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• Finding a new programming language for web development?

  - by Xeoncross

  I'm wondering if there are any un-biased resources that give good, specific overviews of programming languages and their intended goals. I would like to learn a new language, but visiting the sites of each language isn't working. Each one talks about how great it is without much mention of it's weaknesses or specific goals. Ruby is a dynamic, open source programming language with a focus on simplicity and productivity. Python is a programming language that lets you work more quickly and integrate your systems more effectively. Having been a PHP developer for years, Vic Cherubini sums up my plight well: I knew PHP well, had my own framework, and could work quickly to get something up and running. I programmed like this throughout the MVC revolution. I got better and better jobs (read: better paying, better title) as a PHP developer, but all along the way realizing that the code I wrote on my own time was great, and the code I worked with at work was horrible. Like, worse than horrible. Atrocious. OS Commerce level bad. Having side projects kept me sane, because the code I worked with at work made me miserable. This is why I'm retiring from PHP for my side projects and new programming ventures. I'm spent with PHP. Exhausted, if you will. I've reached a level where I think I'm at the top with it as a language and if I don't move on to a new language soon, I'll be done completely with programming and I do not want that. Languages I've looked at include JavaScript (for node.js), Ruby, Python, & Erlang. I've even thought about Scala or C++. The problem is figuring out which ones are built to handle my needs the best. So where can I go to skip the hype and get real information about the maturity of a platform, the size of the community, and the strengths & weaknesses of that language. If I know these then picking a language to continue my web development should be easy.

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• Is there any officially recognized, specific determinants that make a language programming/scripting?

  - by Dan

  I remember when I was first learning web-based programming everyone was intent on JavaScript not being a "programming language," but rather a scripting language; I have not heard that argument in quite a while now. I hear a lot of languages, like perl for example, referred to at different times as both a scripting and programming language. I know that a scripting language is less capable than a programming language, but where exactly does the line lie? Citation would be appreciated.

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• Need help starting with DSL for charts/graphs

  - by Rex M

  I am unaware of any established work into Domain Specific Languages for describing charts / graphs. I am looking for specific answers of "yes, something like that exists (here)". To help be clear, in case I am possibly using the wrong verbiage to describe it, to me a DSL for charts would most certainly include: A grammar for describing the shape of an expected data set A grammar for describing a pipeline of behaviors that render an output Abstract / high-level enough to be mappable to most tool-specific grammars, such as Excel, Highchart, matplotlib, etc.

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• How were some language communities (eg, Ruby and Python) able to prevent fragmentation while others (eg, Lisp or ML) were not?

  - by chrisaycock

  The term "Lisp" (or "Lisp-like") is an umbrella for lots of different languages, such as Common Lisp, Scheme, and Arc. There is similar fragmentation is other language communities, like in ML. However, Ruby and Python have both managed to avoid this fate, where innovation occurred more on the implementation (like PyPy or YARV) instead of making changes to the language itself. Did the Ruby and Python communities do something special to prevent language fragmentation?

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• Is diversifying my programming knowledge good?

  - by the_great_monkey

  I have skills in so many programming languages, such as Java, C++, C, Obj-C, Scala, Haskell, and Matlab. However I don't know/like web programming at all. I also get bored very quickly. Thus I haven't work with any Java projects that's bigger than say 20-30 java files. I'm finishing off my degree and I want to work as a developer, particularly in mobile area. Do I have enough skills to be recruited by good companies?

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• Are closures with side-effects considered "functional style"?

