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  • Most efficient way for a lookup/search in a huge list (python)

    - by user229269
    Hey guys, -- I just parsed a big file and I created a list containing 42.000 strings/words. I want to query [against this list] to check if a given word/string belongs to it. So my question is: What is the most efficient way for such a lookup? A first approach is to sort the list [list.sort()] and then just use the if word in list: print 'word' -- which is really trivial and I am sure there is a better way to do it. My goal is to apply a fast lookup that finds whether a given string is in this list or not. If you have any ideas of another data structure, they are welcome. Yet, I want to avoid for now more sophisticated data-structures like Tries etc. I am interested in hearing ideas (or tricks) about fast lookups or any other python library methods that might do the search faster than the simple 'in'. Thanks in advance!

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  • Python win32api not moving mouse cursor in VirtualBox

    - by wes
    I'm trying to use this Python code: import math for i in xrange(500): x = 500 + math.sin(math.pi * i / 100) * 500 y = 500 + math.cos(i) * 100 x, y = int(x), int(y) win32api.SetCursorPos((x, y)) time.sleep(.01) taken from here to move the mouse cursor in an XP VirtualBox. The mouse icon will flicker to the appropriate graphic (when it hits the edge of a window it turns into the <- resize image, for instance), but it doesn't actually move the visible cursor. I can move the mouse around while the code is running. Same result using the ctypes example in the above link. It works fine in the Win7 host. I have Guest Additions installed, if that matters.

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  • Python BeautifulSoup Print Info in CSV

    - by Codin
    I can print the information I am pulling from a site with no problem. But when I try to place the street names in one column and the zipcodes into another column into a CSV file that is when I run into problems. All I get in the CSV is the two column names and every thing in its own column across the page. Here is my code. Also I am using Python 2.7.5 and Beautiful soup 4 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import csv import urllib2 url="http://www.conakat.com/states/ohio/cities/defiance/road_maps/" page=urllib2.urlopen(url) soup = BeautifulSoup(page.read()) f = csv.writer(open("Defiance Steets1.csv", "w")) f.writerow(["Name", "ZipCodes"]) # Write column headers as the first line links = soup.find_all(['i','a']) for link in links: names = link.contents[0] print unicode(names) f.writerow(names)

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  • Python: Huge file reading by using linecache Vs normal file access open()

    - by user335223
    Hi, I am in a situation where multiple threads reading the same huge file with mutliple file pointers to same file. The file will have atleast 1 million lines. Eachline's length varies from 500 characters to 1500 characters. There won't "write" operations on the file. Each thread will start reading the same file from different lines. Which is the efficient way..? Using the Python's linecache or normal readline() or is there anyother effient way?

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  • How to sort a list by the 2nd tuple element in python and C#

    - by user350468
    I had a list of tuples where every tuple consists of two integers and I wanted to sort by the 2nd integer. After looking in the python help I got this: sorted(myList, key=lambda x: x[1]) which is great. My question is, is there an equally succinct way of doing this in C# (the language I have to work in)? I know the obvious answer involving creating classes and specifying an anonymous delegate for the whole compare step but perhaps there is a linq oriented way as well. Thanks in advance for any suggestions.

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  • Web framework recommendation for python (webservices, auth, cache, ...)

    - by illuminated
    Hi all, Googling for the past week, but cannot finally decide which python web framework would be right for me. The web app I'm about to develop would be almost completely "pure" html with js (jQuery). Server side would have to do the following: authentication session management caching web services (almost all the on page data would be pulled with jQuery through web services) secured web services (through some form of authentication; this is for remote accessing some of the web services though other web apps, desktop/mobile applications) If there is a good tutorial/guide/idea for how to do this in Django I would be most thankfull if someone could share it as I already have experience with it. The thing that made me start thinking about other frameworks is Django's built in ORM. I know I could swap it with SQLAlchemy, but wouldn't go down that road if I'm not sure all the rest of the requirements is supported. Thanks all in advance.

