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• Expand disk space on Ubuntu 10.04 (VMWare Guest)

  - by Jason Clawson

  I need to resize the disk space of an ubuntu guest in VMWare Workstation. After using the expand disk utility in vmware workstation, I need to do some linux magic to resize the parition. I have searched and found a lot of posts about resizing it. Unfortunately I don't really understand it all that well. Can anyone help me out with this? df -h gives me: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root 19G 2.6G 16G 15% / none 496M 172K 495M 1% /dev none 500M 0 500M 0% /dev/shm none 500M 64K 500M 1% /var/run none 500M 0 500M 0% /var/lock none 500M 0 500M 0% /lib/init/rw none 19G 2.6G 16G 15% /var/lib/ureadahead/debugfs /dev/sda1 228M 36M 181M 17% /boot lvs says: LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert root ubuntu -wi-ao 18.88g swap_1 ubuntu -wi-ao 884.00m fdisk -l says: Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00033718 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 32 248832 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 32 2611 20719617 5 Extended /dev/sda5 32 2611 20719616 8e Linux LVM I really appreciate the help.

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• Shorewall log question.

  - by Shikoru

  I have been getting various attempts to connect to ports on my shorewall firewall. The ports that I keep seeing connection attempts at are tcp 44444, tcp 44446, udp 55555 and every now and then some slight variation. I ran "netstat -a" and did not see anything listening on those ports. Is this something that I should be worried about or is it just some rouge computers out there? I have noticed alot of the ip addresses are from Spain and Mexico. May 25 18:39:35 Takkun kernel: [62516.626514] Shorewall:net2fw:DROP:IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:d0:b7:65:d4:13:34:ef:xx:xx:xx:81:08:00 SRC=200.124.9.113 DST=72.xxx.xxx.xxx LEN=48 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=112 ID=51796 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=2071 DPT=44446 WINDOW=16384 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 May 25 18:39:52 Takkun kernel: [62535.433285] Shorewall:net2fw:DROP:IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:d0:b7:65:d4:13:34:ef:xx:xx:xx:81:08:00 SRC=72.50.95.174 DST=72.xxx.xxx.xxx LEN=90 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=105 ID=31130 PROTO=UDP SPT=59505 DPT=55555 LEN=70 May 25 18:40:05 Takkun kernel: [62548.963413] Shorewall:net2fw:DROP:IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:d0:b7:65:d4:13:34:ef:xx:xx:xx:81:08:00 SRC=77.12.37.1 DST=72.xxx.xxx.xxx LEN=90 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=108 ID=9585 PROTO=UDP SPT=20401 DPT=55555 LEN=70 That is the jist of what im seeing.

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• What is the difference between the Linux and Linux LVM partition type?

  - by ujjain

  Fdisk shows multiple partition types. What is the difference between choosing 83) Linux and 8e) Linux LVM? Choosing 83) Linux also works fine for using LVM, even creating a physical volume on /dev/sdb without a partition table works. Does picking a partition type in fdisk really matter? What is the difference in picking Linux or Linux LVM as partition type? [root@tst-01 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): l 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 Command (m for help):

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• Using public interfaces on a server connected through a GRE tunnel

  - by Evan

  I'm pretty new to networking so please forgive any terminology mistakes. I have 2 servers connected with a GRE tunnel. Server1 (10.0.0.1) ---- Server2 (10.0.0.2) I want to be able to bind to the public IPs on Server2 using Server1. To do this, I setup virtual interfaces with Server2's public IPs on Server1 and then used routing rules on Server1 to route the packets through the GRE tunnel. On Server1: ip rule add from [Server2's first public IP] table gre ip rule add from [Server2's second public IP] table gre ip route add default via 10.0.0.2 dev gre1 table gre This works great and I can see the packets arriving via GRE on Server2. I can see the packet exiting the tunnel on Server2's gre1 device as shown: From Server1: ping -I [Server2's public ip] google.com tcpdump from Server2's GRE tunnel device: 12:07:17.029160 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 0, offset 0, flags [DF], proto ICMP (1), length 84) [Server2's public ip] > 74.125.225.38: ICMP echo request, id 6378, seq 50, length 64 This is exactly the packet I want. However, I'm not seeing it go out at all on eth0:0 (where Server2's public IP is bound to). I've tried to use routing rules to get packets coming from Server2's public IP (which would be coming out of dev gre1) to go through dev eth0 on the public default gateway and that doesn't work either. I'm at a loss, thank you to anyone who can help.