  - by Giorgio

  Many modern programming languages support some concept of closure, i.e. of a piece of code (a block or a function) that Can be treated as a value, and therefore stored in a variable, passed around to different parts of the code, be defined in one part of a program and invoked in a totally different part of the same program. Can capture variables from the context in which it is defined, and access them when it is later invoked (possibly in a totally different context). Here is an example of a closure written in Scala: def filterList(xs: List[Int], lowerBound: Int): List[Int] = xs.filter(x => x >= lowerBound) The function literal x => x >= lowerBound contains the free variable lowerBound, which is closed (bound) by the argument of the function filterList that has the same name. The closure is passed to the library method filter, which can invoke it repeatedly as a normal function. I have been reading a lot of questions and answers on this site and, as far as I understand, the term closure is often automatically associated with functional programming and functional programming style. The definition of function programming on wikipedia reads: In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. It emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast to the imperative programming style, which emphasizes changes in state. and further on [...] in functional code, the output value of a function depends only on the arguments that are input to the function [...]. Eliminating side effects can make it much easier to understand and predict the behavior of a program, which is one of the key motivations for the development of functional programming. On the other hand, many closure constructs provided by programming languages allow a closure to capture non-local variables and change them when the closure is invoked, thus producing a side effect on the environment in which they were defined. In this case, closures implement the first idea of functional programming (functions are first-class entities that can be moved around like other values) but neglect the second idea (avoiding side-effects). Is this use of closures with side effects considered functional style or are closures considered a more general construct that can be used both for a functional and a non-functional programming style? Is there any literature on this topic? IMPORTANT NOTE I am not questioning the usefulness of side-effects or of having closures with side effects. Also, I am not interested in a discussion about the advantages / disadvantages of closures with or without side effects. I am only interested to know if using such closures is still considered functional style by the proponent of functional programming or if, on the contrary, their use is discouraged when using a functional style.

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• What is the actual problem with a prototype based design?

  - by WindScar

  I feel like anything that can be developed using OO/functional languages can be generally made 'better' using a prototype based language, because they appaer to have the best of them all: high order functions, flexibility to simulate any OO structure, productivity (low verbosity) and scalability because of concurrency. But it seems like they are avoided for the creation of executable applications and of bigger projects in general. Why that?

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• Why can't `main` return a double or String rather than int or void?

  - by sunny

  In many languages such as C, C++, and Java, the main method/function has a return type of void or int, but not double or String. What might be the reasons behind that? I know a little bit that we can't do that because main is called by runtime library and it expects some syntax like int main() or int main(int,char**) so we have to stick to that. So my question is: why does main have the type signature that it has, and not a different one?

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• Why is verbosity bad for a programming language?

  - by frowing

  I have seen many people around complaining about verbosity in programming languages. I find that, within some bounds, the more verbose a programming language is, the better it is to understand. I think that verbosity also reinforces writing clearer APIs for that particular language. The only disadvantage I can think of is that it makes you type more, but I mean, most people use IDEs that do all that work for you. so, What are possible downsides to a verbose programming language?

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• What's your approach to reading and comprehending technical books? [on hold]

  - by Carl Edwards

  I've taken it upon myself to learn a couple of new programming languages and frameworks and aside from sheer practice I usually start by learning from an O'Reilly book or other technical "bibles". While most have been very helpful I'd like to know the steps or methods others use to best comprehend what's taught. Not to say that I'm struggling through the readings, it would be extremely helpful to know how a seasoned professional approaches new or existing material to build upon his or her foundation of knowledge.

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• unit testing variable state explicit tests in dynamically typed languages

  - by kris welsh

  I have heard that a desirable quality of unit tests is that they test for each scenario independently. I realised whilst writing tests today that when you compare a variable with another value in a statement like: assertEquals("foo", otherObject.stringFoo); You are really testing three things: The variable you are testing exists and is within scope. The variable you are testing is the expected type. The variable you are testing's value is what you expect it to be. Which to me raises the question of whether you should test for each of these implicitly so that a test fail would occur on the specific line that tests for that problem: assertTrue(stringFoo); assertTrue(stringFoo.typeOf() == "String"); assertEquals("foo", otherObject.stringFoo); For example if the variable was an integer instead of a string the test case failure would be on line 2 which would give you more feedback on what went wrong. Should you test for this kind of thing explicitly or am i overthinking this?

