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  • Faster float to int conversion in Python

    - by culebrón
    Here's a piece of code that takes most time in my program, according to timeit statistics. It's a dirty function to convert floats in [-1.0, 1.0] interval into unsigned integer [0, 2**32]. How can I accelerate floatToInt? piece = [] rng = range(32) for i in rng: piece.append(1.0/2**i) def floatToInt(x): n = x + 1.0 res = 0 for i in rng: if n >= piece[i]: res += 2**(31-i) n -= piece[i] return res

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  • How to do cleanup reliably in python?

    - by Cheery
    I have some ctypes bindings, and for each body.New I should call body.Free. The library I'm binding doesn't have allocation routines insulated out from the rest of the code (they can be called about anywhere there), and to use couple of useful features I need to make cyclic references. I think It'd solve if I'd find a reliable way to hook destructor to an object. (weakrefs would help if they'd give me the callback just before the data is dropped. So obviously this code megafails when I put in velocity_func: class Body(object): def __init__(self, mass, inertia): self._body = body.New(mass, inertia) def __del__(self): print '__del__ %r' % self if body: body.Free(self._body) ... def set_velocity_func(self, func): self._body.contents.velocity_func = ctypes_wrapping(func) I also tried to solve it through weakrefs, with those the things seem getting just worse, just only largely more unpredictable. Even if I don't put in the velocity_func, there will appear cycles at least then when I do this: class Toy(object): def __init__(self, body): self.body.owner = self ... def collision(a, b, contacts): whatever(a.body.owner) So how to make sure Structures will get garbage collected, even if they are allocated/freed by the shared library? There's repository if you are interested about more details: http://bitbucket.org/cheery/ctypes-chipmunk/

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  • Python Script to backup a directory

    - by rgolwalkar
    Filename:backup_ver1 import os import time 1 Using list to specify the files and directory to be backed up source = r'C:\Documents and Settings\rgolwalkar\Desktop\Desktop\Dr Py\Final_Py' 2 define backup directory destination = r'C:\Documents and Settings\rgolwalkar\Desktop\Desktop\PyDevResourse' 3 Setting the backup name targetBackup = destination + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S') + '.rar' rar_command = "rar.exe a -ag '%s' %s" % (targetBackup, ''.join(source)) i am sure i am doing something wrong here - rar command please let me know if os.system(rar_command) == 0: print 'Successful backup to', targetBackup else: print 'Backup FAILED' O/P:- Backup FAILED winrar is added to Path and CLASSPATH under Environment variables as well - anyone else with a suggestion for backing up the directory is most welcome

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  • Hierarchy / Flyweight / Instancing Problem in Python

    - by Dan
    Here is the problem I am trying to solve, (I have simplified the actual problem, but this should give you all the relevant information). I have a hierarchy like so: 1.A 1.B 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.F (This is hard to illustrate - each number is the parent, each letter is the child). Creating an instance of the 'letter' objects is expensive (IO, database costs, etc), so should only be done once. The hierarchy needs to be easy to navigate. Children in the hierarchy need to have just one parent. Modifying the contents of the letter objects should be possible directly from the objects in the hierarchy. There needs to be a central store containing all of the 'letter' objects (and only those in the hierarchy). 'letter' and 'number' objects need to be possible to create from a constructor (such as Letter(**kwargs) ). It is perfectably acceptable to expect that when a letter changes from the hierarchy, all other letters will respect the same change. Hope this isn't too abstract to illustrate the problem. What would be the best way of solving this? (Then I'll post my solution) Here's an example script: one = Number('one') a = Letter('a') one.addChild(a) two = Number('two') a = Letter('a') two.addChild(a) for child in one: child.method1() for child in two: print '%s' % child.method2()

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  • Python: override __init__ args in __new__

    - by EoghanM
    I have a __new__ method as follows: class MyClass(object): def __new__(cls, *args): new_args = [] args.sort() prev = args.pop(0) while args: next = args.pop(0) if prev.compare(next): prev = prev.combine(next) else: new_args.append(prev) prev = next if some_check(prev): return SomeOtherClass() new_args.append(prev) return super(MyClass, cls).__new__(cls, new_args) def __init__(self, *args): ... However, this fails with a deprecation warning: DeprecationWarning: object.__new__() takes no parameters SomeOtherClass can optionally get created as the args are processed, that's why they are being processed in __new__ and not in __init__ What is the best way to pass new_args to __init__? Otherwise, I'll have to duplicate the processing of args in __init__ (without some_check)

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  • Using arrays with other arrays in Python.

