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• Why did Ubuntu suddenly get so slow?

  - by user101383

  12.10 has been slowing down mysteriously. Normally, in past versions, I can log in, open Firefox, and it will pop up within seconds. 12.10 is like that upon install too, though once I install my old apps, it gets very slow by Ubuntu standards. After login the hard drive will just make noise for a while before the OS will do anything. Hardware: enter description: Desktop Computer product: XPS 8300 () vendor: Dell Inc. serial: B6G2WR1 width: 64 bits capabilities: smbios-2.6 dmi-2.6 vsyscall32 configuration: boot=normal chassis=desktop uuid=44454C4C-3600-1047-8032-C2C04F575231 core description: Motherboard product: 0Y2MRG vendor: Dell Inc. physical id: 0 version: A00 serial: ..CN7360419G04VQ. slot: To Be Filled By O.E.M. *cpu description: CPU product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-2600 CPU @ 3.40GHz vendor: Intel Corp. physical id: 4 bus info: cpu@0 version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-2600 CPU @ 3.40GHz serial: To Be Filled By O.E.M. slot: CPU 1 size: 1600MHz capacity: 1600MHz width: 64 bits clock: 100MHz capabilities: x86-64 fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx rdtscp constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx lahf_lm ida arat epb xsaveopt pln pts dtherm tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid cpufreq configuration: cores=4 enabledcores=1 threads=2 *-cache:0 description: L1 cache physical id: 5 slot: L1-Cache size: 256KiB capacity: 256KiB capabilities: internal write-through unified *-cache:1 description: L2 cache physical id: 6 slot: L2-Cache size: 1MiB capacity: 1MiB capabilities: internal write-through unified *-cache:2 DISABLED description: L3 cache physical id: 7 slot: L3-Cache size: 8MiB capacity: 8MiB capabilities: internal write-back unified *-memory description: System Memory physical id: 20 slot: System board or motherboard size: 8GiB *-bank:0 description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: NT2GC64B88B0NF-CG vendor: Nanya physical id: 0 serial: 7228183 slot: DIMM3 size: 2GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-bank:1 description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: NT2GC64B88B0NF-CG vendor: Nanya physical id: 1 serial: 1E28183 slot: DIMM1 size: 2GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-bank:2 description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: NT2GC64B88B0NF-CG vendor: Nanya physical id: 2 serial: 9E28183 slot: DIMM4 size: 2GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-bank:3 description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: NT2GC64B88B0NF-CG vendor: Nanya physical id: 3 serial: 5527183 slot: DIMM2 size: 2GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-firmware description: BIOS vendor: Dell Inc. physical id: 0 version: A05 date: 09/21/2011 size: 64KiB capacity: 4032KiB capabilities: mca pci upgrade shadowing escd cdboot bootselect socketedrom edd int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int5printscreen int9keyboard int14serial int17printer int10video acpi usb zipboot biosbootspecification *-pci description: Host bridge product: 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 100 bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0 version: 09 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz *-pci:0 description: PCI bridge product: Xeon E3-1200/2nd Generation Core Processor Family PCI Express Root Port vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1 bus info: pci@0000:00:01.0 version: 09 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pm msi pciexpress normal_decode bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:40 ioport:e000(size=4096) memory:fe600000-fe6fffff ioport:d0000000(size=268435456) *-display description: VGA compatible controller product: Juniper [Radeon HD 5700 Series] vendor: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] nee ATI physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0 version: 00 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm pciexpress msi vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=radeon latency=0 resources: irq:44 memory:d0000000-dfffffff memory:fe620000-fe63ffff ioport:e000(size=256) memory:fe600000-fe61ffff *-multimedia description: Audio device product: Juniper HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 5700 Series] vendor: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] nee ATI physical id: 0.1 bus info: pci@0000:01:00.1 version: 00 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm pciexpress msi bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0 resources: irq:48 memory:fe640000-fe643fff *-communication description: Communication controller product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 16 bus info: pci@0000:00:16.0 version: 04 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=mei latency=0 resources: irq:45 memory:fe708000-fe70800f *-usb:0 description: USB controller product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1a bus info: pci@0000:00:1a.0 version: 05 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm debug ehci bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=ehci_hcd latency=0 resources: irq:16 memory:fe707000-fe7073ff *-multimedia description: Audio device product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1b bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0 version: 05 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0 resources: irq:46 memory:fe700000-fe703fff *-pci:1 description: PCI bridge product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 1 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.0 version: b5 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:41 memory:fe500000-fe5fffff *-network description: Network controller product: BCM4313 802.11b/g/n Wireless LAN Controller vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0 version: 01 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=bcma-pci-bridge latency=0 resources: irq:16 memory:fe500000-fe503fff *-pci:2 description: PCI bridge product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 4 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c.3 bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.3 version: b5 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:42 memory:fe400000-fe4fffff *-network description: Ethernet interface product: NetLink BCM57788 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 logical name: eth0 version: 01 serial: 18:03:73:e1:a7:71 size: 100Mbit/s capacity: 1Gbit/s width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=tg3 driverversion=3.123 duplex=full firmware=sb ip=192.168.1.3 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=MII speed=100Mbit/s resources: irq:47 memory:fe400000-fe40ffff *-usb:1 description: USB controller product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1d bus info: pci@0000:00:1d.0 version: 05 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm debug ehci bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=ehci_hcd latency=0 resources: irq:23 memory:fe706000-fe7063ff *-isa description: ISA bridge product: H67 Express Chipset Family LPC Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.0 version: 05 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: isa bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 *-storage description: SATA controller product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family SATA AHCI Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.2 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.2 version: 05 width: 32 bits clock: 66MHz capabilities: storage msi pm ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=ahci latency=0 resources: irq:43 ioport:f070(size=8) ioport:f060(size=4) ioport:f050(size=8) ioport:f040(size=4) ioport:f020(size=32) memory:fe705000-fe7057ff *-serial UNCLAIMED description: SMBus product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.3 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.3 version: 05 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:fe704000-fe7040ff ioport:f000(size=32) *-scsi:0 physical id: 1 logical name: scsi0 capabilities: emulated *-disk description: ATA Disk product: Hitachi HUA72201 vendor: Hitachi physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sda version: JP4O serial: JPW9J0HD21BTZC size: 931GiB (1TB) capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos configuration: ansiversion=5 sectorsize=512 signature=000641dc *-volume:0 description: EXT4 volume vendor: Linux physical id: 1 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,1 logical name: /dev/sda1 logical name: / version: 1.0 serial: 4e3d91b7-fd38-4f44-a9e9-ba3c39b926ec size: 585GiB capacity: 585GiB capabilities: primary journaled extended_attributes large_files huge_files dir_nlink recover extents ext4 ext2 initialized configuration: created=2012-10-21 16:26:50 filesystem=ext4 lastmountpoint=/ modified=2012-10-29 18:12:08 mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered mounted=2012-10-29 18:12:08 state=mounted *-volume:1 description: Extended partition physical id: 2 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,2 logical name: /dev/sda2 size: 7823MiB capacity: 7823MiB capabilities: primary extended partitioned partitioned:extended *-logicalvolume description: Linux swap / Solaris partition physical id: 5 logical name: /dev/sda5 capacity: 7823MiB capabilities: nofs *-volume:2 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 3 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,3 logical name: /dev/sda3 version: 3.1 serial: 84a92aae-347b-7940-a2d1-f4745b885ef2 size: 337GiB capacity: 337GiB capabilities: primary bootable ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2012-10-21 18:43:39 filesystem=ntfs modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true *-scsi:1 physical id: 2 logical name: scsi1 capabilities: emulated *-cdrom description: DVD-RAM writer product: DVDRWBD DH-12E3S vendor: PLDS physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/cdrom logical name: /dev/cdrw logical name: /dev/dvd logical name: /dev/dvdrw logical name: /dev/sr0 version: MD11 capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc *-scsi:2 physical id: 3 bus info: usb@2:1.8 logical name: scsi6 capabilities: emulated scsi-host configuration: driver=usb-storage *-disk:0 description: SCSI Disk physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@6:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sdb configuration: sectorsize=512 *-disk:1 description: SCSI Disk physical id: 0.0.1 bus info: scsi@6:0.0.1 logical name: /dev/sdc configuration: sectorsize=512 *-disk:2 description: SCSI Disk physical id: 0.0.2 bus info: scsi@6:0.0.2 logical name: /dev/sdd configuration: sectorsize=512 *-disk:3 description: SCSI Disk product: MS/MS-Pro vendor: Generic- physical id: 0.0.3 bus info: scsi@6:0.0.3 logical name: /dev/sde version: 1.03 serial: 3 capabilities: removable configuration: sectorsize=512 *-medium physical id: 0 logical name: /dev/sde