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• nano syntax highlighting not working for all languages

  - by Dejan

  I have a funny situation where I am unable to add custom highlighting definitions to my nano text editor. The funny thing is that the predefined work like a charm and can be edited. But I have created a new one for js with $ sudo touch js.nanorc $ sudo nano js.nanorc my current js.nanorc looks like this: syntax "JavaScript" "\.js$" color blue "\<[-+]?([1-9][0-9]*|0[0-7]*|0x[0-9a-fA-F]+)([uU][lL]?|[lL][uU]?)?\>" color blue "\<[-+]?([0-9]+\.[0-9]*|[0-9]*\.[0-9]+)([EePp][+-]?[0-9]+)?[fFlL]?" color blue "\<[-+]?([0-9]+[EePp][+-]?[0-9]+)[fFlL]?" color brightblue "[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*[[:space:]]*[(]" color black "[(]" color cyan "\<(break|case|catch|continue|default|delete|do|else|finally)\>" color cyan "\<(for|function|get|if|in|instanceof|new|return|set|switch)\>" color cyan "\<(switch|this|throw|try|typeof|var|void|while|with)\>" color cyan "\<(null|undefined|NaN)\>" color brightcyan "\<(true|false)\>" color green "\<(Array|Boolean|Date|Enumerator|Error|Function|Math)\>" color green "\<(Number|Object|RegExp|String)\>" color red "[-+/*=<>!~%?:&|]" color magenta "/[^*]([^/]|(\\/))*[^\\]/[gim]*" color yellow ""(\\.|[^"])*"|'(\\.|[^'])*'" color magenta "\\[0-7][0-7]?[0-7]?|\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+|\\[bfnrt'"\?\\]" color brightblack "(^|[[:space:]])//.*" color brightblack start="/\*" end="\*/" color brightwhite,cyan "TODO:?" color ,green "[[:space:]]+$" color ,red " +" If anyone can see the problem then please tel me

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• Applying languages / locale selectively: is it possible?

  - by Aron Rotteveel

  I am a Dutch user and prefer the my local date & time format, system wide. I have no trouble speaking or understanding English and find it very useful to have the rest of my system configured in English to make my life easier when I need to Google a term, for example. Is it possible to apply the a local date/time/currency/etc. format to the system, while maintaining English menu & dialog captions? EDIT: output from locale and posted screens of current settings: LANG=en_US.utf8 LANGUAGE=en LC_CTYPE="en_US.utf8" LC_NUMERIC="en_US.utf8" LC_TIME="en_US.utf8" LC_COLLATE="en_US.utf8" LC_MONETARY="en_US.utf8" LC_MESSAGES="en_US.utf8" LC_PAPER="en_US.utf8" LC_NAME="en_US.utf8" LC_ADDRESS="en_US.utf8" LC_TELEPHONE="en_US.utf8" LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US.utf8" LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US.utf8" LC_ALL=

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• How does the GPL work in regards to languages like Dart which compile to other languages?

  - by Peter-W

  Google's Dart language is not supported by any Web Browsers other than a special build of Chromium known as Dartium. To use Dart for production code you need to run it through a Dart-JavaScript compiler/translator and then use the outputted JavaScript in your web application. Because JavaScript is an interpreted language everyone who receives the "binary"(Aka, the .js file) has also received the source code. Now, the GNU General Public License v3.0 states that: "The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it." Which would imply that the original Dart code in addition to the JavaScript code must also be provided to the end user. Does this mean that any web applications written in Dart must also provide the original Dart code to all visitors of their website even though a copy of the source code has already been provided in a human readable/writable/modifiable form?