    - by Scott
    Trying to find an efficient way to extract all instances of items in an array out of another. For example array1 = ["abc", "def", "ghi", "jkl"] array2 = ["abc", "ghi", "456", "789"] Array 1 is an array of items that need to be extracted out of array 2. Thus, array 2 should be modified to ["456", "789"] I know how to do this, but no in an efficient manner.

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  • Types in Python - Google Appengine

    - by Chris M
    Getting a bit peeved now; I have a model and a class thats just storing a get request in the database; basic tracking. class SearchRec(db.Model): WebSite = db.StringProperty()#required=True WebPage = db.StringProperty() CountryNM = db.StringProperty() PrefMailing = db.BooleanProperty() DateStamp = db.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add=True) IP = db.StringProperty() class AddSearch(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): searchRec = SearchRec() searchRec.WebSite = self.request.get('WEBSITE') searchRec.WebPage = self.request.get('WEBPAGE') searchRec.CountryNM = self.request.get('COUNTRY') searchRec.PrefMailing = bool(self.request.get('MAIL')) searchRec.IP = self.request.get('IP') Bool has my biscuit; I thought that setting bool(self.reque....) would set the type of the string but no matter what I pass it it still stores it as TRUE in the database. I had the same issue with using required=True on strings for the model; the damn thing kept saying that nothing was being passed... but it had. Ta

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  • Python __subclasses__() not listing subclasses

    - by Mridang Agarwalla
    I cant seem to list all derived classes using the __subclasses__() method. Here's my directory layout: import.py backends __init__.py --digger __init__.py base.py test.py --plugins plugina_plugin.py From import.py i'm calling test.py. test.py in turn iterates over all the files in the plugins directory and loads all of them. test.py looks like this: import os import sys import re sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath( __file__ ))))) sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath( __file__ ))), 'plugins')) from base import BasePlugin class TestImport: def __init__(self): print 'heeeeello' PLUGIN_DIRECTORY = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath( __file__ ))), 'plugins') for filename in os.listdir (PLUGIN_DIRECTORY): # Ignore subfolders if os.path.isdir (os.path.join(PLUGIN_DIRECTORY, filename)): continue else: if re.match(r".*?_plugin\.py$", filename): print ('Initialising plugin : ' + filename) __import__(re.sub(r".py", r"", filename)) print ('Plugin system initialized') print BasePlugin.__subclasses__() The problem us that the __subclasses__() method doesn't show any derived classes. All plugins in the plugins directory derive from a base class in the base.py file. base.py looks like this: class BasePlugin(object): """ Base """ def __init__(self): pass plugina_plugin.py looks like this: from base import BasePlugin class PluginA(BasePlugin): """ Plugin A """ def __init__(self): pass Could anyone help me out with this? Whatm am i doing wrong? I've racked my brains over this but I cant seem to figure it out Thanks.

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  • Sphinx - Python modules, classes and functions documentation

    - by user343934
    Hi everyone, I am trying to document my small project through sphinx which im recently trying to get familiar with. I read some tutorials and sphinx documentation but couldn't make it. Setup and configurations are ok! just have problems in using sphinx in a technical way. My table of content should look like this --- Overview .....Contents ----Configuration ....Contents ---- System Requirements .....Contents ---- How to use .....Contents ---- Modules ..... Index ......Display ----Help ......Content Moreover my focus is on Modules with docstrings. Details of Modules are Directory:- c:/wamp/www/project/ ----- Index.py >> Class HtmlTemplate: .... def header(): .... def body(): .... def form(): .... def header(): .... __init_main: ##inline function ----- display.py >> Class MainDisplay: .... def execute(): .... def display(): .... def tree(): .... __init_main: ##inline function My Documentation Directory:- c:/users/abc/Desktop/Documentation/doc/ --- _build --- _static --- _templates --- conf.py --- index.rst I have added Modules directory to the system environment and edited index.rst with following codes just to test Table of content. But i couldn't extract docstring directly Index.rst T-Alignment Documentation The documentation covers general overview of the application covering functionalities and requirements in details. To know how to use application its better to go through the documentation. .. _overview: Overview .. _System Requirement: System Requirement Seq-alignment tools can be used in varied systems base on whether all intermediary applications are available or not like in Windows, Mac, Linux and UNIX. But, it has been tested on the Windows working under a beta version. System Applications Server .. _Configuration:: Configuration Basic steps in configuration involves in following categories Environment variables Apache setting .. _Modules:: Modules How can i continue from here... Moreover, i am just a beginner to sphinx documentation tool I need your suggestions to brings my modules docstring to my documentation page Thanks

