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• Are self-described / auto-descriptive services loosely or tightly coupled in a SOA architecture ?

  - by snowflake

  I consider a self-described / auto-descriptive service as a good thing in a SOA architecture, since (almost) everything you know to call the service is present in the service contract (such a WSDL). Sample of a non self-described service for me is Facebook Query Language (FQL http://wiki.developers.facebook.com/index.php/FQL), or any web service exchanging XML flow in a one String parameter for then parsing XML and performing treatments. Last ones seem further more technically decoupled, since technically you can switch implementations without technical impact on the caller, handling compatibility between implementations/versions at a business level. On the other side, having no strong interface (diluted into the service and its version), make the service tightly coupled to the existing implementation (more difficulty to interchange the service and to ensure perfect compatibility). This question is related to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2503071/how-to-implement-loose-coupling-with-a-soa-architecture So, are self-described / auto-descriptive services loosely or tightly coupled in a SOA architecture ? What are the impacts regarding ESBs ? Any pointer will be appreciated.

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• Is N-Tier Architecture only the physical seperation of code or there is something more to it?

  - by Starx

  Is N-Tier Architecture only the physical separation of code or there is something more to it? What sorts of coding do we put in Presentation Layer, Application Layer, Business Logic Layer, User Interface Logic, Data Access Layer, Data Access Object,? Can all the layers mentioned above give a fully functional N-tier architecture? For example: Whenever a user clicks a button to load a content via AJAX, they we do coding to fetch a particular HTML output and then update the element, so does this JavaScript coding also lie on a different tier? Because If N-tier Architecture is really about physical separation of code, than i think Its better to separate the JavaScript coding also.

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• Never getting a JSON response when running server-side PHP proxy script but I do with others

  - by Dohk

  I'm on PHP 5.3.4 and Apache 2.2 btw So I'm using (or trying to use) Simple PHP Proxy (Simple PHP Proxy) I enter a URL at his example page at SPP Example Page and it works fine, I see the JSON response and all the headers. However, when I copy the exact URL, only changing the URL to now have localhost, I get both empty headers and no JSON. Assuming that the script on his site is the same I downloaded, could this be due to a multitude of things or a setting in Apache and/or the PHP ini? So for example: benalman.com/code/projects/php-simple-proxy/ba-simple-proxy.php?url=http://github.com/&full_headers=1&full_status=1 That will get me a ton of info back Now changing to localhost http://localhost/ba-simple-proxy.php?url=http://github.com/&full_headers=1&full_status=1 {"headers":[],"status":{"url":"https:\/\/github.com\/","content_type":"text\/html","http_code":301,"header_size":194,"request_size":182,"filetime":-1,"ssl_verify_result":0,"redirect_count":1,"total_time":0.094,"namelookup_time":0,"connect_time":0.047,"pretransfer_time":0,"size_upload":0,"size_download":185,"speed_download":1968,"speed_upload":0,"download_content_length":185,"upload_content_length":0,"starttransfer_time":0,"redirect_time":0.047,"certinfo":[]},"contents":null} I even went basic and just used some curl and of course, empty objects being returned other than false for my content and the url I set in my JSON. Any help is deeply appreciated or any ideas.

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• MVVM: How to handle interaction between nested ViewModels?

  - by Dan Bryant

  I'm been experimenting with the oft-mentioned MVVM pattern and I've been having a hard time defining clear boundaries in some cases. In my application, I have a dialog that allows me to create a Connection to a Controller. There is a ViewModel class for the dialog, which is simple enough. However, the dialog also hosts an additional control (chosen by a ContentTemplateSelector), which varies depending on the particular type of Controller that's being connected. This control has its own ViewModel. The issue I'm encountering is that, when I close the dialog by pressing OK, I need to actually create the requested connection, which requires information captured in the inner Controller-specific ViewModel class. It's tempting to simply have all of the Controller-specific ViewModel classes implement a common interface that constructs the connection, but should the inner ViewModel really be in charge of this construction? My general question is: are there are any generally-accepted design patterns for how ViewModels should interact with eachother, particularly when a 'parent' VM needs help from a 'child' VM in order to know what to do?

