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  • Sort a python dict

    - by ensnare
    I have a list of dictionaries: [{'title':'New York Times', 'title_url':'New_York_Times','id':4}, {'title':'USA Today','title_url':'USA_Today','id':6}, {'title':'Apple News','title_url':'Apple_News','id':2}] I'd like to sort it by the title, so elements with A go before Z: [{'title':'Apple News','title_url':'Apple_News','id':2}, {'title':'New York Times', 'title_url':'New_York_Times','id':4}, {'title':'USA Today','title_url':'USA_Today','id':6}] What's the best way to do this? Also, is there a way to ensure the order of each dictionary key stays constant, e.g., always title, title_url, then id? Thank you.

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  • Python: override __init__ args in __new__

    - by EoghanM
    I have a __new__ method as follows: class MyClass(object): def __new__(cls, *args): new_args = [] args.sort() prev = args.pop(0) while args: next = args.pop(0) if prev.compare(next): prev = prev.combine(next) else: new_args.append(prev) prev = next if some_check(prev): return SomeOtherClass() new_args.append(prev) return super(MyClass, cls).__new__(cls, new_args) def __init__(self, *args): ... However, this fails with a deprecation warning: DeprecationWarning: object.__new__() takes no parameters SomeOtherClass can optionally get created as the args are processed, that's why they are being processed in __new__ and not in __init__ What is the best way to pass new_args to __init__? Otherwise, I'll have to duplicate the processing of args in __init__ (without some_check)

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  • Python unicode issues (2.6)

    - by ephemeralis
    I'm currently working on a irc bot for a multi-lingual channel, and I'm encountering some issues with unicode which are proving nearly impossible to solve. No matter what configuration of unicode encoding I seem to try, the list function which the below code sits within just flat out does nothing (c.notice is a class function which sends a NOTICE command to the irc server) or when it does do something, spits out something which obviously isn't encoded. The command should be sending ??, but instead it seems hellbent on sending å¤©å­ with a previous configuration of the same commands. The one I have specified below is of the 'send nothing' variety. I haven't worked with unicode before this, and thus I am quite stuck. I'm also positive that I'm doing this completely wrong as a consequence. (compileCMD just takes a list and spits out a single string of all the elements within the list) uk = self.compileCMD(self.faq.keys(),0) ukeys = unicode(uk,"utf-8").encode("utf-8") c.notice(nick, u"Current list of faq entries: %s" % (uk))

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  • Logical python question - handling directories and files in them

    - by Konstantin
    Hello! I'm using this function to extract files from .zip archive and store it on the server: def unzip_file_into_dir(file, dir): import sys, zipfile, os, os.path os.makedirs(dir, 0777) zfobj = zipfile.ZipFile(file) for name in zfobj.namelist(): if name.endswith('/'): os.mkdir(os.path.join(dir, name)) else: outfile = open(os.path.join(dir, name), 'wb') outfile.write(zfobj.read(name)) outfile.close() And the usage: unzip_file_into_dir('/var/zips/somearchive.zip', '/var/www/extracted_zip') somearchive.zip have this structure: somearchive.zip 1.jpeg 2.jpeg another.jpeg or, somethimes, this one: somearchive.zip somedir/ 1.jpeg 2.jpeg another.jpeg Question is: how do I modify my function, so that my extracted_zip catalog would always contain just images, not images in another subdirectory, even if images are stored in somedir inside an archive.

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  • Hierarchy / Flyweight / Instancing Problem in Python

    - by Dan
    Here is the problem I am trying to solve, (I have simplified the actual problem, but this should give you all the relevant information). I have a hierarchy like so: 1.A 1.B 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.F (This is hard to illustrate - each number is the parent, each letter is the child). Creating an instance of the 'letter' objects is expensive (IO, database costs, etc), so should only be done once. The hierarchy needs to be easy to navigate. Children in the hierarchy need to have just one parent. Modifying the contents of the letter objects should be possible directly from the objects in the hierarchy. There needs to be a central store containing all of the 'letter' objects (and only those in the hierarchy). 'letter' and 'number' objects need to be possible to create from a constructor (such as Letter(**kwargs) ). It is perfectably acceptable to expect that when a letter changes from the hierarchy, all other letters will respect the same change. Hope this isn't too abstract to illustrate the problem. What would be the best way of solving this? (Then I'll post my solution) Here's an example script: one = Number('one') a = Letter('a') one.addChild(a) two = Number('two') a = Letter('a') two.addChild(a) for child in one: child.method1() for child in two: print '%s' % child.method2()

