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  • Python Copy Through Assignment?

    - by Marcus Whybrow
    I would expect that the following code would just initialise the dict_a, dict_b and dict_c dictionaries. But it seams to have a copt through effect: dict_a = dict_b = dict_c = {} dict_c['hello'] = 'goodbye' print dict_a print dict_b print dict_c As you can see the result is as follows: {'hello': 'goodbye'} {'hello': 'goodbye'} {'hello': 'goodbye'} Why does that program give the previous result, When I would expect it to return: {} {} {'hello': 'goodbye'}

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  • Write xml file using lxml library in Python

    - by systempuntoout
    I'm using lxml to create an XML file from scratch; having a code like this: from lxml import etree root = etree.Element("root") root.set("interesting", "somewhat") child1 = etree.SubElement(root, "test") How do i write root Element object to an xml file using write() method of ElementTree class?

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  • Python - Blackjack

    - by user335932
    def showCards(): #SUM sum = playerCards[0] + playerCards[1] #Print cards print "Player's Hand: " + str(playerCards) + " : " + "sum print "Dealer's Hand: " + str(compCards[0]) + " : " + "sum" compCards = [Deal(),Deal()] playerCards = [Deal(),Deal()] How can i add up the interger element of a list containing to values? under #SUM error is can combine lists like ints...

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  • what's faster: merging lists or dicts in python?

    - by tipu
    I'm working with an app that is cpu-bound more than memory bound, and I'm trying to merge two things whether they be sets or dicts. Now the thing is i can choose either one, but I'm wondering if merging dicts would be faster since it's all in memory? Or is it always going to be O(n), n being the size of the smaller set. The reason I asked about dicts rather than sets is because I can't convert a set to json, because that results in {key1, key2, key3} and json needs a key/value pair, so I am using a dict so json dumps returns {key1:1, key2:1, key3:1}. Yes this is wasteful, but if it proves to be faster then I'm okay with it.

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  • Python nested function scopes

    - by Thomas O
    I have code like this: def write_postcodes(self): """Write postcodes database. Write data to file pointer. Data is ordered. Initially index pages are written, grouping postcodes by the first three characters, allowing for faster searching.""" status("POSTCODE", "Preparing to sort...", 0, 1) # This function returns the key of x whilst updating the displayed # status of the sort. ctr = 0 def keyfunc(x): ctr += 1 status("POSTCODE", "Sorting postcodes", ctr, len(self.postcodes)) return x sort_res = self.postcodes[:] sort_res.sort(key=keyfunc) But ctr responds with a NameError: Traceback (most recent call last): File "PostcodeWriter.py", line 53, in <module> w.write_postcodes() File "PostcodeWriter.py", line 47, in write_postcodes sort_res.sort(key=keyfunc) File "PostcodeWriter.py", line 43, in keyfunc ctr += 1 UnboundLocalError: local variable 'ctr' referenced before assignment How can I fix this? I thought nester scopes would have allowed me to do this. I've tried with 'global', but it still doesn't work.

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  • Extract strings in python

    - by shadyabhi
    Basically, I want to extract the strings "AAA", "BBB", "CCC", "DDD" from a text file.. ...... (other text goes here)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>AAA</font></TD> ..... (useless text here)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>BBB</font></TD> ....(more text)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>CCC</font></TD> <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>DDD</font></TD> ......(more text)..... I want something like if I do:- data = foo("file.txt") i get:- data = ['AAA','BBB','CCC','DDD'] What is the best possible way? My file is not big..