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• Difference between "machine hardware" and "hardware platform"

  - by Adil

  My Linux machine reports "uname -a" outputs as below:- [root@tom i386]# uname -a Linux tom 2.6.9-89.ELsmp #1 SMP Mon Apr 20 10:34:33 EDT 2009 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux [root@tom i386]# As per man page of uname, the entries "i686 i686 i386" denotes:- machine hardware name (i686) processor type (i686) hardware platform (i386) Additional info: [root@tom i386]# cat /proc/cpuinfo <snip> vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 15 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU 5148 @ 2.33GHz stepping : 6 cpu MHz : 2328.038 cache size : 4096 KB </snip>

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• ServiceLocator not initialized in Tests project

  - by Carl Bussema

  When attempting to write a test related to my new Tasks (MVC3, S#arp 2.0), I get this error when I try to run the test: MyProject.Tests.MyProject.Tasks.CategoryTasksTests.CanConfirmDeleteReadiness: SetUp : System.NullReferenceException : ServiceLocator has not been initialized; I was trying to retrieve SharpArch.NHibernate.ISessionFactoryKeyProvider ---- System.NullReferenceException : Object reference not set to an instance of an object. at SharpArch.Domain.SafeServiceLocator1.GetService() at SharpArch.NHibernate.SessionFactoryKeyHelper.GetKeyFrom(Object anObject) at SharpArch.NHibernate.NHibernateRepositoryWithTypedId2.get_Session() at SharpArch.NHibernate.NHibernateRepositoryWithTypedId2.Save(T entity) at MyProject.Tests.MyProject.Tasks.CategoryTasksTests.Setup() in C:\code\MyProject\Solutions\MyProject.Tests\MyProject.Tasks\CategoryTasksTests.cs:line 36 --NullReferenceException at Microsoft.Practices.ServiceLocation.ServiceLocator.get_Current() at SharpArch.Domain.SafeServiceLocator1.GetService() Other tests which do not involve the new class (e.g., generate/confirm database mappings) run correctly. My ServiceLocatorInitializer is as follows public class ServiceLocatorInitializer { public static void Init() { IWindsorContainer container = new WindsorContainer(); container.Register( Component .For(typeof(DefaultSessionFactoryKeyProvider)) .ImplementedBy(typeof(DefaultSessionFactoryKeyProvider)) .Named("sessionFactoryKeyProvider")); container.Register( Component .For(typeof(IEntityDuplicateChecker)) .ImplementedBy(typeof(EntityDuplicateChecker)) .Named("entityDuplicateChecker")); ServiceLocator.SetLocatorProvider(() => new WindsorServiceLocator(container)); } }

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• Reporting a WCF application's status to F5's Big IP products

  - by ng5000

  In a Windows Server 2003 environment with a self hosted .Net 3.5/WCF application, how can an application report its status to a BigIP Local Traffic Manager? Example: One of my services errors. My custom WCF application hosting software (written because Windows Server 2008 is not yet available and I'm using WCF TCP bindings) detects this and wants to report itself as down until it can recover the errant service. It needs to report itself as down to the BigIP LTM so that it is no longer sent client originated requests.

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• Component based game engine design

  - by a_m0d

  I have been looking at game engine design (specifically focused on 2d game engines, but also applicable to 3d games), and am interested in some information on how to go about it. I have heard that many engines are moving to a component based design nowadays rather than the traditional deep-object hierarchy. Do you know of any good links with information on how these sorts of designs are often implemented? I have seen evolve your hierarchy, but I can't really find many more with detailed information (most of them just seem to say "use components rather than a hierarchy" but I have found that it takes a bit of effort to switch my thinking between the two models). Any good links or information on this would be appreciated, and even books, although links and detailed answers here would be preferred.