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• C#. Where struct methods code kept in memory?

  - by maxima120

  It is somewhat known where .NET keeps value types in memory (mostly in stack but could be in heap in certain circumstances etc)... My question is - where is the code of the struct? If I have say 16 byte of data fields in the struct and a massive computation method in it - I am presuming that 16 byte will be copied in stack and the method code is stored somewhere else and is shared for all instances of the struct. Are these presumptions correct?

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• Why lock-free data structures just aren't lock-free enough

  - by Alex.Davies

  Today's post will explore why the current ways to communicate between threads don't scale, and show you a possible way to build scalable parallel programming on top of shared memory. The problem with shared memory Soon, we will have dozens, hundreds and then millions of cores in our computers. It's inevitable, because individual cores just can't get much faster. At some point, that's going to mean that we have to rethink our architecture entirely, as millions of cores can't all access a shared memory space efficiently. But millions of cores are still a long way off, and in the meantime we'll see machines with dozens of cores, struggling with shared memory. Alex's tip: The best way for an application to make use of that increasing parallel power is to use a concurrency model like actors, that deals with synchronisation issues for you. Then, the maintainer of the actors framework can find the most efficient way to coordinate access to shared memory to allow your actors to pass messages to each other efficiently. At the moment, NAct uses the .NET thread pool and a few locks to marshal messages. It works well on dual and quad core machines, but it won't scale to more cores. Every time we use a lock, our core performs an atomic memory operation (eg. CAS) on a cell of memory representing the lock, so it's sure that no other core can possibly have that lock. This is very fast when the lock isn't contended, but we need to notify all the other cores, in case they held the cell of memory in a cache. As the number of cores increases, the total cost of a lock increases linearly. A lot of work has been done on "lock-free" data structures, which avoid locks by using atomic memory operations directly. These give fairly dramatic performance improvements, particularly on systems with a few (2 to 4) cores. The .NET 4 concurrent collections in System.Collections.Concurrent are mostly lock-free. However, lock-free data structures still don't scale indefinitely, because any use of an atomic memory operation still involves every core in the system. A sync-free data structure Some concurrent data structures are possible to write in a completely synchronization-free way, without using any atomic memory operations. One useful example is a single producer, single consumer (SPSC) queue. It's easy to write a sync-free fixed size SPSC queue using a circular buffer*. Slightly trickier is a queue that grows as needed. You can use a linked list to represent the queue, but if you leave the nodes to be garbage collected once you're done with them, the GC will need to involve all the cores in collecting the finished nodes. Instead, I've implemented a proof of concept inspired by this intel article which reuses the nodes by putting them in a second queue to send back to the producer. * In all these cases, you need to use memory barriers correctly, but these are local to a core, so don't have the same scalability problems as atomic memory operations. Performance tests I tried benchmarking my SPSC queue against the .NET ConcurrentQueue, and against a standard Queue protected by locks. In some ways, this isn't a fair comparison, because both of these support multiple producers and multiple consumers, but I'll come to that later. I started on my dual-core laptop, running a simple test that had one thread producing 64 bit integers, and another consuming them, to measure the pure overhead of the queue. So, nothing very interesting here. Both concurrent collections perform better than the lock-based one as expected, but there's not a lot to choose between the ConcurrentQueue and my SPSC queue. I was a little disappointed, but then, the .NET Framework team spent a lot longer optimising it than I did. So I dug out a more powerful machine that Red Gate's DBA tools team had been using for testing. It is a 6 core Intel i7 machine with hyperthreading, adding up to 12 logical cores. Now the results get more interesting. As I increased the number of producer-consumer pairs to 6 (to saturate all 12 logical cores), the locking approach was slow, and got even slower, as you'd expect. What I didn't expect to be so clear was the drop-off in performance of the lock-free ConcurrentQueue. I could see the machine only using about 20% of available CPU cycles when it should have been saturated. My interpretation is that as all the cores used atomic memory operations to safely access the queue, they ended up spending most of the time notifying each other about cache lines that need invalidating. The sync-free approach scaled perfectly, despite still working via shared memory, which after all, should still be a bottleneck. I can't quite believe that the results are so clear, so if you can think of any other effects that might cause them, please comment! Obviously, this benchmark isn't realistic because we're only measuring the overhead of the queue. Any real workload, even on a machine with 12 cores, would dwarf the overhead, and there'd be no point worrying about this effect. But would that be true on a machine with 100 cores? Still to be solved. The trouble is, you can't build many concurrent algorithms using only an SPSC queue to communicate. In particular, I can't see a way to build something as general purpose as actors on top of just SPSC queues. Fundamentally, an actor needs to be able to receive messages from multiple other actors, which seems to need an MPSC queue. I've been thinking about ways to build a sync-free MPSC queue out of multiple SPSC queues and some kind of sign-up mechanism. Hopefully I'll have something to tell you about soon, but leave a comment if you have any ideas.

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• In 10.10, USB 3.0 PCI Express card recognized by lspci but not lsusb or dmesg. How to fix?