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• How can I recover my system after running 'mkfs' on the system partition?

  - by Filip Podgórny

  I am not a Linux user, and was doing some homework, I blindly typed sudo mkfs ext3 dev/sda2 (I had Ubuntu as Windows installation). I've done few more things, and turned Ubuntu off to switch on Windows back. No operating system installed - this is the message I'm getting. I plugged my HDD onto another computer and all my files are still there. What should I do to get my windows installation back? df -l (before mkfs) /dev/loop0 29G 2,0G 27G 8% / udev 3,0G 4,0K 3,0G 1% /dev tmpfs 1,2G 900K 1,2G 1% /run none 5,0M 0 5,0M 0% /run/lock none 3,0G 1,3M 3,0G 1% /run/shm /dev/sda3 455G 123G 333G 27% /host /dev/sdb1 1,9G 820M 1,1G 43% /media/PHONE CARD mkfs output (polish, sorry) mke2fs 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010) Etykieta systemu plików= Typ OS: Linux Rozmiar bloku=1024 (log=0) Rozmiar fragmentu=1024 (log=0) Stride=0 bloków, szerokosc Stripe=0 bloków 25688 i-wezlów, 102400 bloków 5120 bloków (5.00%) zarezerwowanych dla superuzytkownika Pierwszy blok danych=1 Maksymalna liczba bloków systemu plików=67371008 13 grup bloków 8192 bloków w grupie, 8192 fragmentów w grupie 1976 i-wezlów w grupie Kopie zapasowe superbloku zapisane w blokach: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729 Zapis tablicy i-wezlów: zakonczono Tworzenie kroniki (4096 bloków): wykonano Zapis superbloków i podsumowania systemu plików: wykonano Ten system plików bedzie automatycznie sprawdzany co kazde 30 montowan lub co 180 dni, zaleznie co nastapi pierwsze. Mozna to zmienic poprzez tune2fs -c lub -i.

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• My linux server "Number of processes created" and "Context switches" are growing incredibly fast

  - by Jorge Fuentes González

  I have a strange behaviour in my server :-/. Is a OpenVZ VPS (I think is OpenVZ, because /proc/user_beancounters exists and df -h returns /dev/simfs drive. Also ifconfig returns venet0). When I do cat /proc/stat, I can see how each second about 50-100 processes are created and happens about 800k-1200k context switches! All that info is with the server completely idle, no traffic nor programs running. Top shows 0 load average and 100% idle CPU. I've closed all non-needed services (httpd, mysqld, sendmail, nagios, named...) and the problem still happens. I do ps -ALf each second too and I don't see any changes, only a new ps process is created each time and the PID is just the same as before + 1, so new processes are not created, so I thought that process growing in cat /proc/stat must be threads (Yes, seems that processes in /proc/stat counts threads creation too as this states: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8NLgzKEzHQQJ:www.linuxhowtos.org/System/procstat.htm&hl=es&tbo=d&gl=es&strip=1). I've changed to /proc dir and done cat [PID]\status with all PIDs listed with ls (Including kernel ones) and in any process voluntary_ctxt_switches nor nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches are growing at the same speed as cat /proc/stat does (just a few tens/second), Threads keeps the same also. I've done strace -p PID to all process too so I can see if any process is crating threads or something but the only process that has a bit of movement is ssh and that movement is read/write operations because of the data is sending to my terminal. After that, I've done vmstat -s and saw that forks is growing at the same speed processes in /proc/stat does. As http://linux.die.net/man/2/fork says, each fork() creates a new PID but my server PID is not growing! The last thing I can think of is that all process data that proc/stat and vmstat -s show is shared with all the other VPS stored in the same machine, but I don't know if that is correct... If someone can throw some light on this I would be really grateful.

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• Determining the Source of a Given File System Mount on Unix [migrated]