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  • Fast iterating over first n items of an iterable (not a list) in python

    - by martinthenext
    Hello! I'm looking for a pythonic way of iterating over first n items of an iterable (upd: not a list in a common case, as for lists things are trivial), and it's quite important to do this as fast as possible. This is how I do it now: count = 0 for item in iterable: do_something(item) count += 1 if count >= n: break Doesn't seem neat to me. Another way of doing this is: for item in itertools.islice(iterable, n): do_something(item) This looks good, the question is it fast enough to use with some generator(s)? For example: pair_generator = lambda iterable: itertools.izip(*[iter(iterable)]*2) for item in itertools.islice(pair_generator(iterable), n): so_something(item) Will it run fast enough as compared to the first method? Is there some easier way to do it?

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  • How to bind an ip address to telnetlib in Python

    - by jack
    The code below binds an ip address to urllib, urllib2, etc. import socket true_socket = socket.socket def bound_socket(*a, **k): sock = true_socket(*a, **k) sock.bind((sourceIP, 0)) return sock socket.socket = bound_socket Is it also able to bind an ip address to telnetlib?

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  • Memory problems while code is running (Python, Networkx)

    - by MIN SU PARK
    I made a code for generate a graph with 379613734 edges. But the code couldn't be finished because of memory. It takes about 97% of server memory when it go through 62 million lines. So I killed it. Do you have any idea to solve this problem? My code is like this: import os, sys import time import networkx as nx G = nx.Graph() ptime = time.time() j = 1 for line in open("./US_Health_Links.txt", 'r'): #for line in open("./test_network.txt", 'r'): follower = line.strip().split()[0] followee = line.strip().split()[1] G.add_edge(follower, followee) if j%1000000 == 0: print j*1.0/1000000, "million lines done", time.time() - ptime ptime = time.time() j += 1 DG = G.to_directed() # P = nx.path_graph(DG) Nn_G = G.number_of_nodes() N_CC = nx.number_connected_components(G) LCC = nx.connected_component_subgraphs(G)[0] n_LCC = LCC.nodes() Nn_LCC = LCC.number_of_nodes() inDegree = DG.in_degree() outDegree = DG.out_degree() Density = nx.density(G) # Diameter = nx.diameter(G) # Centrality = nx.betweenness_centrality(PDG, normalized=True, weighted_edges=False) # Clustering = nx.average_clustering(G) print "number of nodes in G\t" + str(Nn_G) + '\n' + "number of CC in G\t" + str(N_CC) + '\n' + "number of nodes in LCC\t" + str(Nn_LCC) + '\n' + "Density of G\t" + str(Density) + '\n' # sys.exit() # j += 1 The edge data is like this: 1000 1001 1000245 1020191 1000 10267352 1000653 10957902 1000 11039092 1000 1118691 10346 11882 1000 1228281 1000 1247041 1000 12965332 121340 13027572 1000 13075072 1000 13183162 1000 13250162 1214 13326292 1000 13452672 1000 13844892 1000 14061830 12340 1406481 1000 14134703 1000 14216951 1000 14254402 12134 14258044 1000 14270791 1000 14278978 12134 14313332 1000 14392970 1000 14441172 1000 14497568 1000 14502775 1000 14595635 1000 14620544 1000 14632615 10234 14680596 1000 14956164 10230 14998341 112000 15132211 1000 15145450 100 15285998 1000 15288974 1000 15300187 1000 1532061 1000 15326300 Lastly, is there anybody who has an experience to analyze Twitter link data? It's quite hard to me to take a directed graph and calculate average/median indegree and outdegree of nodes. Any help or idea?

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  • Comparing a time delta in python

    - by Alpesh Patel
    I have a variable which is <type 'datetime.timedelta'> and I would like to compare it against certain values. Lets say d produces this datetime.timedelta value 0:00:01.782000 I would like to compare it like this: #if d is greater than 1 minute if d>1:00: print "elapsed time is greater than 1 minute" I have tried converting datetime.timedelta.strptime() but that does seem to work. Is there an easier way to compare this value?