  - by Paul

  Asus N PC, runs 10.10 x86_64 The Asus N comes with 4 usb 2.0 ports, each labelled 2.0 on the case. Attempting to add two usb 3.0 ports to be provided by a generic usb 3.0 pci express card installed in the pci expres slot. The new card says usb 3.0 and has the blue ports. The card is installed into the laptop unpowered, then the laptop is powered on and boots normally. Nothing happens when a USB 3.0 flash drive is inserted into the usb 3.0 port. uname -a Linux drpaulbrewer-N90SV 2.6.35.8 #1 SMP Fri Jan 14 15:54:11 EST 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 671MX Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64 Kernel modules: sis-agp 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] PCI-to-PCI bridge (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000d000-0000dfff Memory behind bridge: fa000000-fdefffff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000d0000000-00000000dfffffff Capabilities: [d0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [a0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [f4] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [70] Subsystem: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] PCI-to-PCI bridge Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00:02.0 ISA bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS968 [MuTIOL Media IO] (rev 01) Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0 00:02.5 IDE interface: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 5513 [IDE] (rev 01) (prog-if 80 [Master]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 128 I/O ports at 01f0 [size=8] I/O ports at 03f4 [size=1] I/O ports at 0170 [size=8] I/O ports at 0374 [size=1] I/O ports at ffe0 [size=16] Capabilities: [58] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pata_sis 00:03.0 USB Controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 1.1 Controller (rev 0f) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64, IRQ 20 Memory at f9fff000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Kernel driver in use: ohci_hcd 00:03.1 USB Controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 1.1 Controller (rev 0f) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64, IRQ 21 Memory at f9ffe000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Kernel driver in use: ohci_hcd 00:03.3 USB Controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 2.0 Controller (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64, IRQ 22 Memory at f9ffd000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd 00:04.0 Ethernet controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 191 Gigabit Ethernet Adapter (rev 02) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 11f5 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 19 Memory at f9ffcc00 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128] I/O ports at cc00 [size=128] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: sis190 Kernel modules: sis190 00:05.0 IDE interface: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SATA Controller / IDE mode (rev 03) (prog-if 8f [Master SecP SecO PriP PriO]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64, IRQ 17 I/O ports at c800 [size=8] I/O ports at c400 [size=4] I/O ports at c000 [size=8] I/O ports at bc00 [size=4] I/O ports at b800 [size=16] I/O ports at b400 [size=128] Capabilities: [58] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: sata_sis Kernel modules: sata_sis 00:06.0 PCI bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] PCI-to-PCI bridge (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=02, subordinate=02, sec-latency=0 Memory behind bridge: fdf00000-fdffffff Capabilities: [b0] Subsystem: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] Device 0004 Capabilities: [c0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [d0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [f4] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00:07.0 PCI bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] PCI-to-PCI bridge (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=03, subordinate=06, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000e000-0000efff Memory behind bridge: fe000000-febfffff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000f6000000-00000000f8ffffff Capabilities: [b0] Subsystem: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] Device 0004 Capabilities: [c0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [d0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [f4] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00:0f.0 Audio device: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] Azalia Audio Controller Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 17b3 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18 Memory at f9ff4000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: HDA Intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation G96 [GeForce GT 130M] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 2021 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at fc000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] Memory at fa000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=32M] I/O ports at dc00 [size=128] [virtual] Expansion ROM at fde80000 [disabled] [size=512K] Capabilities: [60] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [68] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [78] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [b4] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?> Kernel driver in use: nvidia Kernel modules: nvidia-current, nouveau, nvidiafb 02:00.0 Network controller: Atheros Communications Inc. AR928X Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) (rev 01) Subsystem: Device 1a3b:1067 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at fdff0000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [60] Express Legacy Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [90] MSI-X: Enable- Count=1 Masked- Kernel driver in use: ath9k Kernel modules: ath9k 03:00.0 USB Controller: NEC Corporation uPD720200 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 03) (prog-if 30) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 10 Memory at febfe000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [70] MSI: Enable- Count=1/8 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [90] MSI-X: Enable- Count=8 Masked- Capabilities: [a0] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 lsusb Bus 003 Device 002: ID 0b05:1751 ASUSTek Computer, Inc. BT-253 Bluetooth Adapter Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0bda:0158 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. USB 2.0 multicard reader Bus 001 Device 002: ID 04f2:b071 Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd 2.0M UVC Webcam / CNF7129 Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub dmesg trying to post dmesg exceeded the stackexchange posting limit of 30K... but nothing there is usb 3.0

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• installed openstack using devstack install shell script but getting 500 error when i try opening dashboard