  - by phobos51594

  Background Recently I have run into a bit of a snag on my home FreeBSD server. I recently upgraded it to the latest stable release, and I have noticed some strange behavior with the /var partition. Originally, I had the system configured such that /var had its own partition with /var/run and /var/log in memory disks (/tmp, too). After the upgrade, I notice there is a new, fourth memory disk mounting directly to /var that I had not set up manually and is not in my fstab. It is only 28 megs or so in size and is causing problems when trying to update my ports collection. The ramdisk mounts atuomagically at boot and cannot be unmounted while in multi-user mode. If I drop to single user mode, I am able to unmount it without issue, however rebooting causes it to pop right back up. System specifications have been included at the end of the post. Question Is there any way to determine exactly what is mounting a given memory disk (or any filesystem, for that matter) after it has been mounted? Alternately, does anybody have any ideas what might have caused the new /var ramdisk to pop up? System Specification # uname -a FreeBSD sarge 9.1-PRERELEASE FreeBSD 9.1-PRERELEASE #0: Thu Nov 22 14:02:13 PST 2012 donut@sarge:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386 # df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1a 515612 410728 63636 87% / devfs 1 1 0 100% /dev /dev/da0s1d 515612 287616 186748 61% /var /dev/da0s1e 6667808 2292824 3841560 37% /usr /dev/md0 63004 32 57932 0% /tmp /dev/md1 3484 8 3200 0% /var/run /dev/md2 31260 8 28752 0% /var/log /dev/md3 31260 512 28248 2% /var <-- This # cat /etc/fstab # Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/da0s1a / ufs rw,noatime 1 1 /dev/da0s1d /var ufs rw,noatime 2 2 /dev/da0s1e /usr ufs rw,noatime 2 2 md /tmp mfs rw,-s64M,noatime 0 0 md /var/run mfs rw,-s4M,noatime 0 0 md /var/log mfs rw,-s32M,noatime 0 0 Thank you in advance for any assistance.

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• MySQL partition "full"?

  - by gdea73

  I have a server that runs Debian 6.2, with Apache, PHP5, and MySQL. Well, I hadn't done anything with MySQL at all so far, just Apache and PHP; I must have installed it (mysql-server) at some point along the line, and I decided to login to the database for the first time a couple days ago as I was considering using the database for a future website project. I noticed that the "root" user had a password, and I didn't recall having set one. My usual root password was incorrect. So I attempted to reset the password. sudo service mysql stop (stopped successfully) sudo /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables --skip-networking & started successfully, from what I can tell. However, mysql itself returns "Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld,sock' (2)", and additionally sudo service mysql start returns "/etc/init.d/mysql: ERROR: The partition with /var/lib/mysql is too full! ... failed!" df -h tells me that / is 26% used, a 20GB partition, and /home, roughly 900GB, has only 5% usage. On a potentially related note, I've been experiencing random hangs since I noticed this problem, my tty2 randomly froze several times while idle, and the entire system is suddenly unstable. gnome-terminal also does not open. (Gnome-terminal apparently works now, disregard that part, but the server is still being somewhat unstable, I randomly lost connection when I was SSHed into it from my laptop, twice now.)

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• Compiling linux kernel, how much size is needed?

  - by ant2009

  Hello, I am have downloaded the newest most stable linux kernel 2.6.33.2 I thought I would test this using virtualbox. So I create a dynamically sized harddisk of 4gb. And installed CentOS 5.3 with just the minimum packages. I setup the make menuconfig with just the default settings. After that I ran make and got the following error: net/bluetooth/hci_sysfs.o: final close failed: No space left on device make[2]: *** [net/bluetooth/hci_sysfs.o] Error 1 make[1]: *** [net/bluetooth] Error 2 make: *** [net] Error 2 The amount of space I have left is: # df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 3.3G 3.3G 0 100% / /dev/hda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot tmpfs 125M 0 125M 0% /dev/shm My virtual size is 4gb, but the actual size is 3.5gb $ ls -hl total 7.5G -rw-------. 1 root root 3.5G 2010-04-13 14:08 LFS.vdi How much size should I give when compiling and installing a linux kernel? Is there any guidelines to follow when doing this? This is my first time, so just experimenting with this. Many thanks,

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• How to re-add a RAID-10 failed drive on Ubuntu?