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• Modularizing web applications

  - by Matt

  Hey all, I was wondering how big companies tend to modularize components on their page. Facebook is a good example: There's a team working on Search that has its own CSS, javascript, html, etc.. There's a team working on the news feed that has its own CSS, javascript, html, etc... ... And the list goes on They cannot all be aware of what everyone is naming their div tags and whatnot, so what's the controller(?) doing to hook all these components in on the final page?? Note: This doesn't just apply to facebook - any company that has separate teams working on separate components has some logic that helps them out. EDIT: Thanks all for the responses, unfortunately I still haven't really found what I'm looking for - when you check out the source code (granted its minified), the divs have UIDs, my guess is that there is a compilation process that runs through and makes each of the components unique, renaming divs and css rules.. any ideas? Thanks all! Matt Mueller

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• The Importance of a Security Assessment - by Michael Terra, Oracle

  - by Darin Pendergraft

  Today's Blog was written by Michael Terra, who was the Subject Matter Expert for the recently announced Oracle Online Security Assessment. You can take the Online Assessment here: Take the Online Assessment Over the past decade, IT Security has become a recognized and respected Business discipline.  Several factors have contributed to IT Security becoming a core business and organizational enabler including, but not limited to, increased external threats and increased regulatory pressure. Security is also viewed as a key enabler for strategic corporate activities such as mergers and acquisitions.Now, the challenge for senior security professionals is to develop an ongoing dialogue within their organizations about the importance of information security and how it can impact their organization's strategic objectives/mission. The importance of conducting regular “Security Assessments” across the IT and physical infrastructure has become increasingly important. Security standards and frameworks, such as the international standard ISO 27001, are increasingly being adopted by organizations and their business partners as proof of their security posture and “Security Assessments” are a great way to ensure a continued alignment to these frameworks.Oracle offers a number of different security assessment covering a broad range of technologies. Some of these are short engagements conducted for free with our strategic customers and partners. Others are longer term paid engagements delivered by Oracle Consulting Services or one of our partners. The goal of a security assessment, (also known as a security audit or security review), is to ensure that necessary security controls are integrated into the design and implementation of a project, application or technology.  A properly completed security assessment should provide documentation outlining any security gaps that exist in an infrastructure and the associated risks for those gaps. With that knowledge, an organization can choose to either mitigate, transfer, avoid or accept the risk. One example of an Oracle offering is a Security Readiness Assessment:The Oracle Security Readiness Assessment is a practical security architecture review focused on aligning an organization’s enterprise security architecture to their business principals and strategic objectives. The service will establish a multi-phase security architecture roadmap focused on supporting new and existing business initiatives.Offering OverviewThe Security Readiness Assessment will: Define an organization’s current security posture and provide a roadmap to a desired future state architecture by mapping  security solutions to business goals Incorporate commonly accepted security architecture concepts to streamline an organization’s security vision from strategy to implementation Define the people, process and technology implications of the desired future state architecture The objective is to deliver cohesive, best practice security architectures spanning multiple domains that are unique and specific to the context of your organization. Offering DetailsThe Oracle Security Readiness Assessment is a multi-stage process with a dedicated Oracle Security team supporting your organization.  During the course of this free engagement, the team will focus on the following: Review your current business operating model and supporting IT security structures and processes Partner with your organization to establish a future state security architecture leveraging Oracle’s reference architectures, capability maps, and best practices Provide guidance and recommendations on governance practices for the rollout and adoption of your future state security architecture Create an initial business case for the adoption of the future state security architecture If you are interested in finding out more, ask your Sales Consultant or Account Manager for details.

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• ASP.NET MVC 2 matches correct area route but generates URL to the first registered area instead.

  - by Sandor Drieënhuizen

  I'm working on a S#arpArchitecture 1.5 project, which uses ASP.NET MVC 2. I've been trying to get areas to work properly but I ran into a problem: The ASP.NET MVC 2 routing engine matches the correct route to my area but then it generates an URL that belongs to the first registered area instead. Here's my request URL: /Framework/Authentication/LogOn?ReturnUrl=%2fDefault.aspx I'm using the Route Tester from Phil Haack and it shows: Matched Route: Framework/{controller}/{action}/{id} Generated URL: /Data/Authentication/LogOn?ReturnUrl=%2FDefault.aspx using the route "Data/{controller}/{action}/{id}" That's clearly wrong, the URL should point to the Framework area, not the Data area. This is how I register my routes, nothing special there IMO. private static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes) { routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}"); AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas(); routes.MapRoute( "default", "{controller}/{action}/{id}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }); } The area registration classes all look like this. Again, nothing special. public class FrameworkAreaRegistration : AreaRegistration { public override string AreaName { get { return "Framework"; } } public override void RegisterArea(AreaRegistrationContext context) { context.MapRoute( "Framework_default", "Framework/{controller}/{action}/{id}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }); } }

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• [Principles] Concrete Type or Interface for method return type?