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  • Exit Tks mainloop in Python?

    - by Olof
    I'm writing a slideshow program with Tkinter, but I don't know how to go to the next image without binding a key. import os, sys import Tkinter import Image, ImageTk import time root = Tkinter.Tk() w, h = root.winfo_screenwidth(), root.winfo_screenheight() root.overrideredirect(1) root.geometry("%dx%d+0+0" % (w, h)) root.focus_set() root.bind("<Escape>", lambda e: e.widget.quit()) image_path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'images/') dirlist = os.listdir(image_path) for f in dirlist: try: image = Image.open(image_path+f) tkpi = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image) label_image = Tkinter.Label(root, image=tkpi) # ? label_image.place(x=0,y=0,width=w,height=h) root.mainloop(0) except IOError: pass root.destroy() I would like to add a time.sleep(10) "instead" of the root.mainloop(0) so that it would go to the next image after 10s. Now it changes when I press ESC. How can I have a timer there?

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  • how to display my list with n amount on each line in Python

    - by user1786698
    im trying to display my list with 7 states on each line here is what i have so far, but it displays as one long string of all the states with quotes around each state. I forgot to mention that this is for my CS class and we havent learned iter yet so we not allowed to use it. the only hint i was given was to to turn STATE_LIST into a string then use '\n' to break it up state = str(STATE_LIST) displaystates = Text(Point(WINDOW_WIDTH/2, WINDOW_HEIGHT/2), state.split('\n')) displaystates.draw(win) and STATE_LIST looks like this STATE_VOTES = { "AL" : 9, # Alabama "AK" : 3, # Alaska "AZ" : 11, # Arizona "AR" : 6, # Arkansas "CA" : 55, # California "CO" : 9, # Colorado "CT" : 7, # Connecticut "DE" : 3, # Delaware "DC" : 3, # Washington DC "FL" : 29, # Florida "GA" : 16, # Georgia "HI" : 4, # Hawaii "ID" : 4, # Idaho "IL" : 20, # Illinois "IN" : 11, # Indiana "IA" : 6, # Iowa "KS" : 6, # Kansas "KY" : 8, # Kentucky "LA" : 8, # Louisiana "ME" : 4, # Maine "MD" : 10, # Maryland "MA" : 11, # Massachusetts "MI" : 16, # Michigan "MN" : 10, # Minnesota "MS" : 6, # Mississippi "MO" : 10, # Missouri "MT" : 3, # Montana "NE" : 5, # Nebraska "NV" : 6, # Nevada "NH" : 4, # New Hampshire "NJ" : 14, # New Jersey "NM" : 5, # New Mexico "NY" : 29, # New York "NC" : 15, # North Carolina "ND" : 3, # North Dakota "OH" : 18, # Ohio "OK" : 7, # Oklahoma "OR" : 7, # Oregon "PA" : 20, # Pennsylvania "RI" : 4, # Rhode Island "SC" : 9, # South Carolina "SD" : 3, # South Dakota "TN" : 11, # Tennessee "TX" : 38, # Texas "UT" : 6, # Utah "VT" : 3, # Vermont "VA" : 13, # Virginia "WA" : 12, # Washington "WV" : 5, # West Virginia "WI" : 10, # Wisconsin "WY" : 3 # Wyoming } STATE_LIST = sorted(list(STATE_VOTES.keys())) I am trying to get it to look somewhat like this

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  • How to do relative imports in Python?