  - by Arvind

  I followed the instructions at http://devstack.org/guides/single-machine.html to install OpenStack. I first installed Ubuntu on my Windows 7 PC using the officially supported Windows installer for Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. And after that I followed the instructions at above page to install OpenStack. As per instructions, I should be able to access the dashboard aka Horizon, at http://192.168.1.4/ (thats the IP of the PC on which I installed Ubuntu-OpenStack). However I am getting a 500 error web page when I open that. How do I resolve this error? I want to set up a dev environment for OpenStack. For your ref, the whole error message is given now-- FilterError at / /usr/bin/env: node: No such file or directory Request Method: GET Request URL: http://192.168.1.4/ Django Version: 1.4.2 Exception Type: FilterError Exception Value: /usr/bin/env: node: No such file or directory Exception Location: /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/filters/base.py in input, line 133 Python Executable: /usr/bin/python Python Version: 2.7.3 Python Path: ['/opt/stack/horizon/openstack_dashboard/wsgi/../..', '/opt/stack/python-keystoneclient', '/opt/stack/python-novaclient', '/opt/stack/python-openstackclient', '/opt/stack/keystone', '/opt/stack/glance', '/opt/stack/python-glanceclient/setuptools_git-0.4.2-py2.7.egg', '/opt/stack/python-glanceclient', '/opt/stack/nova', '/opt/stack/horizon', '/opt/stack/cinder', '/opt/stack/python-cinderclient', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.7', '/usr/lib/python2.7/plat-linux2', '/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-tk', '/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-old', '/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/PIL', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gst-0.10', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gtk-2.0', '/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ubuntu-sso-client', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ubuntuone-client', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ubuntuone-control-panel', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ubuntuone-couch', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ubuntuone-storage-protocol', '/opt/stack/horizon/openstack_dashboard'] Server time: Sat, 27 Oct 2012 08:43:29 +0000 Error during template rendering In template /opt/stack/horizon/openstack_dashboard/templates/_stylesheets.html, error at line 3 /usr/bin/env: node: No such file or directory 1 {% load compress %} 2 3 {% compress css %} 4 <link href='{{ STATIC_URL }}dashboard/less/horizon.less' type='text/less' media='screen' rel='stylesheet' /> 5 {% endcompress %} 6 7 <link rel="shortcut icon" href="{{ STATIC_URL }}dashboard/img/favicon.ico"/> 8 Also, the traceback is now given below-- Environment: Request Method: GET Request URL: http://192.168.1.4/ Django Version: 1.4.2 Python Version: 2.7.3 Installed Applications: ('openstack_dashboard', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'django.contrib.humanize', 'compressor', 'horizon', 'openstack_dashboard.dashboards.project', 'openstack_dashboard.dashboards.admin', 'openstack_dashboard.dashboards.settings', 'openstack_auth') Installed Middleware: ('django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'horizon.middleware.HorizonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.doc.XViewMiddleware', 'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware') Template error: In template /opt/stack/horizon/openstack_dashboard/templates/_stylesheets.html, error at line 3 /usr/bin/env: node: No such file or directory 1 : {% load compress %} 2 : 3 : {% compress css %} 4 : <link href='{{ STATIC_URL }}dashboard/less/horizon.less' type='text/less' media='screen' rel='stylesheet' /> 5 : {% endcompress %} 6 : 7 : <link rel="shortcut icon" href="{{ STATIC_URL }}dashboard/img/favicon.ico"/> 8 : Traceback: File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in get_response 111. response = callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/views/decorators/vary.py" in inner_func 36. response = func(*args, **kwargs) File "/opt/stack/horizon/openstack_dashboard/wsgi/../../openstack_dashboard/views.py" in splash 38. return shortcuts.render(request, 'splash.html', {'form': form}) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/shortcuts/__init__.py" in render 44. return HttpResponse(loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs), File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/loader.py" in render_to_string 176. return t.render(context_instance) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/base.py" in render 140. return self._render(context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/base.py" in _render 134. return self.nodelist.render(context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/base.py" in render 823. bit = self.render_node(node, context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/debug.py" in render_node 74. return node.render(context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/loader_tags.py" in render 155. return self.render_template(self.template, context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/loader_tags.py" in render_template 137. output = template.render(context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/base.py" in render 140. return self._render(context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/base.py" in _render 134. return self.nodelist.render(context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/base.py" in render 823. bit = self.render_node(node, context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/template/debug.py" in render_node 74. return node.render(context) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/templatetags/compress.py" in render 147. return self.render_compressed(context, self.kind, self.mode, forced=forced) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/templatetags/compress.py" in render_compressed 107. rendered_output = self.render_output(compressor, mode, forced=forced) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/templatetags/compress.py" in render_output 119. return compressor.output(mode, forced=forced) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/css.py" in output 51. ret.append(subnode.output(*args, **kwargs)) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/css.py" in output 53. return super(CssCompressor, self).output(*args, **kwargs) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/base.py" in output 230. content = self.filter_input(forced) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/base.py" in filter_input 192. for hunk in self.hunks(forced): File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/base.py" in hunks 167. precompiled, value = self.precompile(value, **options) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/base.py" in precompile 210. command=command, filename=filename).input(**kwargs) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/compressor/filters/base.py" in input 133. raise FilterError(err) Exception Type: FilterError at / Exception Value: /usr/bin/env: node: No such file or directory

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• How do i have 4GB of video memory with a 1GB video card?

  - by Tomas Spc Yaczik

  I ran the direct X diagnostic tool to take a look at my graphics capabilities and its telling me that the approximate video memory is clocked in at 4096MB. That doesn't make any sense, how is that possible? The only things that i can think of were that DirectX was inaccurate so i looked at the graphics statistics of my computer on CPU-Z which was included with the motherboard and that's telling me i have "negative" 1988MB. Not only is that not 4096MB, but its giving me a negative number and i know for a fact that you can't have a negative amount of memory???!!! The only things i can think of that would be amplifying my video memory output is the PCIe 3.0 bus, or that the motherboard is somehow including the on board video chip set with the video card which only then is only 2GB of video memory, which still has to be being amplified by something. Any suggestions?

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• Best Processor for MediaSmart Server?

  - by Kent Boogaart

  I'm trying to figure out what the best possible processor is that I can stick in my HP MediaSmart server. I'm clueless when it comes to correlating CPUs to motherboards. I suspect it's the socket type I care about, but I worry that there's more to it. CPU-Z gives me (excerpt): Processors Information ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Processor 1 ID = 0 Number of cores 1 (max 1) Number of threads 1 (max 1) Name AMD Sempron LE-1150 Codename Sparta Specification AMD Sempron(tm) Processor LE-1150 Package Socket AM2 (940) CPUID F.F.1 Extended CPUID F.7F Brand ID 1 Core Stepping DH-G1 Technology 65 nm Core Speed 1000.0 MHz Multiplier x FSB 5.0 x 200.0 MHz HT Link speed 800.0 MHz Stock frequency 2000 MHz Instructions sets MMX (+), 3DNow! (+), SSE, SSE2, SSE3, x86-64 L1 Data cache 64 KBytes, 2-way set associative, 64-byte line size L1 Instruction cache 64 KBytes, 2-way set associative, 64-byte line size L2 cache 256 KBytes, 16-way set associative, 64-byte line size FID/VID Control yes Max FID 10.0x Max VID 1.350 V P-State FID 0x2 - VID 0x12 (5.0x - 1.100 V) P-State FID 0xA - VID 0x0C (9.0x - 1.250 V) P-State FID 0xC - VID 0x0A (10.0x - 1.300 V) K8 Thermal sensor yes K8 Revision ID 6.0 Attached device PCI device at bus 0, device 24, function 0 Attached device PCI device at bus 0, device 24, function 1 Attached device PCI device at bus 0, device 24, function 2 Attached device PCI device at bus 0, device 24, function 3 Chipset ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Northbridge SiS 761GX rev. 02 Southbridge SiS 966 rev. 59 Graphic Interface AGP AGP Revision 3.0 AGP Transfer Rate 8x AGP SBA supported, enabled Memory Type DDR2 Memory Size 2048 MBytes Channels Single Memory Frequency 200.0 MHz (CPU/5) CAS# latency (CL) 5.0 RAS# to CAS# delay (tRCD) 5 RAS# Precharge (tRP) 5 Cycle Time (tRAS) 15 Bank Cycle Time (tRC) 21 Command Rate (CR) 1T DMI ------------------------------------------------------------------------- DMI BIOS vendor Phoenix Technologies, LTD version R03 date 05/08/2008 DMI System Information manufacturer HP product MediaSmart Server version unknown serial CN68330DGH UUID A482007B-B0CC7593-DD11736A-407B7067 DMI Baseboard vendor Wistron model SJD4 revision A.0 serial unknown DMI System Enclosure manufacturer HP chassis type Desktop chassis serial unknown DMI Processor manufacturer AMD model AMD Sempron(tm) Processor LE-1150 clock speed 2000.0 MHz FSB speed 200.0 MHz multiplier 10.0x DMI Memory Controller correction 64-bit ECC Max module size 4096 MBytes DMI Memory Module designation A0 size 2048 MBytes (double bank) DMI Memory Module designation A1 DMI Memory Module designation A2 DMI Memory Module designation A3 DMI Port Connector designation PS/2 Mouse (internal) port type Mouse Port connector PS/2 connector PS/2 DMI Port Connector designation USB0 (external) port type USB DMI Physical Memory Array location Motherboard usage System Memory correction None max capacity 16384 MBytes max# of devices 4 DMI Memory Device designation A0 format DIMM type unknown total width 64 bits data width 64 bits size 2048 MBytes DMI Memory Device designation A1 format DIMM type unknown total width 64 bits data width 64 bits DMI Memory Device designation A2 format DIMM type unknown total width 64 bits data width 64 bits DMI Memory Device designation A3 format DIMM type unknown total width 64 bits data width 64 bits How do I figure out what options I have for an upgrade?