  - by SDReyes

  In general terms, whats the better election for a method's return type: a concrete type or an interface? In most cases, I tend to use concrete types as the return type for methods. because I believe that an concrete type is more flexible for further use and exposes more functionality. The dark side of this: Coupling. The angelic one: A concrete type contains per-se the interface you would going to return initially, and extra functionality. What's your thumb's rule? Is there any programming principle for this? BONUS: This is an example of what I mean http://stackoverflow.com/questions/491375/readonlycollection-or-ienumerable-for-exposing-member-collections

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• .Net opening and clossing database connections

  - by Dan

  I currently designed the data access portion of our framework so that every time a business object needed to interact with the database it would have to open a connection, invoke the data access layer (to execute the query), and then close the connection. Then if it needed to run in a transaction it would open the connection, begin the transaction, invoke the data access layer (to execute the query) and then commit the transaction, close the transaction, and finally close the connection. I did it this way with the mindset of open late and close early...but what if I needed to call other BO's to submit data in a single transaction? Is there a better way to handle opening and closing connections as well as working with transactions? I'm a rookie at architecting applications so I hope I'm not doing this wrong...any help is appreciated.

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• Client-Server Networking Between PHP Client and Java Server

  - by Muhammad Yasir

  Hi there, I have a university project which is already 99% completed. It consists of two parts-website (PHP) and desktop (Java). People have their accounts on the website and they wish to query different information regarding their accounts. They send an SMS which is received by desktop application which queries database of website (MySQL) and sends the reply accordingly. This part is working superbly. The problem is that some times website wishes to instruct the desktop application to send a specific SMS to a particular number. Apparently there seems no way other than putting all the load to the DB server... This is how I made it work. Website puts SMS jobs in a specific table. Java application polls this table again and again and if it finds a job, it executes it. Even this part is working correctly but unfortunately it is not acceptable by my university to poll the DB like this. :( The other approach I could think of is to use client-server one. I tried making Java server and its PHP client. So that whenever an SMS is to be sent, the website opens a socket connection to desktop application and sends two strings (cell # and SMS message). Unfortunately I am unable to do this. I was successfully to make a Java server which works fine when connected by a Java client, similarly my PHP client connects correctly to a PHP server, but when I try to cross them, they start hating each other... PHP shows no error but Java gives StreamCorruptedException when it tries to read header of input stream. Could someone please tell what I can try to make PHP client and Java server work together? Or if the said purpose can be achieved by another means, how? Regards, Yasir

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• Structuring projects & dependencies of large winforms applications in C#

  - by Benjol

  UPDATE: This is one of my most-visited questions, and yet I still haven't really found a satisfactory solution for my project. One idea I read in an answer to another question is to create a tool which can build solutions 'on the fly' for projects that you pick from a list. I have yet to try that though. How do you structure a very large application? Multiple smallish projects/assemblies in one big solution? A few big projects? One solution per project? And how do you manage dependencies in the case where you don't have one solution. Note: I'm looking for advice based on experience, not answers you found on Google (I can do that myself). I'm currently working on an application which has upward of 80 dlls, each in its own solution. Managing the dependencies is almost a full time job. There is a custom in-house 'source control' with added functionality for copying dependency dlls all over the place. Seems like a sub-optimum solution to me, but is there a better way? Working on a solution with 80 projects would be pretty rough in practice, I fear. (Context: winforms, not web) EDIT: (If you think this is a different question, leave me a comment) It seems to me that there are interdependencies between: Project/Solution structure for an application Folder/File structure Branch structure for source control (if you use branching) But I have great difficulty separating these out to consider them individually, if that is even possible. I have asked another related question here.