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  • Counts of events grouped by date in python?

    - by Sologoub
    This is no doubt another noobish question, but I'll ask it anyways: I have a data set of events with exact datetime in UTC. I'd like to create a line chart showing total number of events by day (date) in the specified date range. Right now I can retrieve the total data set for the needed date range, but then I need to go through it and count up for each date. The app is running on google app engine and is using python. What is the best way to create a new data set showing date and corresponding counts (including if there were no events on that date) that I can then use to pass this info to a django template? Data set for this example looks like this: class Event(db.Model): event_name = db.StringProperty() doe = db.DateTimeProperty() dlu = db.DateTimeProperty() user = db.UserProperty() Ideally, I want something with date and count for that date. Thanks and please let me know if something else is needed to answer this question!

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  • Identifying a function call in a python script line in runtime

    - by Dani
    I have a python script that I run with 'exec'. The script's string has calls to functions. When a function is called, I would like it to know the line number and offset in line for that call in the script (in the string I fed exec with). Here is an example. If my script is: foo1(); foo2(); foo1() foo3() And if I have code that prints (line,offset) in every function, I should get (0,0), (0,8), (0,16), (1,0) In most cases this can be easily done by getting the stack frame, because it contains the line number and the function name. The only problem is when there are two functions with the same name in a certain line. Unfortunately this is a common case for me. Any ideas?

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  • How can I "override" deepcopy in Python?

    - by Az
    Hi there, I'd like to override __deepcopy__ for a given SQLAlchemy-mapped class such that it ignores any SQLA attributes but deepcopies everything else that's part of the class. I'm not particularly familiar with overriding any of Python's built-in objects in particular but I've got some idea as to what I want. Let's just make a very simple class User that's mapped using SQLA. class User(object): def __init__(self, user_id, name): self.user_id = user_id self.name = name I've used dir() to see, before and after mapping, what SQLAlchemy-specific attributes there are and I've found _sa_class_manager and _sa_instance_state. Provided those are the only ones how would I ignore that when defining __deepcopy__? Also, are there any attributes the SQLA injects into the mapped object? (I asked this in a previous question (as an edit a few days after I selected an answer to the main question, though) but I think I missed the train there. Apologies for that.)

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  • Need help understanding some Python code

    - by Yarin
    I'm new to Python, and stumped by this piece of code from the Boto project: class SubdomainCallingFormat(_CallingFormat): @assert_case_insensitive def get_bucket_server(self, server, bucket): return '%s.%s' % (bucket, server) def assert_case_insensitive(f): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): if len(args) == 3 and not (args[2].islower() or args[2].isalnum()): raise BotoClientError("Bucket names cannot contain upper-case " \ "characters when using either the sub-domain or virtual " \ "hosting calling format.") return f(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper Trying to understand what's going on here. What is the '@' symbol in @assert_case_sensitive ? What do the args *args, **kwargs mean? What does 'f' represent? Thanks!

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  • What are "named tuples" in Python?

    - by Denilson Sá
    Reading the changes in Python 3.1, I found something... unexpected: The sys.version_info tuple is now a named tuple: I never heard about named tuples before, and I thought elements could either be indexed by numbers (like in tuples and lists) or by keys (like in dicts). I never expected they could be indexed both ways. Thus, my questions are: What are named tuples? How to use them? Why/when should I use named tuples instead of normal tuples? Why/when should I use normal tuples instead of named tuples? Is there any kind of "named list" (a mutable version of the named tuple)?

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  • Dealing with Windows line-endings in Python

    - by Adam Nelson
    I've got a 700MB XML file coming from a Windows provider. As one might expect, the line endings are '\r\n' (or ^M in vi). What is the most efficient way to deal with this situation aside from getting the supplier to send over '\n' :-) Use os.linesep Use rstrip() (requiring opening the file ... which seems crazy) Using Universal newline support is not standard on my Mac Snow Leopard - so isn't an option. I'm open to anything that requires Python 2.6+ but it needs to work on Snow Leopard and Ubuntu 9.10 with minimal external requirements. I don't mind a small performance penalty but I am looking for the standard best way to deal with this.