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• Database which only holds indexes and last X records in memory?

  - by Xeoncross

  I'm looking for a data store that is very memory efficient while still allowing many object changes per second and disregarding ACID compliance for the last X records. I need this database for a server with not much memory and I can make a key-value store, document, or SQL database work. The idea is that indexes/keys are the only thing I need in memory and all the actual values/objects/rows can be saved on disk do to the low read rate (I just want index/key lookup to be fast). I also don't want records constantly being flushed to disk, so I would like the last X number of records to be held in memory so that 100 or so of them can all be written at once. I don't care if I lose the last 10 seconds worth of objects/values. I do care if the database as a whole is in danger of becoming corrupt. Is there a data-store like this?

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• Why does Google Reader use up so much memory?

  - by Ivo

  I'm running the dev version of Chrome and just found out I could see the memory usage of every tab (press shift + ESC to find out yourself). Turns out the Shockwave Flash plugin uses 240 MB of memory and 27% of CPU while having open Google Reader. Killing this page brings it down to 50 MB. I reckon it builts up after reading through about 100 feeds. So my question is: why does it take up so much memory and what should I do to diminish it? Why I care? I often don't restart my browser (or laptop for that matter) and keep the Google Reader tab open for long periods of time. The memory does start to add up that way. Plus I have the feeling, perhaps incorrect, that it slows things down as well looking at the CPU usage. Side note: using Chrome 4 on Windows 7 (32 bit)

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• Memory footprint of a parsed XML file in Classic ASP?

  - by Pete Duncanson

  Anyone know of a way to find out the amount of memory/size of a XMLDocument once it has parsed a XML file? I've been doing "beer mat" calculations so far but have been asked to come up with some more legit numbers through monitoring some how. I need to create about 1500 XML files (via FreeThreadedXMl-DOM object), which verge between 3-9K in size and store them in Application vars but our SysAdmin is worried about us gobbling up too much memory. Other than the crude method of booting up a fresh IIS instance and then loading everything in and monitoring before and after memory usage in Task Manager I can't think of a way of doing it with a bit more accuracy.

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• How do I assign a non-persistent (in-memory) cookie in ASP.NET?

  - by Jørn Schou-Rode

  The following code will send a cookie to the user as part of the response: var cookie = new HttpCookie("theAnswer", "42"); cookie.Expires = DateTime.Now.AddDays(7); Response.Cookies.Add(cookie); The cookie is of the persistent type, which by most browsers will be written to disk and used across sessions. That is, the cookie is still on the client's PC tomorrow, even if the browser and the PC has been closed in between. After a week, the cookie will be deleted (due to line #2). Non-persistent/in-memory cookies are another bread of cookies, which have a lifespan determined by the duration of the client's browsing session. Usually, such cookies are held in memory, and they are discarded when the browser is closed. How do I assign an in-memory cookie from ASP.NET?

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• Why does my program occasionally segfault when out of memory rather than throwing std::bad_alloc?

  - by Bradford Larsen

  I have a program that implements several heuristic search algorithms and several domains, designed to experimentally evaluate the various algorithms. The program is written in C++, built using the GNU toolchain, and run on a 64-bit Ubuntu system. When I run my experiments, I use bash's ulimit command to limit the amount of virtual memory the process can use, so that my test system does not start swapping. Certain algorithm/test instance combinations hit the memory limit I have defined. Most of the time, the program throws an std::bad_alloc exception, which is printed by the default handler, at which point the program terminates. Occasionally, rather than this happening, the program simply segfaults. Why does my program occasionally segfault when out of memory, rather than reporting an unhandled std::bad_alloc and terminating?

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• retransmission of lost TCP segment

  - by tcpip

  What will happen in the following scenario (assume the connection is already established): (stack A) send 10 byte data (stack B) send ACK for 10 byte data (stack B) send 200 byte data (stack B) send 100 byte data (stack B) send 50 byte data (stack A) send ACK for 350 byte data and also send 70 bytes data This segment gets lost and does not reach machine B. (stack B) retransmit 200 byte data (step 3) (stack A) send ACK for 200 byte data and the next expected seq number as the one for 70 bytes data Question: Should 70 bytes data be also transferred with the ACK in step 8? Note that the retransmission timer for step 6 has not expired yet.

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• How can I increase my application memory, till using the VirtualAlloc function, with the WOW64?

  - by fishbein

  I have application that runs on x86 32Win and we use 1.2Gbyte memory which allocated from the function VirtualAlloc(to prevent page faults). I really want to increase my application memory so I recompiled my project under MSDVE 2008 with wow64 (OS Exp 64Bit). I tried to allocate more than 2Gbyte and the function VirtualAlloc return error. I even tried to set the flag LARGEADDRESSWARE to on, and the result was the same! How can I increase my application memory, till using the VirtualAlloc function, with the WOW64?

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• Slow DB Performance. Seems to be memory related.

  - by David

  I am seeing a pooorly performing web app with a SQL 2005 backend. The db is on a w2k3 machine with 4GB RAM. When I run perfmon on it I see the following. Page life expectancy is low. Consistently under 300 while the Buffer cache hit ratio is always 99% +. The target server memory is always 1618304 and the total server memory is always a number just below that. So it seems that it isn't grabbing enough of the available memory. I have AWE enabled, with the lock pages right for the SQL service account and have set a maximum of 2.25Gb... but it doesn't go near that. When I restart the SQL service the page life expectancy goes much higher, 1000+, and the total target memory starts at 0 and slowly works its way back up to the previous limit. Then it hits the limit and the page life expectancy goes back down massively to <300. So I'm guessing there is something limiting the amount of memory. Any ideas on what that would be and how I can fix it?

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• How do I write the audio stream to a memory buffer instead of a file using DirectShow?

  - by yngvedh

  Hi, I have made a sample application which constructs a filter graph to capture audio from the microphone and stream it to a file. Is there any filter which allows me to stream to a memory buffer instead? I'm following the approach outlined in an article on msdn and are currently using the CLSID_FileWriter object to write the audio to file. This works nicely, but I cannot figure out how to write to a memory buffer. Is there such a memory sink filter or do I have to create it myself? (I would prefer one which is bundled with windows XP)

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• How to check whether iterators form a contiguous memory zone?

  - by Vincent

  I currently have the following function to read an array or a vector of raw data (_readStream is a std::ifstream) : template<typename IteratorType> inline bool MyClass::readRawData( const IteratorType& first, const IteratorType& last, typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category* = nullptr ) { _readStream.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&*first), (last-first)*sizeof(*first)); return _readStream.good(); } First question : does this function seem ok for you ? As we read directly a block of memory, it will only work if the memory block from first to last is contiguous in memory. How to check that ?