    - by Joril
    Imagine this directory structure: app/ __init__.py sub1/ __init__.py mod1.py sub2/ __init__.py mod2.py I'm coding mod1, and I need to import something from mod2. How should I do it? I tried from ..sub2 import mod2 but I'm getting an "Attempted relative import in non-package". I googled around but found only "sys.path manipulation" hacks. Isn't there a clean way? Edit: all my __init__.py's are currently empty Edit2: I'm trying to do this because sub2 contains classes that are shared across sub packages (sub1, subX, etc.). Edit3: The behaviour I'm looking for is the same as described in PEP 366 (thanks John B)

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  • Python: writing a program to compute the area of a circle and square

    - by user1672504
    I have a question with an assignment. I'm not sure how to write this program and I really need help! Could someone help me with this? This is the assignment: Write a program that asks the user to enter two values: an integer choice and a real number x. If choice is 1, compute and display the area of a circle of radius x. If choice is 2, compute and display the are of a square with sides of length x. If choice is neither 1, nor 2, will display the text Invalid choice. Sample run: Enter choice: 2 Enter x: 8 The area is: 64.0 Sample run: Enter choice: 1 Enter x: 8 The area is: 201.06176 My attempt: choice = input ('Enter Choice:') choice_1 = int (choice) if (choice_1==1): radius = (int) print('Enter x:',radius) pi = 3.14159 area = ( radius ** 2 ) * pi print ( 'The Area is=' , area )

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  • Python beginer having trouble running code

    - by Protean
    For some reason this code will not seem to run in the interpreter. When I hit F5 nothing happens, not even the debugger seems to recognize it. I assume it has something to do with the class, as when removed the interpreter seems to recognize the rest of the code. Please tell me what I am doing wrong. Edit: I have restarted the interpreter multiple times, any other piece of code I try to load runs fine, just this one is having trouble. print ('Why won't this work?') class sorting_class: def __init__(self): self.order = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] self.globali = 0 self.orderi = 0 self.sortedlist = [] def sort(self, array): carry, leave = [] for arrayi in array: print ('run', arrayi) if self.order[self.orderi] == arrayi[self.globali]: carry.append(arrayi) else: if self.globali != 0: leave.append(arrayi) return carry, leave def srt(self, array): globalii = 0 carry, leave = my.sort(array) while len(self.sortedlist) != len(array): if len(self.carry) == 1: self.sortedlist.append(carry) arrayt = leave self.globali = 1 self.orderi = 0 carry, leave = my.sort(arrayt) elif len(self.carry) == 0: if len(self.leave) != 0: arrayt = leave self.globali = 1 self.orderi += 1 my.sort(arrayt) else: self.arrayt globalii += 1 self.orderi = globalii self.globali = 0 my.sort(arrayt) self.orderi = 0 else: arrayt = carry carry = [] self.globali += 1 carry, leave += my.sort(arrayt) my = sorting_class() x = ['ac', 'bc' ,'ab', 'da'] my.srt(x)

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  • Python: saving and loading objects and using pickle.

    - by Peterstone
    Hello, I´m trying to save and load objects using pickle module. First I declare my objects: >>> class Fruits:pass ... >>> banana = Fruits() >>> banana.color = 'yellow' >>> banana.value = 30 After that I open a file called 'Fruits.obj'(previously I created a new .txt file and I renamed 'Fruits.obj'): >>> import pickle >>> filehandler = open(b"Fruits.obj","wb") >>> pickle.dump(banana,filehandler) After do this I close my session and I began a new one and I put the next (trying to access to the object that it supposed to be saved): file = open("Fruits.obj",'r') object_file = pickle.load(file) But I have this message: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "C:\Python31\lib\pickle.py", line 1365, in load encoding=encoding, errors=errors).load() ValueError: read() from the underlying stream did notreturn bytes I don´t know what to do because I don´t understand this message. Does anyone know How I can load my object 'banana'? Thank you! EDIT: As some of you have sugested I put: >>> import pickle >>> file = open("Fruits.obj",'rb') There were no problem, but the next I put was: >>> object_file = pickle.load(file) And I have error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "C:\Python31\lib\pickle.py", line 1365, in load encoding=encoding, errors=errors).load() EOFError

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  • Get python tarfile to skip files without read permission