  - by thiesdiggity

  I have a problem that I can't seem to solve. We have a Ubuntu server setup with RAID-10 and two of the drives dropped out of the array. When I try to re-add them using the following command: mdadm --manage --re-add /dev/md2 /dev/sdc1 I get the following error message: mdadm: Cannot open /dev/sdc1: Device or resource busy When I do a "cat /proc/mdstat" I get the following: Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [r$ md2 : active raid10 sdb1[0] sdd1[3] 1953519872 blocks 64K chunks 2 near-copies [4/2] [U__U] md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdc2[1] 468853696 blocks [2/2] [UU] md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdc1[1] 19530688 blocks [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> When I run "/sbin/mdadm --detail /dev/md2" I get the following: /dev/md2: Version : 00.90 Creation Time : Mon Sep 5 23:41:13 2011 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 1953519872 (1863.02 GiB 2000.40 GB) Used Dev Size : 976759936 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 2 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Oct 25 09:25:08 2012 State : active, degraded Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : near=2, far=1 Chunk Size : 64K UUID : c6d87d27:aeefcb2e:d4453e2e:0b7266cb Events : 0.6688691 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 0 0 1 removed 2 0 0 2 removed 3 8 49 3 active sync /dev/sdd1 Output of df -h is: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md1 441G 2.0G 416G 1% / none 32G 236K 32G 1% /dev tmpfs 32G 0 32G 0% /dev/shm none 32G 112K 32G 1% /var/run none 32G 0 32G 0% /var/lock none 32G 0 32G 0% /lib/init/rw tmpfs 64G 215M 63G 1% /mnt/vmware none 441G 2.0G 416G 1% /var/lib/ureadahead/debugfs /dev/mapper/RAID10VG-RAID10LV 1.8T 139G 1.6T 8% /mnt/RAID10 When I do a "fdisk -l" I can see all the drives needed for the RAID-10. The RAID-10 is part of the /dev/mapper, could that be the reason why the device is coming back as busy? Anyone have any suggestions on what I can try to get the drives back into the array? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!

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• Advice: USB Monitoring Programming

  - by Kashif

  I need an advice about USB programming in linux. i have to design a USB monitoring program that 'll keep checking usb ports of a linux cent os. as soon as a usb or external hard disk is connected, this program will shoot an email to some specific person about detail of usb (as size, mount on, time). when usb is disconnected, it will again shoot an email to some person with same kind of information. mean while this program will also write logs in syslog/messages with name of programing for easy tracking. Now I want ask that what is best way to develop this program. as I'm new to this field so i know nothing about it? either i should use perl, bash scripting or some other language? I have no idea what is right way to adopt coz this program will keep running all the time to keep a check on usb ports. I know few commands in like lsusb, fdisk (to check attached usb) and df -h (to get detail of usb) but dont know how i can achieve using these commands that i am thinking. also one more thing that in future i also need to modify this program for ubuntu and Citrix XenServer and it should be same everywhere.

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• TCPDump and IPTables DROP by string

  - by Tiffany Walker

  by using tcpdump -nlASX -s 0 -vvv port 80 I get something like: 14:58:55.121160 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 49764, offset 0, flags [DF], proto TCP (6), length 1480) 206.72.206.58.http > 2.187.196.7.4624: Flags [.], cksum 0x6900 (incorrect -> 0xcd18), seq 1672149449:1672150889, ack 4202197968, win 15340, length 1440 0x0000: 4500 05c8 c264 4000 4006 0f86 ce48 ce3a E....d@[email protected].: 0x0010: 02bb c407 0050 1210 63aa f9c9 fa78 73d0 .....P..c....xs. 0x0020: 5010 3bec 6900 0000 0f29 95cc fac4 2854 P.;.i....)....(T 0x0030: c0e7 3384 e89a 74fa 8d8c a069 f93f fc40 ..3...t....i.?.@ 0x0040: 1561 af61 1cf3 0d9c 3460 aa23 0b54 aac0 .a.a....4`.#.T.. 0x0050: 5090 ced1 b7bf 8857 c476 e1c0 8814 81ed P......W.v...... 0x0060: 9e85 87e8 d693 b637 bd3a 56ef c5fa 77e8 .......7.:V...w. 0x0070: 3035 743a 283e 89c7 ced8 c7c1 cff9 6ca3 05t:(>........l. 0x0080: 5f3f 0162 ebf1 419e c410 7180 7cd0 29e1 _?.b..A...q.|.). 0x0090: fec9 c708 0f01 9b2f a96b 20fe b95a 31cf ......./.k...Z1. 0x00a0: 8166 3612 bac9 4e8d 7087 4974 0063 1270 .f6...N.p.It.c.p What do I pull to use IPTables to block via string. Or is there a better way to block attacks that have something in common? Question is: Can I pick any piece from that IP packet and call it a string? iptables -A INPUT -m string --alog bm --string attack_string -j DROP In other words: In some cases I can ban with TTL=xxx and use that should an attack have the same TTL. Sure it will block some legit packets but if it means keeping the box up it works till the attack goes away but I would like to LEARN how to FIND other common things in a packet to block with IPTables

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• While loop read multiple lines from a grep