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• [XSL-FO] Characters from other than English languages

  - by Lukasz Kurylo

  My client have departments in Europe Central and East, so there is highly possibility that in the generated pdfs there will be at least in the people names and/or surnames some specific characters for the country language.   With the XSL-FO we can use some out-of-the box fonts, e.g. the default is Times. We can change it for specific block of text or the entire document to other like Helvetica or Arial. All will be good to the moment that we use only an english alphabet. If we want to add e.g. some characters from polish or bulgarian language, in the *.fo file:         <fo:block >                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">english: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">yellow</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">polish: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">zólty</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">russian: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">??????</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">bulgarian: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">????</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">english: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">yellow</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">polish: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold"  font-family="Arial">zólty</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">russian: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold" font-family="Arial">??????</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">bulgarian: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold" font-family="Arial">????</fo:inline>       </fo:block>   The result can be diffrent from the expected depending on the selected font, e.g:                 As you can see Timer nor Arial work in this case.   The problem here is not related to XSL-FO, but rather to the renderer we are using. I have lost a lot of time to find a solution for the using by me XSL-FO –> PDF rendered to acquire these characters in my generated files. Fortunatelly all what have to be done it is to embed the font (or part of it) in the file(s) during rendering.   The renderer that I’m using it is an open source FO.NET.   For this one, the code to generate a pdf file looks that:   var fonet =  Fonet.FonetDriver.Make(); fonet.Render("source.fo", "result.pdf");   To emded the font in the pdf, we need to set the appropriate option to the driver:   fonet.Options = new Fonet.Render.Pdf.PdfRendererOptions() {       FontType = Fonet.Render.Pdf.FontType.Embed }; Right now, the pdf we get should look like this:               As you can see, the result for the Arial font looks exactly how it should, because this font has a characters included not only for the english language like the default Times, which we shouls avoid if we not generating a english-only documents.   This is worth to notice that in this situation the generated pdf file is quite large, it has more than 400 kb in size. This is of course because of embedding the entire font in it to make the document portable to systems, where the used font is not present. Instead on embedding the entire font, we can only embed the subset of used characters by changing the options to:   fonet.Options = new Fonet.Render.Pdf.PdfRendererOptions() {       FontType = Fonet.Render.Pdf.FontType.Subset };   Right now, this specific pdf is only 12 kb in size.

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• Dynamic vs Statically typed languages for websites

  - by Bradford

  Wanted to hear what others thought about this statement: I’ll contrast that with building a website. When rendering web pages, often you have very many components interacting on a web page. You have buttons over here and little widgets over there and there are dozens of them on a webpage, as well as possibly dozens or hundreds of web pages on your website that are all dynamic. With a system with a really large surface area like that, using a statically typed language is actually quite inflexible. I would find it painful probably to program in Scala and render a web page with it, when I want to interactively push around buttons and what-not. If the whole system has to be coherent, like the whole system has to type check just to be able to move a button around, I think that can be really inflexible. Source: http://www.infoq.com/interviews/kallen-scala-twitter

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• Using RTL languages with MS Office in Wine 1.4

  - by saeed hardan

  I've installed MS Office 2007 in Ubuntu 12.04 using Wine 1.4 with no problems, and it works fine with the English Language. However, I need to use it to work with Arabic and Hebrew, and it doesn't work when I switch to a Hebrew or Arabic keyboard. The typing gets reversed. I saw an earlier post for something similar, but it is closed and I think it was for the earlier Wine 1.3. Supposedly Wine 1.4 has added RTL -- is there a way to get it working?

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• Programming languages similar to ActionScript 3 / EcmaScript based

  - by Juanlu001

  I almost learned programming and OOP basic concepts with ActionScript 3 on the Flash Platform years ago. Some time has passed since then; I'm not a professional programmer, but I have written code in PHP, Fortran, and now Python. But, lately, I have missed ActionScript 3 OOP implementation, static typing and, I confess, curly braces. As Flash platform is slowly dying nowadays, I'm looking for an Open Sourced programming language similar to ActionScript 3. I've read about Java, which is the most similar one I found, but actually is the only one it doesn't interest me (I started to hate it after bad experiences with web applets). Any ideas? Edit: Added EcmaScript to the title and the tags; I think that is what I am looking for.