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  • How do I splice a python string programmatically?

    - by Robin Welch
    Very simple question, hopefully. So, in Python you can split up strings using indices as follows: >>> a="abcdefg" >>> print a[2:4] cd but how do you do this if the indices are based on variables? E.g. >>> j=2 >>> h=4 >>> print a[j,h] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? TypeError: string indices must be integers

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  • Python unittest with expensive setup

    - by Staale
    My test file is basically: class Test(unittest.TestCase): def testOk(): pass if __name__ == "__main__": expensiveSetup() try: unittest.main() finally: cleanUp() However, I do wish to run my test through Netbeans testing tools, and to do that I need unittests that don't rely on an environment setup done in main. Looking at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/402483/caching-result-of-setup-using-python-unittest - it recommends using Nose. However, I don't think Netbeans supports this. I didn't find any information indicating that it does. Additionally, I am the only one here actually writing tests, so I don't want to introduce additional dependencies for the other 2 developers unless they are needed. How can I do the setup and cleanup once for all the tests in my TestSuite? The expensive setup here is creating some files with dummy data, as well as setting up and tearing down a simple xml-rpc server. I also have 2 test classes, one testing locally and one testing all methods over xml-rpc.

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  • Wrapper background image gets cut off at the top

    - by dq7133
    My site has a wrapper with three background images. A static top and bottom image and a third image that repeats along the y axis. For some reason the top background image is getting cut off and I can't figure out way. Here is a link to the live site: http://storrepictures.weebly.com/projects.html I have offset the top and bottom images so you can see what they look like. You can see that the top one is cut off. I've tried messing around with some of the div padding settings but can't seem to get it to work. One interesting note: The background images used to be JPEGs (I switched to PNG files because I needed transparency). When I was using JPEGs this was not a problem - the three images lined up perfectly. Let me know if it would help to have the actual code posted. From what I've been reading on this forum, people seem to like looking at the live site and I didn't want to make the post too long. Thanks a lot for all your help.

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  • Python scope problems only when _assigning_ to a variable

    - by wallacoloo
    So I'm having a very strange error right now. I found where it happens, and here's the simplest code that can reproduce it. def parse_ops(str_in): c_type = "operator" def c_dat_check_type(t): print c_type #c_type = t c_dat_check_type("number") >>> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") If you run it as-is, it prints "operator". But if you uncomment that line, it gives an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#212>", line 1, in <module> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") File "<pyshell#211>", line 7, in parse_ops c_dat_check_type("number") File "<pyshell#211>", line 4, in c_dat_check_type print c_type UnboundLocalError: local variable 'c_type' referenced before assignment Notice the error occurs on the line that worked just fine before. Any ideas what causes this and how I can fix this? I'm using Python 2.6.1.

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  • Summary count for Python logging

    - by Craig McQueen
    At the end of my Python program, I'd like to be able to get a summary of the number of items logged through the standard logging module. I'd specifically like to be able to get a count for each specified name (and possibly its children). E.g. if I have: input_logger = getLogger('input') input_logger.debug("got input1") input_logger.debug("got input2") input_logger.debug("got input3") network_input_logger = getLogger('input.network') network_input_logger.debug("got network input1") network_input_logger.debug("got network input2") getLogger('output') output_logger.debug("sent output1") Then at the end I'd like to get a summary such as: input: 5 input.network: 2 output: 1 Perhaps by calling a getcount() method for a logger or a handler. What would be a good way to achieve this? I imagine it would involve a sub-class of one of the logging classes, but I'm not sure which one would be best.

