantic-init-hooks 'my-semantic-hook)

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  • How to download file into string with progress callback?

    - by Kaminari
    I would like to use the WebClient (or there is another better option?) but there is a problem. I understand that opening up the stream takes some time and this can not be avoided. However, reading it takes a strangely much more amount of time compared to read it entirely immediately. Is there a best way to do this? I mean two ways, to string and to file. Progress is my own delegate and it's working good. FIFTH UPDATE: Finally, I managed to do it. In the meantime I checked out some solutions what made me realize that the problem lies elsewhere. I've tested custom WebResponse and WebRequest objects, library libCURL.NET and even Sockets. The difference in time was gzip compression. Compressed stream lenght was simply half the normal stream lenght and thus download time was less than 3 seconds with the browser. I put some code if someone will want to know how i solved this: (some headers are not needed) public static string DownloadString(string URL) { WebClient client = new WebClient(); client.Headers["User-Agent"] = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/532.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/4.1.249.1045 Safari/532.5"; client.Headers["Accept"] = "application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5"; client.Headers["Accept-Encoding"] = "gzip,deflate,sdch"; client.Headers["Accept-Charset"] = "ISO-8859-2,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3"; Stream inputStream = client.OpenRead(new Uri(URL)); MemoryStream memoryStream = new MemoryStream(); const int size = 32 * 4096; byte[] buffer = new byte[size]; if (client.ResponseHeaders["Content-Encoding"] == "gzip") { inputStream = new GZipStream(inputStream, CompressionMode.Decompress); } int count = 0; do { count = inputStream.Read(buffer, 0, size); if (count > 0) { memoryStream.Write(buffer, 0, count); } } while (count > 0); string result = Encoding.Default.GetString(memoryStream.ToArray()); memoryStream.Close(); inputStream.Close(); return result; } I think that asyncro functions will be almost the same. But i will simply use another thread to fire this function. I dont need percise progress indication.

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  • Add jquery link to returned text...

    - by Jerry
    Hi all I am trying to add two jquery plugins files to my application. When a user triggers my ajax event, the server will return text with a form button. The plugins (a jquery calendar) will work when the user clicks the form button inside the returned text . I believe I have to add the link inside the return text instead of the main page to let the code work, but not sure how to do this. I am giving out my code and need you experts opinions. Thanks. My main page html //required jquery plugins ...didn't work if I add them in the main application. <script type="text/javascript" src="JS/date.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="JS/datePicker.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="JS/selectWeek.js"></script> <div id="gameInfo"> //return text will be displayed here. </div> My returned text ...part of it.... <form> <div id=returnDiv> // the form input will be added here when a user clicks #addMatch button... </div> <tr> <td><input type="button" id="addMatch" name="addMatch" value="Add Match"/> </td> </tr> </form> My jquery $("#addMatch").live('click', function(){ //the code below will create a calender when a user click the link...I am not sure //where I should add my two jquery plugins link... $("#returnDiv").html("<td><input type='text' size='6' class='date-pick dp-applied'"+ "name='date'><a style='color:white;' class='dp-choose-date' title='Choose Date'"+ "href='#'>Date</a></td>"; return false; }); I hope I explain my question well. +1 to any reply...:D

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  • C++ game designing & polymorphism question

    - by Kotti
    Hi! I'm trying to implement some sort of 'just-for-me' game engine and the problem's plot goes the following way: Suppose I have some abstract interface for a renderable entity, e.g. IRenderable. And it's declared the following way: interface IRenderable { // (...) // Suppose that Backend is some abstract backend used // for rendering, and it's implementation is not important virtual void Render(Backend& backend) = 0; }; What I'm doing right now is something like declaring different classes like class Ball : public IRenderable { virtual void Render(Backend& backend) { // Rendering implementation, that is specific for // the Ball object // (...) } }; And then everything looks fine. I can easily do something like std::vector<IRenderable*> items, push some items like new Ball() in this vector and then make a call similiar to foreach (IRenderable* in items) { item->Render(backend); } Ok, I guess it is the 'polymorphic' way, but what if I want to have different types of objects in my game and an ability to manipulate their state, where every object can be manipulated via it's own interface? I could do something like struct GameState { Ball ball; Bonus bonus; // (...) }; and then easily change objects state via their own methods, like ball.Move(...) or bonus.Activate(...), where Move(...) is specific for only Ball and Activate(...) - for only Bonus instances. But in this case I lose the opportunity to write foreach IRenderable* simply because I store these balls and bonuses as instances of their derived, not base classes. And in this case the rendering procedure turns into a mess like ball.Render(backend); bonus.Render(backend); // (...) and it is bad because we actually lose our polymorphism this way (no actual need for making Render function virtual, etc. The other approach means invoking downcasting via dynamic_cast or something with typeid to determine the type of object you want to manipulate and this looks even worse to me and this also breaks this 'polymorphic' idea. So, my question is - is there some kind of (probably) alternative approach to what I want to do or can my current pattern be somehow modified so that I would actually store IRenderable* for my game objects (so that I can invoke virtual Render method on each of them) while preserving the ability to easily change the state of these objects? Maybe I'm doing something absolutely wrong from the beginning, if so, please point it out :) Thanks in advance!

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