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• Why does MS-DOS tells me I need extended memory and thinks a file is read-only? [closed]

  - by Jake Inc.

  I am running a .COM file on a MS-DOS 6.22 boot USB drive When I run it on my laptop the program works fine but when I run it on my desktop I get error 40 not enough extended memory. When I go to the memory tab in GUI I try to switch none to auto, but I get the error "This file might be read-only". It's not read-only, when I put it on my desktop I change the settings and the new settings are in a .pif I can't run .pif in MS-DOs so I need to Change the .exe not create a .pif. Change the amount of extended memory all files have on my MS-DOS. On my laptop there is no memory tab, the only real difference is my laptop is x64. Thanks for helping but I think teh x64 bit has nothing to do with it I dont eve nthink iits in 64 bit mode because Im using a boot USB. What i need to is listed above, thanks for helping.

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• Not enough storage is available to complete this operation - Program or Storage memory?

  - by Grant Crofton

  I've been given a Windows Mobile app written in .Net CF 3.5 to fix, and one of the problems is to do with storage. The message 'Not enough storage is available to complete this operation' has appeared a few times - it's logged in the SQL CE database, and always happens during data access (but not the same bit of data access). The thing I'm slightly confused about is whether this refers to Program Memory (e.g. RAM) or Storage Memory (e..g permanent storage). It would appear to be storage memory, but the devices seem to have plenty free. While there are some OutOfMemoryExceptions, these appear totally unrelated to this problem (in that that happen at a different time due to an image-related issue). We're using SQL CE 3.5 with a single connection, which is stored along with the app on the device (as opposed to the storage card). The device is a Motorola MC75 running Windows Mobile 6.1. Any thoughts?

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• this.Dispose() Don't release memory used by Form after Closing it .

  - by Ehab Sutan

  Hello, in C# Application. I've a windows form application in which clicking certain button make object from a 2nd Form. On closing this 2nd From by user Memory used by this form not released (from Task Manager). I Tried using this.dispose() on exit button ,tried this.close() , tried form2 =null in the main code ,and tried clearing all controls from this form by code before Disposing and every time the clicks the button memory usage by the application increases more and memory used by previous instance not released. What shall i use to solve this problem ?

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• Solaris X86 64-bit Assembly Programming