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  • Changing RGB color image to Grayscale image using Objective C

    - by user567167
    I was developing a application that changes color image to gray image. However, some how the picture comes out wrong. I dont know what is wrong with the code. maybe the parameter that i put in is wrong please help. UIImage *c = [UIImage imageNamed:@"downRed.png"]; CGImageRef cRef = CGImageRetain(c.CGImage); NSData* pixelData = (NSData*) CGDataProviderCopyData(CGImageGetDataProvider(cRef)); size_t w = CGImageGetWidth(cRef); size_t h = CGImageGetHeight(cRef); unsigned char* pixelBytes = (unsigned char *)[pixelData bytes]; unsigned char* greyPixelData = (unsigned char*) malloc(w*h); for (int y = 0; y < h; y++) { for(int x = 0; x < w; x++){ int iter = 4*(w*y+x); int red = pixe lBytes[iter]; int green = pixelBytes[iter+1]; int blue = pixelBytes[iter+2]; greyPixelData[w*y+x] = (unsigned char)(red*0.3 + green*0.59+ blue*0.11); int value = greyPixelData[w*y+x]; } } CFDataRef imgData = CFDataCreate(NULL, greyPixelData, w*h); CGDataProviderRef imgDataProvider = CGDataProviderCreateWithCFData(imgData); size_t width = CGImageGetWidth(cRef); size_t height = CGImageGetHeight(cRef); size_t bitsPerComponent = 8; size_t bitsPerPixel = 8; size_t bytesPerRow = CGImageGetWidth(cRef); CGColorSpaceRef colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceGray(); CGBitmapInfo info = kCGImageAlphaNone; CGFloat *decode = NULL; BOOL shouldInteroplate = NO; CGColorRenderingIntent intent = kCGRenderingIntentDefault; CGDataProviderRelease(imgDataProvider); CGImageRef throughCGImage = CGImageCreate(width, height, bitsPerComponent, bitsPerPixel, bytesPerRow, colorSpace, info, imgDataProvider, decode, shouldInteroplate, intent); UIImage* newImage = [UIImage imageWithCGImage:throughCGImage]; CGImageRelease(throughCGImage); newImageView.image = newImage;

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  • Python programming. Accessing Windows rigth click menu options

    - by Zack
    I'm hoping to automate a few tasks at work. One of them being combining and converting power point files to PDFs. I'm a bit of a newbie (I just finished Magus Heitland's Beginning Python), so I'm not entirely sure what I'm specifically asking. On windows, one can select multiple files, right click, and select combine as adobe PDF. I've figured out the 'grouping' of the files I want to convert (I traverse the dir and nest the files inside of a list based on their names), but I'm unsure how to pursue the next step (the rightclick/combine command). Googling has led me to things like win32api, pywinauto, and ctypes. But as I read over what they do my newbieness prevents me from knowing which is the tool I need. Could any one suggest a few good resources or tips?

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  • Fetch image from folder via datatable does not work after placing image in subdirectory