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• realtime logging

  - by Ion Todirel

  I have an application which has a loop, part of a "Scheduler", which runs at all time and is the heart of the application. Pretty much like a game loop, just that my application is a WPF application and it's not a game. Naturally the application does logging at many points, but the Scheduler does some sensitive monitoring, and sometimes it's impossible just from the logs to tell what may have gotten wrong (and by wrong I don't mean exceptions) or the current status. Because Scheduler's inner loop runs at short intervals, you can't do file I/O-based logging (or using the Event Viewer) in there. First, you need to watch it in real-time, and secondly the log file would grow in size very fast. So I was thinking of ways to show this data to the user in the realtime, some things I considered: Display the data in realtime in the UI Use AllocConsole/WriteConsole to display this information in a console Use a different console application which would display this information, communicate between the Scheduler and the console app using pipes or other IPC techniques Use Windows' Performance Monitor and somehow feed it with this information ETW Displaying in the UI would have its issues. First it doesn't integrate with the UI I had in mind for my application, and I don't want to complicate the UI just for this. This diagnostics would only happen rarely. Secondly, there is going to be some non-trivial data protection, as the Scheduler has it's own thread. A separate console window would work probably, but I'm still worried if it's not too much threshold. Allocating my own console, as this is a windows app, would probably be better than a different console application (3), as I don't need to worry about IPC communication, and non-blocking communication. However a user could close the console I allocated, and it would be problematic in that case. With a separate process you don't have to worry about it. Assuming there is an API for Performance Monitor, it wouldn't be integrated too well with my app or apparent to the users. Using ETW also doesn't solve anything, just a random idea, I still need to display this information somehow. What others think, would there be other ways I missed?

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• Why is IoC / DI not common in Python?

  - by tux21b

  In Java IoC / DI is a very common practice which is extensively used in web applications, nearly all available frameworks and Java EE. On the other hand, there are also lots of big Python web applications, but beside of Zope (which I've heard should be really horrible to code) IoC doesn't seem to be very common in the Python world. (Please name some examples if you think that I'm wrong). There are of course several clones of popular Java IoC frameworks available for Python, springpython for example. But none of them seems to get used practically. At least, I've never stumpled upon a Django or sqlalchemy+<insert your favorite wsgi toolkit here> based web application which uses something like that. In my opinion IoC has reasonable advantages and would make it easy to replace the django-default-user-model for example, but extensive usage of interface classes and IoC in Python looks a bit odd and not »pythonic«. But maybe someone has a better explanation, why IoC isn't widely used in Python.

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• WCF Service Layer in n-layered application: performance considerations

  - by Marconline

  Hi all. When I went to University, teachers used to say that in good structured application you have presentation layer, business layer and data layer. This is what I heard for more than 5 years. When I started working I discovered that this is true but sometimes is better to have more than just three layers. Two or three days ago I discovered this article by John Papa that explain how to use Entity Framework in layered application. According to that article you should have: UI Layer and Presentation Layer (Model View Pattern) Service Layer (WCF) Business Layer Data Access Layer Service Layer is, to me, one of the best ideas I've ever heard since I work. Your UI is then completely "diconnected" from Business and Data Layer. Now when I went deeper by looking into provided source code, I began to have some questions. Can you help me in answering them? Question #0: is this a good enterpise application template in your opinion? Question #1: where should I host the service layer? Should it be a Windows Service or what else? Question #2: in the source code provided the service layer expose just an endpoint with WSHttpBinding. This is the most interoperable binding but (I think) the worst in terms of performances (due to serialization and deserializations of objects). Do you agree? Question #3: if you agree with me at Question 2, which kind of binding would you use? Looking forward to hear from you. Have a nice weekend! Marco

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• Database per application VS One big database for all applications

  - by Jorge Vargas

  Hello, I'm designing a few applications that will share 2 or 3 database tables and all of the other tables will be independent of each app. The shared databases contain mostly user information, and there might occur the case where other tables need to be shared, but that's my instinct speaking. I'm leaning over the one database for all applications solution because I want to have referential integrity, and I won't have to keep the same information up to date in each of the databases, but I'm probably going to end with a database of 100+ tables where only groups of ten tables will have related information. The database per application approach helps me keep everything more organized, but I don't know a way to keep the related tables in all databases up to date. So, the basic question is: which of both approaches do you recommend? Thanks, Jorge Vargas.

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• Logging strategy vs. performance

  - by vtortola

  Hi, I'm developing a web application that has to support lots of simultaneous requests, and I'd like to keep it fast enough. I have now to implement a logging strategy, I'm gonna use log4net, but ... what and how should I log? I mean: How logging impacts in performance? is it possible/recomendable logging using async calls? Is better use a text file or a database? Is it possible to do it conditional? for example, default log to the database, and if it fails, the switch to a text file. What about multithreading? should I care about synchronization when I use log4net? or it's thread safe out of the box? In the requirements appear that the application should cache a couple of things per request, and I'm afraid of the performance impact of that. Cheers.