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  • Generate a table of contents from HTML with Python

    - by Oli
    I'm trying to generate a table of contents from a block of HTML (not a complete file - just content) based on its <h2> and <h3> tags. My plan so far was to: Extract a list of headers using beautifulsoup Use a regex on the content to place anchor links before/inside the header tags (so the user can click on the table of contents) -- There might be a method for replacing inside beautifulsoup? Output a nested list of links to the headers in a predefined spot. It sounds easy when I say it like that, but it's proving to be a bit of a pain in the rear. Is there something out there that does all this for me in one go so I don't waste the next couple of hours reinventing the wheel? A example: <p>This is an introduction</p> <h2>This is a sub-header</h2> <p>...</p> <h3>This is a sub-sub-header</h3> <p>...</p> <h2>This is a sub-header</h2> <p>...</p>

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  • Cleaning an XML file in Python before parsing

    - by Sam
    I'm using minidom to parse an xml file and it threw an error indicating that the data is not well formed. I figured out that some of the pages have characters like ไอเฟล &, causing the parser to hiccup. Is there an easy way to clean the file before I start parsing it? Right now I'm using a regular expressing to throw away anything that isn't an alpha numeric character and the </> characters, but it isn't quite working.

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  • Python - Strange Behavior in re.sub

    - by Greg
    Here's the code I'm running: import re FIND_TERM = r'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\90\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec\.exe' rfind_term = re.compile(FIND_TERM,re.I) REPLACE_TERM = 'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\100\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec.exe' test = r'something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\90\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something' print rfind_term.sub(REPLACE_TERM,test) And the result I get is: something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server@\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something Why is there an @ sign?

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  • Confusion Matrix with number of classified/misclassified instances on it (Python/Matplotlib)

    - by Pinkie
    I am plotting a confusion matrix with matplotlib with the following code: from numpy import * import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from pylab import * conf_arr = [[33,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3], [3,31,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0], [0,4,41,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1], [0,1,0,30,0,6,0,0,0,0,1], [0,0,0,0,38,10,0,0,0,0,0], [0,0,0,3,1,39,0,0,0,0,4], [0,2,2,0,4,1,31,0,0,0,2], [0,1,0,0,0,0,0,36,0,2,0], [0,0,0,0,0,0,1,5,37,5,1], [3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,39,0], [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,38] ] norm_conf = [] for i in conf_arr: a = 0 tmp_arr = [] a = sum(i,0) for j in i: tmp_arr.append(float(j)/float(a)) norm_conf.append(tmp_arr) plt.clf() fig = plt.figure() ax = fig.add_subplot(111) res = ax.imshow(array(norm_conf), cmap=cm.jet, interpolation='nearest') cb = fig.colorbar(res) savefig("confmat.png", format="png") But I want to the confusion matrix to show the numbers on it like this graphic (the right one): http://i48.tinypic.com/2e30kup.jpg How can I plot the conf_arr on the graphic?

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  • In Python, urllib2 giving error

    - by pythBegin
    I tried running this, >>> urllib2.urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl') But it is giving error like this, can anyone tell me a solution ? Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#11>", line 1, in <module> urllib2.urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl') File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 126, in urlopen return _opener.open(url, data, timeout) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 391, in open response = self._open(req, data) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 409, in _open '_open', req) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 369, in _call_chain result = func(*args) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 1161, in http_open return self.do_open(httplib.HTTPConnection, req) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 1136, in do_open raise URLError(err) URLError: <urlopen error [Errno 11001] getaddrinfo failed>

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  • python decorator to modify variable in current scope

    - by AlexH
    Goal: Make a decorator which can modify the scope that it is used in. If it worked: class Blah(): # or perhaps class Blah(ParentClassWhichMakesThisPossible) def one(self): pass @decorated def two(self): pass Blah.decorated ["two"] Why? I essentially want to write classes which can maintain specific dictionaries of methods, so that I can retrieve lists of available methods of different types on a per class basis. errr..... I want to do this: class RuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def blah(self): pass @rule def kapow(self): pass def shazam(self): class OtherRuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def foo(self): pass def bar(self): pass RuleClass.rules.keys() ["blah", "kapow"] OtherRuleClass.rules.keys() ["foo"]

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  • Importing files in Python from __init__.py

    - by Federico Builes
    Suppose I have the following structure: app/ __init__.py foo/ a.py b.py c.py __init__.py a.py, b.py and c.py share some common imports (logging, os, re, etc). Is it possible to import these three or four common modules from the __init__.py file so I don't have to import them in every one of the files? Edit: My goal is to avoid having to import 5-6 modules in each file and it's not related to performance reasons.