    - by Arnold Bishkoff
    I am having trouble wrapping my head around the following I have code that fetches an image via smarty in a line img src="getsnap.php?picid={$data[$smarty.section.sec.index].picno|default:$nextpic}&typ=pic&width={$config.disp_snap_width}&height={$config.disp_snap_height}" class="smallpic" alt="" / this works if i pull the image from /temp/userimages/userid/imageNo.ext but because an OS can segfault if you store too many folders or images in a directory i have code that assigns the user image to a subdirectory based upon division of a subdir per 1000 userids. so in thise case i have user id 94 whos images get stored in /siteroot/temp/userimages/000000/94/pic_1.jpg (through 10) or tn_1 (through 10).jpg here is the code for getsnap.php <?php ob_start(); if ( !defined( 'SMARTY_DIR' ) ) { include_once( 'init.php' ); } include('core/snaps_functions.php'); if (isset($_REQUEST['username']) && $_REQUEST['username'] != '') { $userid = $osDB-getOne('select id from ! where username = ?',array(USER_TABLE, $_REQUEST['username']) ); } else { // include ( 'sessioninc.php' ); if( !isset($_GET['id']) || (isset($_GET['id'])&& (int)$_GET['id'] <= 0 ) ) { $userid = $_SESSION['UserId']; } else { $userid = $_GET['id']; } } if (!isset($_GET['picid']) ) { if ((isset($_REQUEST['type']) && $_REQUEST['type'] != 'gallery') || !isset($_REQUEST['type']) ) { $defpic = $osDB-getOne('select picno from ! where userid = ? and ( album_id is null or album_id = ?) and default_pic = ? and active = ? ',array(USER_SNAP_TABLE, $userid,'0','Y','Y' ) ); if ($defpic != '') { $picid = $defpic; } else { $picid = $osDB-getOne('select picno from ! where userid = ? and ( album_id is null or album_id = ?) and active=? order by rand()',array(USER_SNAP_TABLE, $userid,'0','Y' ) ); } unset( $defpic); } } else { $picid = $_GET['picid']; } $typ = isset( $_GET['typ'])?$_GET['typ']:'pic' ; $cond = ''; if ( ($config['snaps_require_approval'] == 'Y' || $config['snaps_require_approval'] == '1') && $userid != $_SESSION['UserId'] ) { $cond = " and active = 'Y' "; } $sql = 'select * from ! where userid = ? and picno = ? '.$cond; //Get the pic $row =& $osDB-getRow ( $sql, array( USER_SNAP_TABLE, $userid, $picid ) ); //Okay pic was found in the DB, Lets actually do something // $id = $userid; $dir = str_pad(($id - ($id % 1000))/100000,6,'0',STR_PAD_LEFT); $zimg = USER_IMAGES_DIR.$dir; $img = getPicture($zimg, $userid, $picid, $typ, $row); //$img = getPicture($userid, $picid, $typ, $row); //$img = getPicture($dir, $userid, $picid, $typ, $row); $ext = ($typ = 'tn')?$row['tnext']:$row['picext']; // Now pic is built as // something pic_x.ext ie pic_2.jpg if ( $img != '' && ( ( hasRight('seepictureprofile') && ( $config['snaps_require_approval'] == 'Y' && $row['active'] == 'Y' ) ||$config['snaps_require_approval'] == 'N' ) || $userid == $_SESSION['UserId'] ) ) { $img2 = $img; //$img2 = $dir.'/'.$img; } else { $gender = $osDB-getOne( 'select gender from ! where id = ?', array( USER_TABLE, $userid ) ) ; if ($gender == 'M') { $nopic = SKIN_IMAGES_DIR.'male.jpg'; } elseif ($gender == 'F') { $nopic = SKIN_IMAGES_DIR.'female.jpg'; } elseif ($gender == 'D') { $nopic = SKIN_IMAGES_DIR.'director.jpg'; } $img2 = imagecreatefromjpeg($nopic); $ext = 'jpg'; } ob_end_clean(); header("Pragma: public"); header("Content-Type: image/".$ext); header("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary"); header("Cache-Control: must-revalidate"); $ExpStr = "Expires: " . gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s", time() - 30) . " GMT"; header($ExpStr); $id = $userid; $dir = str_pad(($id - ($id % 1000))/100000,6,'0',STR_PAD_LEFT); $zimg = USER_IMAGES_DIR.$dir; //header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=profile_".$userid."_".$typ.".".$ext); //header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=$dir.'/'.profile_".$userid."".$typ.".".$ext); //header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=profile"$dir".'/'.".$userid."_".$typ.".".$ext); header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=profile_".$userid."_".$typ.".".$ext); /* if ($_SESSION['browser'] != 'MSIE') { header("Content-Disposition: inline" ); } */ if ($ext == 'jpg') { imagejpeg($img2); } elseif ($ext == 'gif') { imagegif($img2); } elseif ($ext == 'png') { imagepng($img2); } elseif ($ext == 'bmp') { imagewbmp($img2); } imagedestroy($img2); ?