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• XSF-FO intellisense and national languages with Apache FOP

  - by Lukasz Kurylo

  Some time ago I showed how to get an intellisense and how to configure the FO.NET to acquire national characters inside the generated pdf files. Due to the limitations that I mensioned in my previous post, I started playing with the Apache FOP. In this post I want to show, how to acquire the same result as I showed in the two posts related to FO.NET.   Intellisense   To get the intellisense from the XSL-FO templates set the xsi:schemaLocation the same way I showed it in this post. The only diffrence to FO.NET is that, during generating the document by the code I showed last time we will get an exception:   org.apache.fop.fo.ValidationException: Invalid property encountered on "fo:root": xsi:schemaLocation (See position 6:11)   Fortunatelly there is a very easy way to resolve this without removing the entire attribute along with the intellisense. Add to the FopFactory the ignoreNamespace by:   FopFactory fopFactory = FopFactory.newInstance(); fopFactory.ignoreNamespace(http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance);   Notice that, the url specified in this method this is a namespace for the xmlns:xsi namespace, not xsi.schemaLocation.   Fonts / national characters   This point is a little dfferent to acquire, but not more complicated that it was with FO.NET. To set the fonts in Apache FOP 1.0, we need a configuration file. A sample one can be get from the directory where we unpacked the fop binaries, from conf subdirectory. There is a file called fop.xconf. We must copy this file to our solution. In the simplest way, in the <fonts> tag we can add  <auto-detect/>. Thanks to this, FOP will index all fonts available on the installed operating system. There probably should be no problem, if we have a http handler or a WCF Service on the server that serves the generated pdf documents. In this situation we can use all available fonts on this server.   To use this config file, we must set a path to it:   FopFactory fopFactory = FopFactory.newInstance(); fopFactory.setUserConfig(new File("fop.xconf"));

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• Programming Language, Turing Completeness and Turing Machine

  - by Amumu

  A programming language is said to be Turing Completeness if it can successfully simulate a universal TM. Let's take functional programming language for example. In functional programming, function has highest priority over anything. You can pass functions around like any primitives or objects. This is called first class function. In functional programming, your function does not produce side effect i.e. output strings onto screen, change the state of variables outside of its scope. Each function has a copy of its own objects if the objects are passed from the outside, and the copied objects are returned once the function finishes its job. Each function written purely in functional style is completely independent to anything outside of it. Thus, the complexity of the overall system is reduced. This is referred as referential transparency. In functional programming, each function can have its local variables kept its values even after the function exits. This is done by the garbage collector. The value can be reused the next time the function is called again. This is called memoization. A function usually should solve only one thing. It should model only one algorithm to answer a problem. Do you think that a function in a functional language with above properties simulate a Turing Machines? Functions (= algorithms = Turing Machines) are able to be passed around as input and returned as output. TM also accepts and simulate other TMs Memoization models the set of states of a Turing Machine. The memorized variables can be used to determine states of a TM (i.e. which lines to execute, what behavior should it take in a give state ...). Also, you can use memoization to simulate your internal tape storage. In language like C/C++, when a function exits, you lose all of its internal data (unless you store it elsewhere outside of its scope). The set of symbols are the set of all strings in a programming language, which is the higher level and human-readable version of machine code (opcode) Start state is the beginning of the function. However, with memoization, start state can be determined by memoization or if you want, switch/if-else statement in imperative programming language. But then, you can't Final accepting state when the function returns a value, or rejects if an exception happens. Thus, the function (= algorithm = TM) is decidable. Otherwise, it's undecidable. I'm not sure about this. What do you think? Is my thinking true on all of this? The reason I bring function in functional programming because I think it's closer to the idea of TM. What experience with other programming languages do you have which make you feel the idea of TM and the ideas of Computer Science in general? Can you specify how you think?

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• Should one comment differently in functional languages

  - by Tom Squires

  I'm just getting started with functional programming and I'm wondering the correct way to comment my code. It seems a little redundant to comment a short function as the names and signature already should tell you everything you need to know. Commenting larger functions also seems a little redundant since they are generally comprised of smaller self-descriptive functions. What is the correct way to comment a functional program? Should I use the same approach as in iterative programming?