  - by Basil

  I'm writing a script in AIX 5.3 that will loop through the output of a df and check each volume against another config file. If the volume appears in the config file, it will set a flag which is needed later in the script. If my config file only has a single column and I use a for loop, this works perfectly. My problem, however, is that if I use a while read loop to populate more than one variable per line, any variables I set between the while and the done are discarded. For example, assuming the contents of /netapp/conf/ExcludeFile.conf are a bunch of lines containing two fields each: volName="myVolume" utilization=70 thresholdFlag=0 grep volName /netapp/conf/ExcludeFile.conf | while read vol threshold; do if [ $utilization -ge $threshold ] ; then thresholdFlag=1 fi done echo "$thresholdFlag" In this example, thresholdFlag will always be 0, even if the volume appears in the file and its utilization is greater than the threshold. I could have added an echo "setting thresholdFlag to 1" in there, see the echo, and it'll still echo a 0 at the end. Is there a clean way to do this? I think my while loop is being done in a subshell, and changes I make to variables in there are actually being made to local variables that are discarded after the done.

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• Good HTTP Monitoring tools

  - by ffffff

  I look for HTTP to work with a Linux system server monitor tool every protocol. I know, and will not there be it in whom or a freeware? When, for example, I dump 80/tcp with a packet monitor to be concrete # tethereal -i ppp0 port 80 -x Capturing on ppp0 1244206390.030474 219.111.xx.xx -> 74.125.xx.xx HTTP GET /search?output=js&num=0&dt=1244206414703&client=pub-3031568651010206&q=Cagliari%20Flight&ad=n3&ie=utf8&oe=utf8&channel=0091594208&adtest=off HTTP/1.1 0000 00 04 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 ................ 0010 45 00 01 e5 ee 82 40 00 40 06 d2 b5 db 6f 02 5b E.....@[email protected].[ 0020 4a 7d 4f 93 d4 29 00 50 3e df 4c 63 4b 6b 42 e0 J}O..).P>.LcKkB Such output is provided, but there is too much unnecessary information such as an SYN packet or a header. What I want The IP address of the client and sending out character string(Get; the contents of the POST) Among the output character string of the server only as for the HTML (Content-Type:) I am what is chisel) of a thing of text/html. I can set a filter and am the best if only information wanting can accumulate in the log.

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• iptables drops some packets on port 80 and i don't know the cause.

  - by Janning

  Hi, We are running a firewall with iptables on our Debian Lenny system. I show you only the relevant entries of our firewall. Chain INPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) target prot opt in out source destination ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80 state NEW Chain OUTPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) target prot opt in out source destination ACCEPT all -- * lo 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED LOGDROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Some packets get dropped each day with log messages like this: Feb 5 15:11:02 host1 kernel: [104332.409003] dropped IN= OUT=eth0 SRC= DST= LEN=1420 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=18576 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=80 DPT=59327 WINDOW=54 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 for privacy reasons I replaced IP Addresses with and This is no reason for any concern, but I just want to understand what's happening. The web server tries to send a packet to the client, but the firewall somehow came to the conclusion that this packet is "UNRELATED" to any prior traffic. I have set a kernel parameter ip_conntrack_ma to a high enough value to be sure to get all connections tracked by iptables state module: sysctl -w net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_max=524288 What's funny about that is I get one connection drop every 20 minutes: 06:34:54 droppedIN= 06:52:10 droppedIN= 07:10:48 droppedIN= 07:30:55 droppedIN= 07:51:29 droppedIN= 08:10:47 droppedIN= 08:31:00 droppedIN= 08:50:52 droppedIN= 09:10:50 droppedIN= 09:30:52 droppedIN= 09:50:49 droppedIN= 10:11:00 droppedIN= 10:30:50 droppedIN= 10:50:56 droppedIN= 11:10:53 droppedIN= 11:31:00 droppedIN= 11:50:49 droppedIN= 12:10:49 droppedIN= 12:30:50 droppedIN= 12:50:51 droppedIN= 13:10:49 droppedIN= 13:30:57 droppedIN= 13:51:01 droppedIN= 14:11:12 droppedIN= 14:31:32 droppedIN= 14:50:59 droppedIN= 15:11:02 droppedIN= That's from today, but on other days it looks like this, too (sometimes the rate varies). What might be the reason? Any help is greatly appreciated. kind regards Janning

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• Why is ssh agent forwarding not working?