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  • How to grab the lines AFTER a matched line in python

    - by toofly
    Hi All, I am an amateur using Python on and off for some time now. Sorry if this is a silly question, but I was wondering if anyone knew an easy way to grab a bunch of lines if the format in the input file is like this: " Heading 1 Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Heading 2 Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 " I won't know how many lines are after each heading, but I want to grab them all. All I know is the name, or a regular expression pattern for the heading. The only way I know to read a file is the "for line in file:" way, but I don't know how to grab the lines AFTER the line I'm currently on. Hope this makes sense, and thanks for the help!

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  • Python Etiquette: Importing Modules

    - by F3AR3DLEGEND
    Say I have two Python modules: module1.py: import module2 def myFunct(): print "called from module1" module2.py: def myFunct(): print "called from module2" def someFunct(): print "also called from module2" If I import module1, is it better etiquette to re-import module2, or just refer to it as module1.module2? For example (someotherfile.py): import module1 module1.myFunct() # prints "called from module1" module1.module2.myFunct() # prints "called from module2" I can also do this: module2 = module1.module2. Now, I can directly call module2.myFunct(). However, I can change module1.py to: from module2 import * def myFunct(): print "called from module1" Now, in someotherfile.py, I can do this: import module1 module1.myFunct() # prints "called from module1"; overrides module2 module1.someFunct() # prints "also called from module2" Also, by importing *, help('module1') shows all of the functions from module2. On the other hand, (assuming module1.py uses import module2), I can do: someotherfile.py: import module1, module2 module1.myFunct() # prints "called from module1" module2.myFunct() # prints "called from module2" Again, which is better etiquette and practice? To import module2 again, or to just refer to module1's importation?

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  • Python | How to create dynamic and expandable dictionaries

    - by MMRUser
    I want to create a Python dictionary which holds values in a multidimensional accept and it should be able to expand, this is the structure that the values should be stored :- userdata = {'data':[{'username':'Ronny Leech','age':'22','country':'Siberia'},{'username':'Cronulla James','age':'34','country':'USA'}]} Lets say I want to add another user def user_list(): users = [] for i in xrange(5, 0, -1): lonlatuser.append(('username','%s %s' % firstn, lastn)) lonlatuser.append(('age',age)) lonlatuser.append(('country',country)) return dict(user) This will only returns a dictionary with a single value in it (since the key names are same values will overwritten).So how do I append a set of values to this dictionary. Note: assume age, firstn, lastn and country are dynamically generated. Thanks.

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  • Problems trying to format currency with Python (Django)

    - by h3
    I have the following code in Django: import locale locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) def format_currency(i): return locale.currency(float(i), grouping=True) It work on some computers in dev mode, but as soon as I try to deploy it on production I get this error: Exception Type: TemplateSyntaxError Exception Value: Caught ValueError while rendering: Currency formatting is not possible using the 'C' locale. Exception Location: /usr/lib/python2.6/locale.py in currency, line 240 The weird thing is that I can do this on the production server and it will work without any errors: python manage.py shell >>> import locale >>> locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) 'en_CA.UTF-8' >>> locale.currency(1, grouping=True) '$1.00' I .. don't get it.i

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  • Subtracting two lists in Python

    - by wich
    In Python, How can one subtract two non-unique, unordered lists? Say we have a = [0,1,2,1,0] and b = [0, 1, 1] I'd like to do something like c = a - b and have c be [2, 0] or [0, 2] order doesn't matter to me. This should throw an exception if a does not contain all elements in b. Note this is different from sets! I'm not interested in finding the difference of the sets of elements in a and b, I'm interested in the difference between the actual collections of elements in a and b. I can probably work this out with a for loop, looking up the first element of b in a and then removing the element from b and from a, etc. But this doesn't appeal to me, I'd like to do this with list comprehension in a nice and easy way. Is this possible?

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