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  • Windows path in python

    - by Gareth
    Hi all. What is the best way to represent a windows directory, for example "C:\meshes\as"? I have been trying to modify a script but it never works because I can't seem to get the directory right, I assume because of the '\' acting as escape character? Thanks, Gareth

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  • python, wrapping class returning the average of the wrapped members

    - by João Portela
    The title isn't very clear but I'll try to explain. Having this class: class Wrapped(object): def method_a(self): # do some operations return n def method_b(self): # also do some operations return n I wan't to have a class that performs the same way as this one: class Wrapper(object): def __init__(self): self.ws = [Wrapped(1),Wrapped(2),Wrapped(3)] def method_a(self): results=[Wrapped.method_a(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average def method_b(self): results=[Wrapped.method_b(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average obviously this is not the actual problem at hand (it is not only two methods), and this code is also incomplete (only included the minimum to explain the problem). So, what i am looking for is a way to obtain this behavior. Meaning, whichever method is called in the wrapper class, call that method for all the Wrapped class objects and return the average of their results. Can it be done? how? Thanks in advance. ps-didn't know which tags to include...

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  • how to use @ in python..

    - by zjm1126
    this is my code: def a(): print 'sss' @a() def b(): print 'aaa' b() and the Traceback is: sss Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\zjm_code\a.py", line 8, in <module> @a() TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable so how to use the '@' thanks

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  • writing header in csv python with DictWriter

    - by user248237
    assume I have a csv.DictReader object and I want to write it out as a csv file. How can I do this? I thought of the following: dr = csv.DictReader(open(f), delimiter='\t') # process my dr object # ... # write out object output = csv.DictWriter(open(f2, 'w'), delimiter='\t') for item in dr: output.writerow(item) Is that the best way? More importantly, how can I make it so a header is written out too, in this case the object "dr"s .fieldnames property? thanks.

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  • Python + PostgreSQL + strange ascii = UTF8 encoding error

    - by Claudiu
    I have ascii strings which contain the character "\x80" to represent the euro symbol: >>> print "\x80" € When inserting string data containing this character into my database, I get: psycopg2.DataError: invalid byte sequence for encoding "UTF8": 0x80 HINT: This error can also happen if the byte sequence does not match the encodi ng expected by the server, which is controlled by "client_encoding". I'm a unicode newbie. How can I convert my strings containing "\x80" to valid UTF-8 containing that same euro symbol? I've tried calling .encode and .decode on various strings, but run into errors: >>> "\x80".encode("utf-8") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#14>", line 1, in <module> "\x80".encode("utf-8") UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0x80 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)

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  • Proper way to assert type of variable in Python

    - by Morlock
    In using a function, I wish to ensure that the type of the variables are as expected. How to do it right? Here is an example fake function trying to do just this before going on with its role: def my_print(text, begin, end): """Print text in UPPER between 'begin' and 'end' in lower """ for i in (text, begin, end): assert type(i) == type("") out = begin.lower() + text.upper() + end.lower() print out Is this approach valid? Should I use something else than type(i) == type("") ? Should I use try/except instead? Thanks pythoneers

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  • assign operator to variable in python?

    - by abhilashm86
    Usual method of applying mathematics to variables is a * b Is it able to calculate and manipulate two operands like this? a = input('enter a value') b = input('enter a value') op = raw_input('enter a operand') then how do i connect op and two variables a and b?? i know i can compare op to +, -, %, $ and then assign and compute.... but can i do something like a op b , how to tell compiler that op is an operator?? any tweaks possible?

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