    - by chris
    I'm trying to write a function that backs up a directory with files of different permission to an archive on Windows XP. I'm using the tarfile module to tar the directory. Currently as soon as the program encounters a file that does not have read permissions, it stops giving the error: IOError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'path to file'. I would like it to instead just skip over the files it cannot read rather than end the tar operation. This is the code I am using now: def compressTar(): """Build and gzip the tar archive.""" folder = 'C:\\Documents and Settings' tar = tarfile.open ("C:\\WINDOWS\\Program\\archive.tar.gz", "w:gz") try: print "Attempting to build a backup archive" tar.add(folder) except: print "Permission denied attempting to create a backup archive" print "Building a limited archive conatining files with read permissions." for root, dirs, files in os.walk(folder): for f in files: tar.add(os.path.join(root, f)) for d in dirs: tar.add(os.path.join(root, d))

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  • Logical python question - handling directories and files in them

    - by Konstantin
    Hello! I'm using this function to extract files from .zip archive and store it on the server: def unzip_file_into_dir(file, dir): import sys, zipfile, os, os.path os.makedirs(dir, 0777) zfobj = zipfile.ZipFile(file) for name in zfobj.namelist(): if name.endswith('/'): os.mkdir(os.path.join(dir, name)) else: outfile = open(os.path.join(dir, name), 'wb') outfile.write(zfobj.read(name)) outfile.close() And the usage: unzip_file_into_dir('/var/zips/somearchive.zip', '/var/www/extracted_zip') somearchive.zip have this structure: somearchive.zip 1.jpeg 2.jpeg another.jpeg or, somethimes, this one: somearchive.zip somedir/ 1.jpeg 2.jpeg another.jpeg Question is: how do I modify my function, so that my extracted_zip catalog would always contain just images, not images in another subdirectory, even if images are stored in somedir inside an archive.

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  • Compute divergence of vector field using python

    - by nyvltak
    Is there a function that could be used for calculation of the divergence of the vectorial field? (in matlab http://www.mathworks.ch/help/techdoc/ref/divergence.html) I would expect it exists in numpy/scipy but I can not find it using google :(. # I need to calculate div[A * grad(F)], where F = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]]) (2D numpy ndarray) A = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[1,2,3,4]]) (2D numpy ndarray) so grad(F) is a set of 2D ndarrays # I know, I can calculate divergence like this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence#Application_in_Cartesian_coordinates but do not want to reinvent the wheel. (and also I expent there is some optimized function)

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  • Sort a python dict

    - by ensnare
    I have a list of dictionaries: [{'title':'New York Times', 'title_url':'New_York_Times','id':4}, {'title':'USA Today','title_url':'USA_Today','id':6}, {'title':'Apple News','title_url':'Apple_News','id':2}] I'd like to sort it by the title, so elements with A go before Z: [{'title':'Apple News','title_url':'Apple_News','id':2}, {'title':'New York Times', 'title_url':'New_York_Times','id':4}, {'title':'USA Today','title_url':'USA_Today','id':6}] What's the best way to do this? Also, is there a way to ensure the order of each dictionary key stays constant, e.g., always title, title_url, then id? Thank you.

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  • Fetch wrong SVN credentials with Python

    - by user1029968
    Could anyone here let me know how can I check if provided SVN credentials (username and password) are proper? With pysvn there is callback_get_login parameter but in case credentials are wrong, callback is prompted over and over without any way to cancel this and return failure information. Please let me know how can I (not neccesserily with pysvn) check if provided SVN credentials are okay. Thank you in advance!

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  • Replace text in file with Python

    - by Aaron Hoffman
    I'm trying to replace some text in a file with a value. Everything works fine but when I look at the file after its completed there is a new (blank) line after each line in the file. Is there something I can do to prevent this from happening. Here is the code as I have it: import fileinput for line in fileinput.FileInput("testfile.txt",inplace=1): line = line.replace("newhost",host) print line Thank you, Aaron

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  • Running a Python script outside of Django

    - by geejay
    I have a script which uses the Django ORM features, amongst other external libraries, that I want to run outside of Django (that is, executed from the command-line). Edit: At the moment, I can launch it by navigating to a URL... How do I setup the environment for this?

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