  - by danx

  Solaris X86 64-bit Assembly Programming This is a simple example on writing, compiling, and debugging Solaris 64-bit x86 assembly language with a C program. This is also referred to as "AMD64" assembly. The term "AMD64" is used in an inclusive sense to refer to all X86 64-bit processors, whether AMD Opteron family or Intel 64 processor family. Both run Solaris x86. I'm keeping this example simple mainly to illustrate how everything comes together—compiler, assembler, linker, and debugger when using assembly language. The example I'm using here is a C program that calls an assembly language program passing a C string. The assembly language program takes the C string and calls printf() with it to print the string. AMD64 Register Usage But first let's review the use of AMD64 registers. AMD64 has several 64-bit registers, some special purpose (such as the stack pointer) and others general purpose. By convention, Solaris follows the AMD64 ABI in register usage, which is the same used by Linux, but different from Microsoft Windows in usage (such as which registers are used to pass parameters). This blog will only discuss conventions for Linux and Solaris. The following chart shows how AMD64 registers are used. The first six parameters to a function are passed through registers. If there's more than six parameters, parameter 7 and above are pushed on the stack before calling the function. The stack is also used to save temporary "stack" variables for use by a function. 64-bit Register Usage %rip Instruction Pointer points to the current instruction %rsp Stack Pointer %rbp Frame Pointer (saved stack pointer pointing to parameters on stack) %rdi Function Parameter 1 %rsi Function Parameter 2 %rdx Function Parameter 3 %rcx Function Parameter 4 %r8 Function Parameter 5 %r9 Function Parameter 6 %rax Function return value %r10, %r11 Temporary registers (need not be saved before used) %rbx, %r12, %r13, %r14, %r15 Temporary registers, but must be saved before use and restored before returning from the current function (usually with the push and pop instructions). 32-, 16-, and 8-bit registers To access the lower 32-, 16-, or 8-bits of a 64-bit register use the following: 64-bit register Least significant 32-bits Least significant 16-bits Least significant 8-bits %rax%eax%ax%al %rbx%ebx%bx%bl %rcx%ecx%cx%cl %rdx%edx%dx%dl %rsi%esi%si%sil %rdi%edi%di%axl %rbp%ebp%bp%bp %rsp%esp%sp%spl %r9%r9d%r9w%r9b %r10%r10d%r10w%r10b %r11%r11d%r11w%r11b %r12%r12d%r12w%r12b %r13%r13d%r13w%r13b %r14%r14d%r14w%r14b %r15%r15d%r15w%r15b %r16%r16d%r16w%r16b There's other registers present, such as the 64-bit %mm registers, 128-bit %xmm registers, 256-bit %ymm registers, and 512-bit %zmm registers. Except for %mm registers, these registers may not present on older AMD64 processors. Assembly Source The following is the source for a C program, helloas1.c, that calls an assembly function, hello_asm(). $ cat helloas1.c extern void hello_asm(char *s); int main(void) { hello_asm("Hello, World!"); } The assembly function called above, hello_asm(), is defined below. $ cat helloas2.s /* * helloas2.s * To build: * cc -m64 -o helloas2-cpp.s -D_ASM -E helloas2.s * cc -m64 -c -o helloas2.o helloas2-cpp.s */ #if defined(lint) || defined(__lint) /* ARGSUSED */ void hello_asm(char *s) { } #else /* lint */ #include <sys/asm_linkage.h> .extern printf ENTRY_NP(hello_asm) // Setup printf parameters on stack mov %rdi, %rsi // P2 (%rsi) is string variable lea .printf_string, %rdi // P1 (%rdi) is printf format string call printf ret SET_SIZE(hello_asm) // Read-only data .text .align 16 .type .printf_string, @object .printf_string: .ascii "The string is: %s.\n\0" #endif /* lint || __lint */ In the assembly source above, the C skeleton code under "#if defined(lint)" is optionally used for lint to check the interfaces with your C program--very useful to catch nasty interface bugs. The "asm_linkage.h" file includes some handy macros useful for assembly, such as ENTRY_NP(), used to define a program entry point, and SET_SIZE(), used to set the function size in the symbol table. The function hello_asm calls C function printf() by passing two parameters, Parameter 1 (P1) is a printf format string, and P2 is a string variable. The function begins by moving %rdi, which contains Parameter 1 (P1) passed hello_asm, to printf()'s P2, %rsi. Then it sets printf's P1, the format string, by loading the address the address of the format string in %rdi, P1. Finally it calls printf. After returning from printf, the hello_asm function returns itself. Larger, more complex assembly functions usually do more setup than the example above. If a function is returning a value, it would set %rax to the return value. Also, it's typical for a function to save the %rbp and %rsp registers of the calling function and to restore these registers before returning. %rsp contains the stack pointer and %rbp contains the frame pointer. Here is the typical function setup and return sequence for a function: ENTRY_NP(sample_assembly_function) push %rbp // save frame pointer on stack mov %rsp, %rbp // save stack pointer in frame pointer xor %rax, %r4ax // set function return value to 0. mov %rbp, %rsp // restore stack pointer pop %rbp // restore frame pointer ret // return to calling function SET_SIZE(sample_assembly_function) Compiling and Running Assembly Use the Solaris cc command to compile both C and assembly source, and to pre-process assembly source. You can also use GNU gcc instead of cc to compile, if you prefer. The "-m64" option tells the compiler to compile in 64-bit address mode (instead of 32-bit). $ cc -m64 -o helloas2-cpp.s -D_ASM -E helloas2.s $ cc -m64 -c -o helloas2.o helloas2-cpp.s $ cc -m64 -c helloas1.c $ cc -m64 -o hello-asm helloas1.o helloas2.o $ file hello-asm helloas1.o helloas2.o hello-asm: ELF 64-bit LSB executable AMD64 Version 1 [SSE FXSR FPU], dynamically linked, not stripped helloas1.o: ELF 64-bit LSB relocatable AMD64 Version 1 helloas2.o: ELF 64-bit LSB relocatable AMD64 Version 1 $ hello-asm The string is: Hello, World!. Debugging Assembly with MDB MDB is the Solaris system debugger. It can also be used to debug user programs, including assembly and C. The following example runs the above program, hello-asm, under control of the debugger. In the example below I load the program, set a breakpoint at the assembly function hello_asm, display the registers and the first parameter, step through the assembly function, and continue execution. $ mdb hello-asm # Start the debugger > hello_asm:b # Set a breakpoint > ::run # Run the program under the debugger mdb: stop at hello_asm mdb: target stopped at: hello_asm: movq %rdi,%rsi > $C # display function stack ffff80ffbffff6e0 hello_asm() ffff80ffbffff6f0 0x400adc() > $r # display registers %rax = 0x0000000000000000 %r8 = 0x0000000000000000 %rbx = 0xffff80ffbf7f8e70 %r9 = 0x0000000000000000 %rcx = 0x0000000000000000 %r10 = 0x0000000000000000 %rdx = 0xffff80ffbffff718 %r11 = 0xffff80ffbf537db8 %rsi = 0xffff80ffbffff708 %r12 = 0x0000000000000000 %rdi = 0x0000000000400cf8 %r13 = 0x0000000000000000 %r14 = 0x0000000000000000 %r15 = 0x0000000000000000 %cs = 0x0053 %fs = 0x0000 %gs = 0x0000 %ds = 0x0000 %es = 0x0000 %ss = 0x004b %rip = 0x0000000000400c70 hello_asm %rbp = 0xffff80ffbffff6e0 %rsp = 0xffff80ffbffff6c8 %rflags = 0x00000282 id=0 vip=0 vif=0 ac=0 vm=0 rf=0 nt=0 iopl=0x0 status=<of,df,IF,tf,SF,zf,af,pf,cf> %gsbase = 0x0000000000000000 %fsbase = 0xffff80ffbf782a40 %trapno = 0x3 %err = 0x0 > ::dis # disassemble the current instructions hello_asm: movq %rdi,%rsi hello_asm+3: leaq 0x400c90,%rdi hello_asm+0xb: call -0x220 <PLT:printf> hello_asm+0x10: ret 0x400c81: nop 0x400c85: nop 0x400c88: nop 0x400c8c: nop 0x400c90: pushq %rsp 0x400c91: pushq $0x74732065 0x400c96: jb +0x69 <0x400d01> > 0x0000000000400cf8/S # %rdi contains Parameter 1 0x400cf8: Hello, World! > [ # Step and execute 1 instruction mdb: target stopped at: hello_asm+3: leaq 0x400c90,%rdi > [ mdb: target stopped at: hello_asm+0xb: call -0x220 <PLT:printf> > [ The string is: Hello, World!. mdb: target stopped at: hello_asm+0x10: ret > [ mdb: target stopped at: main+0x19: movl $0x0,-0x4(%rbp) > :c # continue program execution mdb: target has terminated > $q # quit the MDB debugger $ In the example above, at the start of function hello_asm(), I display the stack contents with "$C", display the registers contents with "$r", then disassemble the current function with "::dis". The first function parameter, which is a C string, is passed by reference with the string address in %rdi (see the register usage chart above). The address is 0x400cf8, so I print the value of the string with the "/S" MDB command: "0x0000000000400cf8/S". I can also print the contents at an address in several other formats. Here's a few popular formats. For more, see the mdb(1) man page for details. address/S C string address/C ASCII character (1 byte) address/E unsigned decimal (8 bytes) address/U unsigned decimal (4 bytes) address/D signed decimal (4 bytes) address/J hexadecimal (8 bytes) address/X hexadecimal (4 bytes) address/B hexadecimal (1 bytes) address/K pointer in hexadecimal (4 or 8 bytes) address/I disassembled instruction Finally, I step through each machine instruction with the "[" command, which steps over functions. If I wanted to enter a function, I would use the "]" command. Then I continue program execution with ":c", which continues until the program terminates. MDB Basic Cheat Sheet Here's a brief cheat sheet of some of the more common MDB commands useful for assembly debugging. There's an entire set of macros and more powerful commands, especially some for debugging the Solaris kernel, but that's beyond the scope of this example. $C Display function stack with pointers $c Display function stack $e Display external function names $v Display non-zero variables and registers $r Display registers ::fpregs Display floating point (or "media" registers). Includes %st, %xmm, and %ymm registers. ::status Display program status ::run Run the program (followed by optional command line parameters) $q Quit the debugger address:b Set a breakpoint address:d Delete a breakpoint $b Display breakpoints :c Continue program execution after a breakpoint [ Step 1 instruction, but step over function calls ] Step 1 instruction address::dis Disassemble instructions at an address ::events Display events Further Information "Assembly Language Techniques for Oracle Solaris on x86 Platforms" by Paul Lowik (2004). Good tutorial on Solaris x86 optimization with assembly. The Solaris Operating System on x86 Platforms An excellent, detailed tutorial on X86 architecture, with Solaris specifics. By an ex-Sun employee, Frank Hofmann (2005). "AMD64 ABI Features", Solaris 64-bit Developer's Guide contains rules on data types and register usage for Intel 64/AMD64-class processors. (available at docs.oracle.com) Solaris X86 Assembly Language Reference Manual (available at docs.oracle.com) SPARC Assembly Language Reference Manual (available at docs.oracle.com) System V Application Binary Interface (2003) defines the AMD64 ABI for UNIX-class operating systems, including Solaris, Linux, and BSD. Google for it—the original website is gone. cc(1), gcc(1), and mdb(1) man pages.