  - by J. Pablo Fernández

  In my own computer, running MacOSX, I have this in ~/.ssh/config Host * ForwardAgent yes Host b1 ForwardAgent yes b1 is a virtual machine running Ubuntu 12.04. I ssh to it like this: ssh pupeno@b1 and I get logged in without being asked for a password because I already copied my public key. Due to forwarding, I should be able to ssh to pupeno@b1 from b1 and it should work, without asking me for a password, but it doesn't. It asks me for a password. What am I missing? This is the verbose output of the second ssh: pupeno@b1:~$ ssh -v pupeno@b1 OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1, OpenSSL 1.0.1 14 Mar 2012 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 19: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to b1 [127.0.1.1] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /home/pupeno/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/pupeno/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/pupeno/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/pupeno/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/pupeno/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/pupeno/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: sending SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: Server host key: ECDSA 35:c0:7f:24:43:06:df:a0:bc:a7:34:4b:da:ff:66:eb debug1: Host 'b1' is known and matches the ECDSA host key. debug1: Found key in /home/pupeno/.ssh/known_hosts:1 debug1: ssh_ecdsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /home/pupeno/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/pupeno/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/pupeno/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Next authentication method: password pupeno@b1's password:

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• Ubuntu 12.04 partioning an external drive without lossing data

  - by Menelaos Perdikeas

  I have an Ubuntu 12.04 with an external 1.5T disk (just for data). It is /dev/sdc1 seen below: $ df -T Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 ext4 1451144932 27722584 1350794536 3% / udev devtmpfs 6199460 4 6199456 1% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 2482692 988 2481704 1% /run none tmpfs 5120 0 5120 0% /run/lock none tmpfs 6206724 284 6206440 1% /run/shm /dev/sdc1 fuseblk 1465135100 172507664 1292627436 12% /media/Elements The thing is I would like to implement this rsync-based backup strategy and I want to use my /dev/sdc1 external drive for that. Since the guide mentioned above recommends placing the backup directory in a separate partition I want to repartition the /dev/sdc1 external hard disk but retain existing data in a separate partition. E.g. split /dev/sdc1 into two partitions: (i) one to be used exclusively for the rsync-based backup and (ii) the other for the existing miscellaneous data. How should I go about partitioning with minimal risk to my existing data and what kind of filesystem do you recommend? I would prefer a console-based guide but unfortunately all the material I found on the web is oriented towards partitioning the main (bootable) disk and not an external fuseblk filesystem used only for passive data.

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• allow spoofing when using tun

  - by Johnny

  I have a working openvpn setup with a server and a number of clients. How would i go around allowing IP spoofing through the openvpn server? (to demonstrate security concepts)? A normal ping from client to server goes through all right: root@client: hping3 10.8.0.1 HPING 10.8.0.1 (tun0 10.8.0.1): NO FLAGS are set, 40 headers + 0 data bytes len=40 ip=10.8.0.1 ttl=64 DF id=0 sport=0 flags=RA seq=0 win=0 rtt=124.7 ms root@server:/etc/openvpn# tcpdump -n -i tun0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tun0, link-type RAW (Raw IP), capture size 65535 bytes 10:17:51.734167 IP 10.8.0.6.2146 > 10.8.0.1.0: Flags [], win 512, length 0 But when spoofing a packet, it does not arrive at the openvpn server: root@client: hping3 -a 10.0.8.120 10.8.0.1 HPING 10.8.0.1 (tun0 10.8.0.1): NO FLAGS are set, 40 headers + 0 data bytes root@server:/etc/openvpn# tcpdump -n -i tun0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tun0, link-type RAW (Raw IP), capture size 65535 bytes My current config files server.conf local X.Y.Z.P port 80 proto tcp dev tun ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo persist-key persist-tun persist-local-ip status openvpn-status.log verb 3 client.conf client dev tun proto tcp remote MYHOST..amazonaws.com 80 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert client.crt key client.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3

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• How do I add a second disk to my zfs root pool

  - by ankimal

  I am trying to add a new disk to my zfs root pool. Here is my current config: zpool status pool: rpool state: ONLINE scrub: none requested config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM rpool ONLINE 0 0 0 c0d0s0 ONLINE 0 0 0 errors: No known data errors bash-3.00# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on rpool/ROOT/s10x_u7wos_08 311G 18G 293G 6% / swap 14G 384K 14G 1% /etc/svc/volatile /usr/lib/libc/libc_hwcap1.so.1 311G 18G 293G 6% /lib/libc.so.1 swap 14G 52K 14G 1% /tmp swap 14G 40K 14G 1% /var/run rpool/export 293G 19K 293G 1% /export rpool/export/home 430G 138G 293G 32% /export/home rpool 293G 36K 293G 1% /rpool # format Searching for disks...done AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS: 0. c0d0 <DEFAULT cyl 60797 alt 2 hd 255 sec 63> /pci@0,0/pci-ide@1f,2/ide@0/cmdk@0,0 1. c2d0 <Hitachi- JK1181YAHL0YK-0001-16777216.> /pci@0,0/pci-ide@1f,5/ide@1/cmdk@0,0 Disk 1 above is the new disk I need to attach to expand my root pool (give /export/home some extra space). If I try to attach my new disk to the pool # zpool attach -f rpool c0d0s0 c2d0s0 cannot attach c2d0s0 to c0d0s0: new device must be a single disk # uname -a SunOS dsol1 5.10 Generic_139556-08 i86pc i386 i86pc Solaris Any ideas?