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  • Python Script to backup a directory

    - by rgolwalkar
    Filename:backup_ver1 import os import time 1 Using list to specify the files and directory to be backed up source = r'C:\Documents and Settings\rgolwalkar\Desktop\Desktop\Dr Py\Final_Py' 2 define backup directory destination = r'C:\Documents and Settings\rgolwalkar\Desktop\Desktop\PyDevResourse' 3 Setting the backup name targetBackup = destination + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S') + '.rar' rar_command = "rar.exe a -ag '%s' %s" % (targetBackup, ''.join(source)) i am sure i am doing something wrong here - rar command please let me know if os.system(rar_command) == 0: print 'Successful backup to', targetBackup else: print 'Backup FAILED' O/P:- Backup FAILED winrar is added to Path and CLASSPATH under Environment variables as well - anyone else with a suggestion for backing up the directory is most welcome

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  • Exit Tks mainloop in Python?

    - by Olof
    I'm writing a slideshow program with Tkinter, but I don't know how to go to the next image without binding a key. import os, sys import Tkinter import Image, ImageTk import time root = Tkinter.Tk() w, h = root.winfo_screenwidth(), root.winfo_screenheight() root.overrideredirect(1) root.geometry("%dx%d+0+0" % (w, h)) root.focus_set() root.bind("<Escape>", lambda e: e.widget.quit()) image_path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'images/') dirlist = os.listdir(image_path) for f in dirlist: try: image = Image.open(image_path+f) tkpi = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image) label_image = Tkinter.Label(root, image=tkpi) # ? label_image.place(x=0,y=0,width=w,height=h) root.mainloop(0) except IOError: pass root.destroy() I would like to add a time.sleep(10) "instead" of the root.mainloop(0) so that it would go to the next image after 10s. Now it changes when I press ESC. How can I have a timer there?

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  • Using arrays with other arrays in Python.

    - by Scott
    Trying to find an efficient way to extract all instances of items in an array out of another. For example array1 = ["abc", "def", "ghi", "jkl"] array2 = ["abc", "ghi", "456", "789"] Array 1 is an array of items that need to be extracted out of array 2. Thus, array 2 should be modified to ["456", "789"] I know how to do this, but no in an efficient manner.

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  • Drawing a Dragons curve in Python

    - by Connor Franzoni
    I am trying to work out how to draw the dragons curve, with pythons turtle using the An L-System or Lindenmayer system. I no the code is something like the Dragon curve; initial state = ‘F’, replacement rule – replace ‘F’ with ‘F+F-F’, number of replacements = 8, length = 5, angle = 60 But have no idea how to put that into code.

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  • python to display the special characters

    - by Suhail
    Hi, I am facing issues with the special characters like ° and ® which represent the degreee Farenheit sign and the ® represent the registered sign, when i print the string the contains the special characters, it gives output like this: Preheat oven to 350&deg F Welcome to Lorem Ipsum Inc&reg is there a way i can output the exact characters and not their codes ? please let me know.

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  • Python beginer having trouble running code

    - by Protean
    For some reason this code will not seem to run in the interpreter. When I hit F5 nothing happens, not even the debugger seems to recognize it. I assume it has something to do with the class, as when removed the interpreter seems to recognize the rest of the code. Please tell me what I am doing wrong. Edit: I have restarted the interpreter multiple times, any other piece of code I try to load runs fine, just this one is having trouble. print ('Why won't this work?') class sorting_class: def __init__(self): self.order = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] self.globali = 0 self.orderi = 0 self.sortedlist = [] def sort(self, array): carry, leave = [] for arrayi in array: print ('run', arrayi) if self.order[self.orderi] == arrayi[self.globali]: carry.append(arrayi) else: if self.globali != 0: leave.append(arrayi) return carry, leave def srt(self, array): globalii = 0 carry, leave = my.sort(array) while len(self.sortedlist) != len(array): if len(self.carry) == 1: self.sortedlist.append(carry) arrayt = leave self.globali = 1 self.orderi = 0 carry, leave = my.sort(arrayt) elif len(self.carry) == 0: if len(self.leave) != 0: arrayt = leave self.globali = 1 self.orderi += 1 my.sort(arrayt) else: self.arrayt globalii += 1 self.orderi = globalii self.globali = 0 my.sort(arrayt) self.orderi = 0 else: arrayt = carry carry = [] self.globali += 1 carry, leave += my.sort(arrayt) my = sorting_class() x = ['ac', 'bc' ,'ab', 'da'] my.srt(x)

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  • regular expression search in python