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• Installing e text editor

  - by kristian nissen

  I am trying to get e-text editor to run. I read http://www.e-texteditor.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=14953#14953 and Compile e-text editor on Linux as well. But on my 10.04 Lucid it fails at the following step: ./build_externals_linux.sh debug with the following error messages: Building debug binaries Building 32-bit binaries Going to place output in /opt/etexteditor/external/out.debug ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 41: pushd: bakefile: No such file or directory ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 42: ./configure: No such file or directory Cannot compile bakefile ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 46: popd: directory stack empty ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 49: pushd: metakit: No such file or directory ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 50: cd: builds: No such file or directory Cannot compile MetaKit ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 56: popd: directory stack empty ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 59: pushd: pcre: No such file or directory ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 60: ./configure: No such file or directory Cannot compile pcre ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 66: popd: directory stack empty ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 69: pushd: tinyxml: No such file or directory make: *** No rule to make target `clean'. Stop. cannot compile TinyXML ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 77: popd: directory stack empty ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 80: pushd: libtommath: No such file or directory make: *** No rule to make target `clean'. Stop. Cannot compile LTM ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 85: popd: directory stack empty ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 88: pushd: libtomcrypt: No such file or directory make: *** No rule to make target `clean'. Stop. Cannot compile LTC ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 93: popd: directory stack empty ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 96: pushd: wxwidgets: No such file or directory ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 97: ./configure: No such file or directory Cannot compile wxWidgets ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 104: popd: directory stack empty ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 107: pushd: webkit: No such file or directory make: *** No rule to make target `clean'. Stop. ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 109: ./WebKitTools/Scripts/build-webkit: No such file or directory Cannot compile WebKit ./build_externals_linux.sh: line 113: popd: directory stack empty what am I missing?

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• Physics Engine [Collision Response, 2-dimensional] experts, help!! My stack is unstable!

  - by Register Sole

  Previously, I struggle with the sequential impulse-based method I developed. Thanks to jedediah referring me to this paper, I managed to rebuild the codes and implement the simultaneous impulse based method with Projected-Gauss-Seidel (PGS) iterative solver as described by Erin Catto (mentioned in the reference of the paper as [Catt05]). So here's how it currently is: The simulation handles 2-dimensional rotating convex polygons. Detection is using separating-axis test, with a SKIN, meaning closest points between two polygons is detected and determined if their distance is less than SKIN. To resolve collision, simultaneous impulse-based method is used. It is solved using iterative solver (PGS-solver) as in Erin Catto's paper. Error-correction is implemented using Baumgarte's stabilization (you can refer to either paper for this) using J V = beta/dt*overlap, J is the Jacobian for the constraints, V the matrix containing the velocities of the bodies, beta an error-correction parameter that is better be < 1, dt the time-step taken by the engine, and overlap, the overlap between the bodies (true overlap, so SKIN is ignored). However, it is still less stable than I expected :s I tried to stack hexagons (or squares, doesn't really matter), and even with only 4 to 5 of them, they hardly stand still! Also note that I am not looking for a sleeping scheme. But I would settle if you have any explicit scheme to handle resting contacts. That said, I would be more than happy if you have a way of treating it generally (as continuous collision, instead of explicitly as a special state). Ideas I have: I would try adding a damping term (proportional to velocity) to the Baumgarte. Is this a good idea in general? If not I would not want to waste my time trying to tune the parameter hoping it magically works. Ideas I have tried: Using simultaneous position based error correction as described in the paper in section 5.3.2, turned out to be worse than the current scheme. If you want to know the parameters I used: Hexagons, side 50 (pixels) gravity 2400 (pixels/sec^2) time-step 1/60 (sec) beta 0.1 restitution 0 to 0.2 coeff. of friction 0.2 PGS iteration 10 initial separation 10 (pixels) mass 1 (unit is irrelevant for now, i modified velocity directly<-impulse method) inertia 1/1000 Thanks in advance! I really appreciate any help from you guys!! :)

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• cannot evaluate expression because a native frame is on top of the call stack and system.accessviolationexception

  - by Joseph

  I have this code using c#. public partial class MainForm : Form { private CvCapture VideoCapture; private IplImage frame; private IplImage imgMain; public MainForm() { InitializeComponent(); } private void btnVideo_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { double vidWidth, vidHeight; try { VideoCapture = highgui.CvCreateCameraCapture(0); } catch (Exception except) { MessageBox.Show(except.Message); } if (btnVideo.Text.CompareTo("Start Video") == 0) { if (VideoCapture.ptr == IntPtr.Zero) { MessageBox.Show("badtrip ah!!!"); return; } btnVideo.Text = "Stop Video"; highgui.CvSetCaptureProperty(ref VideoCapture, highgui.CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, 640); highgui.CvSetCaptureProperty(ref VideoCapture, highgui.CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, 480); highgui.CvQueryFrame(ref VideoCapture); vidWidth = highgui.cvGetCaptureProperty(VideoCapture, highgui.CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH); vidHeight = highgui.cvGetCaptureProperty(VideoCapture, highgui.CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT); picBoxMain.Width = (int)vidWidth; picBoxMain.Height = (int)vidHeight; timerGrab.Enabled = true; timerGrab.Interval = 42; timerGrab.Start(); } else { btnVideo.Text = "Start Video"; timerGrab.Enabled = false; if (VideoCapture.ptr == IntPtr.Zero) { highgui.CvReleaseCapture(ref VideoCapture); VideoCapture.ptr = IntPtr.Zero; } } } private void timerGrab_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e) { try { frame = highgui.CvQueryFrame(ref VideoCapture); if (frame.ptr == IntPtr.Zero) { timerGrab.Stop(); MessageBox.Show("??"); return; } imgMain = cxcore.CvCreateImage(cxcore.CvGetSize(ref frame), 8, 3); picBoxMain.Image = highgui.ToBitmap(imgMain, false); cxcore.CvReleaseImage(ref imgMain); //cxcore.CvReleaseImage(ref frame); } catch (Exception excpt) { MessageBox.Show(excpt.Message); } } } The problem is after i break all and step through the debugger the program stops at a certain code. the code where it stops is here: frame = highgui.CvQueryFrame(ref VideoCapture); the error is that it says that cannot evaluate expression because a native frame is on top of the call stack. and then when i try to shift+F11 it. there is another error saying that system.accessviolationexception. the stack trace says that: at System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.CopyToManaged(IntPtr source, Object destination, Int32 startIndex, Int32 length) at CxCore.IplImage.get_ImageDataDb()

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• Where is the node.js file in the stack trace located?

  - by user225189

  Obviously, I'm pretty new to node.js. I'm attempting to debug a node.js application and I see node.js in the stack trace. I would like to put some sys.puts calls in there, but I cannot locate the node.js that is being run by my server. Is there a way to tell where node.js is located? Is there an equivalent to Ruby's FILE in node? Thanks, Brian

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