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• Unable to resize ec2 ebs root volume

  - by nathanjosiah

  I have followed many of the tutorials that pretty much all say the same thing which is basically: Stop the instance Detach the volume Create a snapshot of the volume Create a bigger volume from the snapshot Attach the new volume to the instance Start the instance back up Run resize2fs /dev/xxx However, step 7 is where the problems start happening. In any case running resize2fs always tells me that it is already xxxxx blocks big and does nothing, even with -f passed. So I start to continue with tutorials which all basically say the same thing and that is: Delete all partitons Recreate them back to what they were except with the bigger sizes Reboot the instance and run resize2fs (I have tried these steps both from the live instance and by attaching the volume to another instance and running the commands there) The main problem is that the instance won't start back up again and the system error log provided in the AWS console doesn't provide any errors. (it does however stop at the grub bootloader which to me indicates that it doesn't like the partitions(yes, the boot flag was toggled on the partition with no affect)) The other thing that happens regardless of what changes I make to the partitions is that the instance that the volume is attached to says that the partition has an invalid magic number and the super-block is corrupt. However, if I make no changes and reattach the volume, the instance runs without a problem. Can anybody shed some light on what I could be doing wrong? Edit On my new volume of 20GB with the 6GB image,df -h says: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvde1 5.8G 877M 4.7G 16% / tmpfs 836M 0 836M 0% /dev/shm And fdisk -l /dev/xvde says: Disk /dev/xvde: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x7d833f39 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvde1 1 766 6144000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvde2 766 784 146432 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. Also, sudo resize2fs /dev/xvde1 says: resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The filesystem is already 1536000 blocks long. Nothing to do!

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• Extending partition on linux gparted but not more space in the vm

  - by Asken

  I have a vm test installation of a linux running a build server. Unfortunately I just pressed ok when adding the disk and ended up with an 8gb drive to play with. Well into the test the builds are consuming more and more space, of course. The vm drive was resized to 21gb and using gparted I expanded the drive partitions and that all worked fine but when I go back into the console and do df there's still only 8gb available. How can I claim the other 13gb I added? fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 21.0 GB, 20971520000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2549 cylinders, total 40960000 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0006d284 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux /dev/sda2 501758 40959999 20229121 5 Extended /dev/sda5 501760 40959999 20229120 8e Linux LVM vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name ct System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 4 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 2 Open LV 2 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 19.29 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 4938 Alloc PE / Size 1977 / 7.72 GiB Free PE / Size 2961 / 11.57 GiB VG UUID MwiMAz-52e1-iGVf-eL4f-P5lq-FvRA-L73Sl3 lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/ct/root VG Name ct LV UUID Rfk9fh-kqdM-q7t5-ml6i-EjE8-nMtU-usBF0m LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 5.73 GiB Current LE 1466 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 252:0 --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/ct/swap_1 VG Name ct LV UUID BLFaa6-1f5T-4MM0-5goV-1aur-nzl9-sNLXIs LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 2 LV Size 2.00 GiB Current LE 511 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 252:1

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• disk space keeps filling up on EC2 instance with no apperent files/directories

  - by sasher

  How come os shows 6.5G used but I see only 3.6G in files/directories? Running as root on an Amazon Linux AMI (seems like Centos), lots of free memory available, no swapping going on, no apparent file descriptors issue. The only thing I can think of is a log file that was deleted while applications append to it. Disk space usage is slowly but continuously rising towards full capacity (~1k/min with very small decreases from time to time) Any explanation? Solution? du --max-depth=1 -h / 1.2G /usr 4.0K /cgroup 22M /lib64 11M /sbin 19M /etc 52K /dev 2.1G /var 4.0K /media 0 /sys 4.0K /selinux du: cannot access /proc/14024/task/14024/fd/4': No such file or directory du: cannot access<br/> /proc/14024/task/14024/fdinfo/4': No such file or directory du: cannot access /proc/14024/fd/4': No such file or directory du: cannot<br/> access/proc/14024/fdinfo/4': No such file or directory 0 /proc 18M /home 4.0K /logs 8.1M /bin 16K /lost+found 12M /tmp 4.0K /srv 35M /boot 79M /lib 56K /root 67M /opt 4.0K /local 4.0K /mnt 3.6G / df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 7.9G 6.5G 1.4G 84% / tmpfs 3.7G 0 3.7G 0% /dev/shm sysctl fs.file-nr fs.file-nr = 864 0 761182