    - by Richard
    Hello all, I am trying to parse some data and just started reading up on regular Expressions so I am pretty new to it. This is the code I have so far String = "MEASUREMENT 3835 303 Oxygen: 235.78 Saturation: 90.51 Temperature: 24.41 DPhase: 33.07 BPhase: 29.56 RPhase: 0.00 BAmp: 368.57 BPot: 18.00 RAmp: 0.00 RawTem.: 68.21" String = String.strip('\t\x11\x13') String = String.split("Oxygen:") print String[1] String[1].lstrip print String[1] What I am trying to do is to do is remove the oxygen data (235.78) and put it in its own variable using an regular expression search. I realize that there should be an easy solution but I am trying to figure out how regular expressions work and they are making my head hurt. Thanks for any help Richard

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  • Types in Python - Google Appengine

    - by Chris M
    Getting a bit peeved now; I have a model and a class thats just storing a get request in the database; basic tracking. class SearchRec(db.Model): WebSite = db.StringProperty()#required=True WebPage = db.StringProperty() CountryNM = db.StringProperty() PrefMailing = db.BooleanProperty() DateStamp = db.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add=True) IP = db.StringProperty() class AddSearch(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): searchRec = SearchRec() searchRec.WebSite = self.request.get('WEBSITE') searchRec.WebPage = self.request.get('WEBPAGE') searchRec.CountryNM = self.request.get('COUNTRY') searchRec.PrefMailing = bool(self.request.get('MAIL')) searchRec.IP = self.request.get('IP') Bool has my biscuit; I thought that setting bool(self.reque....) would set the type of the string but no matter what I pass it it still stores it as TRUE in the database. I had the same issue with using required=True on strings for the model; the damn thing kept saying that nothing was being passed... but it had. Ta

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  • Obfuscate strings in Python

    - by Caedis
    I have a password string that must be passed to a method. Everything works fine but I don't feel comfortable storing the password in clear text. Is there a way to obfuscate the string or to truly encrypt it? I'm aware that obfuscation can be reverse engineered, but I think I should at least try to cover up the password a bit. At the very least it wont be visible to a indexing program, or a stray eye giving a quick look at my code. I am aware of pyobfuscate but I don't want the whole program obfuscated, just one string and possibly the whole line itself where the variable is defined. Target platform is GNU Linux Generic (If that makes a difference)

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  • about python scripting

    - by kmitnick
    I have this code class HNCS (ThreadingTCPServer): def verify_request(self, request, client_address): for key in connections: if connections[key].client_address[0] == client_address[0]: if client_address[0] != '127.0.0.1': return False return True def welcome(self): return '''______________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------ %s ______________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------ * Server started %s * Waiting for connections on port %i ''' % (gpl, ctime(), PORT) I only can't figure out the line where it says if connections[key].client_address[0] == client_address[0] how come we used client_address as an attribute after dictionary???

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  • Python/YACC: Resolving a shift/reduce conflict

    - by Rosarch
    I'm using PLY. Here is one of my states from parser.out: state 3 (5) course_data -> course . (6) course_data -> course . course_list_tail (3) or_phrase -> course . OR_CONJ COURSE_NUMBER (7) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER (8) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER course_list_tail ! shift/reduce conflict for OR_CONJ resolved as shift $end reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) OR_CONJ shift and go to state 7 , shift and go to state 8 ! OR_CONJ [ reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) ] course_list_tail shift and go to state 9 I want to resolve this as: if OR_CONJ is followed by COURSE_NUMBER: shift and go to state 7 else: reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) How can I fix my parser file to reflect this? Do I need to handle a syntax error by backtracking and trying a different rule?

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  • python regex of a date in some text, enclosed by two keywords

    - by Horace Ho
    This is Part 2 of this question and thanks very much for David's answer. What if I need to extract dates which are bounded by two keywords? Example: text = "One 09 Jun 2011 Two 10 Dec 2012 Three 15 Jan 2015 End" Case 1 bounding keyboards: "One" and "Three" Result expected: ['09 Jun 2011', '10 Dec 2012'] Case 2 bounding keyboards: "Two" and "End" Result expected: ['10 Dec 2012', '15 Jan 2015'] Thanks!

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  • Faster float to int conversion in Python

    - by culebrón
    Here's a piece of code that takes most time in my program, according to timeit statistics. It's a dirty function to convert floats in [-1.0, 1.0] interval into unsigned integer [0, 2**32]. How can I accelerate floatToInt? piece = [] rng = range(32) for i in rng: piece.append(1.0/2**i) def floatToInt(x): n = x + 1.0 res = 0 for i in rng: if n >= piece[i]: res += 2**(31-i) n -= piece[i] return res

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