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• Government Mandates and Programming Languages

  A recent SEC proposal (which, at over 600 pages, I havent read in any detail) includes the following: We are proposing to require the filing of a computer program (the waterfall computer program, as defined in the proposed rule) of the contractual cash flow provisions of the securities in the form of downloadable source code in Python, a commonly used computer programming language that is open source and interpretive. The computer program would be tagged in XML and required to be filed with the Commission as an exhibit. Under our proposal, the filed source code for the computer program, when downloaded and run (by loading it into an open Python session on the investors computer), would be required to allow the user to programmatically input information from the asset data file that we are proposing to require as described above. We believe that, with the waterfall computer program and the asset data file, investors would be better able to conduct their own evaluations of ABS and may be less likely to be dependent on the opinions of credit rating agencies. With respect to any registration statement on Form SF-1 (Section 239.44) or Form SF-3 (Section 239.45) relating to an offering of an asset-backed security that is required to comply with Item 1113(h) of Regulation AB, the Waterfall Computer Program (as defined in Item 1113(h)(1) of Regulation AB) must be written in the Python programming language and able to be downloaded and run on a local computer properly configured with a Python interpreter. The Waterfall Computer Program should be filed in the manner specified in the EDGAR Filer Manual. I dont see how it can be in investors best interests that the SEC demand a particular programming language be used for software related to investment data.  I have a feeling that investors who use computers at all already have software with which they are familiar, and that the vast majority of them are not running an open source scripting language on their machines to do their financial analysis.  In fact, I would wager that most of them are using tools like Excel, and if they really need to script anything, its being done with VBA in Excel. Now, Im not proposing that the SEC should require that the data be provided in Excel format with VBA scripts included so everyone can easily access the data (despite the fact that this would actually be pretty useful generally).  Rather, I think it is ill-advised for a government agency to make recommendations of this nature, period.  If the goal of the recommendation is to ensure that the way things work is codified in a transparent manner, than I can certainly respect that.  It seems to me that this could be accomplished without dictating the technology to use.  To wit: An Excel document could contain all of the data as well as the formulae necessary, and most likely would not require the end-user to install anything on their machine The SEC could simply create a calculator in the cloud such that any/all investors could use a single canonical web-based (or web service based) tool Millions of Java and .NET developers could write their own implementations You can read more about this issue, including the favorable position on it, on Jayanth Varmas blog. Did you know that DotNetSlackers also publishes .net articles written by top known .net Authors? We already have over 80 articles in several categories including Silverlight. Take a look: here.

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• Can we compare programming languages ergonomically?

  - by Nick Rosencrantz

  For instance, would Python be a more ergonomic programming language since it doesn't force you to make curly braces which requires the AltGr key. Also Python usually requires less code to achieve the same or am I being biased towards Python and PHP actually is an ergonomical and comfortable language despite forcing the programmer to use the AltGr key? Isn't forcing the programmer to use the AltGr key not very ergonomical?

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• What's New in Visual Studio 2010 Languages

  - by Aamir Hasan

  What's New in Visual Basic 2010Describes new features in the Visual Basic language and Code Editor. The features include implicit line continuation, auto-implemented properties, collection initializers, and more.What's New in Visual C# 2010Describes new features in the C# language and Code Editor. The features include the dynamic type, named and optional arguments, enhanced Office programmability, and variance.What's New in Visual C++ 2010Describes new and revised features in Visual C++. The features include lambda expressions, the rvalue reference declarator, and the auto, decltype, and static_assert keywords.What's New in Visual F# 2010Describes the F# language, which is a language that supports functional programming for the .NET Framework.Reference:http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb386063%28VS.100%29.aspx

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• Dynamic Open Source Languages Head to the Cloud

  New study shows that dynamic language developers are increasingly looking to cloud-based deployments.

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