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• centos install / partitioning

  - by ServerSideX

  I'm using NOC-PS to remotely install Centos 6.2 via KVM / IPMI. I'm going to install cPanel as well and they recommend this layout /boot (99MB) swap (2x server RAM) / (remainder) In the o/s install profile within NOC-PS software, it shows as this: part /boot --fstype ext2 --size 250 part pv.01 --size 1 --grow volgroup vg pv.01 logvol / --vgname=vg --size=1 --grow --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=root logvol /tmp --vgname=vg --size=1024 --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=tmp logvol swap --vgname=vg --recommended --name=swap By the time the default partition setup was done installing Centos, I get this [root@server005 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg-root 532G 907M 504G 1% / tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 243M 28M 202M 13% /boot /dev/mapper/vg-tmp 1008M 34M 924M 4% /tmp [root@server005 ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Fri Dec 7 18:47:24 2012 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # /dev/mapper/vg-root / ext4 discard,noatime 1 1 UUID=58b31aaf-5072-4fb1-a858-33bc316fa793 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-tmp /tmp ext4 discard,noatime 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 My question is, how should the NOC-PS install profile look like to get the recommended cPanel partitioning? The server has 16GB RAM, dual 600GB SAS drives and will be used for cPanel shared hosting.

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• certificate SSH login does not work on 22 but other port

  - by Hugo

  On my Red Hat server, the sshd will not accept my correct certificate login. However, If i start another sshd on another port, it works! (I assume the second sshd loads the same configruation files.) second sshd started with: sudo /usr/sbin/sshd -p 54321 -d #-d is optional and prints debug output ssh strange-host -p 22 -vvv prints: debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password debug1: Offering public key: /home/me/.ssh/id_dsa debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug3: Wrote 528 bytes for a total of 2389 debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug3: authmethod_lookup password ssh strange-host -p 54321 -vvv prints: debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password debug1: Offering public key: /home/me/.ssh/id_dsa debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug3: Wrote 528 bytes for a total of 2389 debug1: Server accepts key: pkalg ssh-dss blen 433 debug2: input_userauth_pk_ok: SHA1 fp 0f:1c:df:27:f7:86:49:a8:47:7e:7f:f3:32:1c:7d:04:a3:73:a5:72 So the question is why the difference? I have thought of no way to get any helpful logging from the "standard" sshd to troubleshoot the problem.

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• Linux 2.6.24-gentoo-r3-comtrance on x86_64 high Useage for unknown reasons

  - by Dorjan

  Hello everyone, I'm a complete rookie when it comes to all things Linux related so please treat me as such and assume I know nothing. That being said my Top says this: top - 12:08:03 up 11 days, 15:36, 0 users, load average: 5.47, 5.53, 5.46 Tasks: 296 total, 2 running, 294 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 6.3%us, 1.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 71.3%id, 20.6%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8176880k total, 8118236k used, 58644k free, 89312k buffers Swap: 1004052k total, 0k used, 1004052k free, 7235652k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1229 root 15 -5 0 0 0 D 1 0.0 199:28.63 kjournald 2946 root 20 0 1716 676 552 D 1 0.0 145:02.94 syslogd 14553 root 20 0 2644 1268 876 R 1 0.0 0:00.34 top 14609 postfix 20 0 7896 1884 1460 D 1 0.0 0:00.02 bounce 14630 postfix 20 0 7896 1876 1452 R 0 0.0 0:00.00 bounce And my hard drives says: > df -k Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 4925556 4474836 200508 96% / /dev/sda5 489992 36090 428602 8% /tmp /dev/sda6 377951852 236171160 122581816 66% /var none 4088440 0 4088440 0% /dev/shm It has been like it for a few days now... I know not what is causing the high server load (Normally around 1.3) can anyone give any tips on how to track down the culprit? Many thanks,

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