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• addins deployment

  - by user326198

  Hello Everyone, we have a product that work as standalone and Clickonce , we created some components as addins in the system (based on microsoft System.addin) we need a mechanism to update this addins on the customers in the two cases stand and click once I'm thinking for the stand alone we just send the customer a CD to update the addins and I'm thinking also to deploy the addins as Packages like System.IO.Packaging so I can know the version of addin update it or delete it but How I will Achieve this in click once the user will just press update in the addin manager in the application How I can manage the versioning and updating this addins I hope to help me to architect this structure of addins update

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• Java - When to use Iterators?

  - by Walter White

  Hi all, I am trying to better understand when I should and should not use Iterators. To me, whenever I have a potentially large amount of data to iterate through, I write an Iterator for it. If it also lends itself to the Iterator interface, then it seems like a win. I was reading a little bit that there is a lot of overhead with using an Iterator. A good example of where I used an Iterator was to iterate through a bunch of SQL scripts to execute one query at a time, reading it in, then executing it. Is there another performance trade off I should be aware of? Before I used iterators, I would read the entire String of SQL commands to execute into an ArrayList, and the iterate through that. If the import is rather large (like for geolocation data, then the server tends to get bogged down). Walter

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• Should I use WPF or ASP.NET for my next Web Application development?

  - by gap

  We have a web application that has been built using MySQL / PHP / Javascript+JQuery, with server-side HTML generation. The problem is that of the 10 software developers that work for the company, none are PHP experts (we're all .NET / C# developers). I need to make a recommendation to my management team on which technologies to use as the platform for the next generation of web application products. I want to leverage the .NET / C# expertise which the company has and is otherwise building, and so am inclined to recommend some Microsoft technologies. We don't want a client-side plugin, and we don't need flashy animations/multimedia, so I'm ruling out Silverlight. Is WPF ready for primetime? Is ASP.NET deprecated by WPF? How do I choose between these two technologies? Big Question, I know... I can refine it based on your comments if necessary. Thanks for taking the time.

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• ASP.NET MVC 2 router matches correct area route but generates URL to the first registered area inste

  - by Sandor Drieënhuizen

  I'm working on a S#arpArchitecture 1.5 project, which uses ASP.NET MVC 2. I've been trying to get areas to work properly but I ran into a problem: The ASP.NET MVC 2 routing engine matches the correct route to my area but then it generates an URL that belongs to the first registered area instead. Here's my request URL: /Framework/Authentication/LogOn?ReturnUrl=%2fDefault.aspx I'm using the Route Tester from Phil Haack and it shows: Matched Route: Framework/{controller}/{action}/{id} Generated URL: /Data/Authentication/LogOn?ReturnUrl=%2FDefault.aspx using the route "Data/{controller}/{action}/{id}" That's clearly wrong, the URL should point to the Framework area, not the Data area. This is how I register my routes, nothing special there IMO. private static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes) { routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}"); AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas(); routes.MapRoute( "default", "{controller}/{action}/{id}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }); } The area registration classes all look like this. Again, nothing special. public class FrameworkAreaRegistration : AreaRegistration { public override string AreaName { get { return "Framework"; } } public override void RegisterArea(AreaRegistrationContext context) { context.MapRoute( "Framework_default", "Framework/{controller}/{action}/{id}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }); } }

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• branch prediction

  - by Alexander

  Consider the following sequence of actual outcomes for a single static branch. T means the branch is taken. N means the branch is not taken. For this question, assume that this is the only branch in the program. T T T N T N T T T N T N T T T N T N Assume a two-level branch predictor that uses one bit of branch history—i.e., a one-bit BHR. Since there is only one branch in the program, it does not matter how the BHR is concatenated with the branch PC to index the BHT. Assume that the BHT uses one-bit counters and that, again, all entries are initialized to N. Which of the branches in this sequence would be mis-predicted? Use the table below. Now I am not asking answers to this question, rather than guides and pointers on this. What does a two level branch predictor means and how does it works? What does the BHR and BHT stands for?

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